Navi Radjou: Creative problem-solving in the face of extreme limits

227,187 views ใƒป 2015-01-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: hila scherba ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
When you grow up in a developing country like India, as I did,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
00:17
you instantly learn to get more value from limited resources
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ืืชื” ืžื™ื“ ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืจืš ืžืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื
ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš.
00:23
and find creative ways to reuse what you already have.
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ืชืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ืžื ืกื•ืง ืคืจืื’'ืืคื˜ื™, ืงื“ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
00:28
Take Mansukh Prajapati, a potter in India.
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00:32
He has created a fridge made entirely of clay
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืžืงืจืจ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื—ื™ืžืจ
00:37
that consumes no electricity.
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ืฉืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ืœืœ.
00:40
He can keep fruits and vegetables fresh for many days.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆืื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” (ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืงืจื™ืจื”), ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข.
00:44
That's a cool invention, literally.
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00:48
In Africa, if you run out of your cell phone battery, don't panic.
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืื ื ื’ืžืจืช ืœืš ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืกืœื•ืœืจื™, ืืœ ืชื™ื‘ื”ืœื•.
00:52
You will find some resourceful entrepreneurs
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืฉื™ื™ื”
00:55
who can recharge your cell phone using bicycles.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื.
00:58
And since we are in South America,
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ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
01:00
let's go to Lima in Peru,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืœืš ืœืœื™ืžื” ื‘ืคืจื•,
01:03
a region with high humidity
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ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขื ืœื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
01:06
that receives only one inch of rainfall each year.
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ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืจืง 2.5 ืก"ืž ื’ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
01:11
An engineering college in Lima designed a giant advertising billboard
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ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœื˜ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื ืง
01:18
that absorbs air humidity and converts it into purified water,
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ืฉืกื•ืคื’ ืœื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžืžื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื™ื ืžื˜ื•ื”ืจื™ื,
01:24
generating over 90 liters of water every day.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
01:29
The Peruvians are amazing.
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ื”ืคืจื•ืื ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
01:31
They can literally create water out of thin air.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข.
01:36
For the past seven years,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:38
I have met and studied hundreds of entrepreneurs
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ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื•ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืžืื•ืช ื™ื–ืžื™ื
01:42
in India, China, Africa and South America, and they keep amazing me.
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืกื™ืŸ, ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื™.
01:48
Many of them did not go to school.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ.
01:52
They don't invent stuff in big R&D labs.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
01:55
The street is the lab.
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ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
01:59
Why do they do that?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ื•,
02:01
Because they don't have the kind of basic resources we take for granted,
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02:04
like capital and energy,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:06
and basic services like healthcare and education
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ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
02:09
are also scarce in those regions.
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ื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
02:12
When external resources are scarce, you have to go within yourself
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžืš
02:18
to tap the most abundant resource, human ingenuity,
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืคืข - ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
02:22
and use that ingenuity to find clever ways to solve problems with limited resources.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื
02:29
In India, we call it Jugaad.
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื’'ื•ื’ืืื“.
02:33
Jugaad is a Hindi word
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ื’'ื•ื’ืืื“ ื–ื• ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื•
02:36
that means an improvised fix, a clever solution born in adversity.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืœืชืจ, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžืžืฆื•ืงื”.
02:42
Jugaad solutions are not sophisticated or perfect,
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ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’'ื•ื’ืืื“ ื”ื ืœื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื,
02:46
but they create more value at lower cost.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:50
For me, the entrepreneurs who will create Jugaad solutions
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’'ื•ื’ืืื“
02:53
are like alchemists.
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ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื.
02:55
They can magically transform adversity into opportunity,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืกื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช,
02:59
and turn something of less value into something of high value.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืขืจืš ื ืžื•ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืขืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
03:05
In other words, they mastered the art of doing more with less,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ืชืžื—ื• ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช,
03:12
which is the essence of frugal innovation.
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื ื™ืช.
03:17
Frugal innovation is the ability to create more economic and social value
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืขืจืš ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
03:22
using fewer resources.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
03:26
Frugal innovation is not about making do; it's about making things better.
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื "ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ"; ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:33
Now I want to show you how, across emerging markets,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš, ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”,
03:38
entrepreneurs and companies are adopting frugal innovation on a larger scale
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ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:43
to cost-effectively deliver healthcare and energy to billions of people
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืชืœืžืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
03:47
who may have little income but very high aspirations.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืื‘ืœ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
03:52
Let's first go to China,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
03:55
where the country's largest I.T. service provider, Neusoft,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉืกืคืง ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื ืื•ืกื•ืคื˜,
03:59
has developed a telemedicine solution
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ืคื™ืชื— ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง
04:02
to help doctors in cities remotely treat old and poor patients
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื
04:06
in Chinese villages.
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ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื.
04:08
This solution is based on simple-to-use medical devices
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
04:13
that less qualified health workers like nurses can use in rural clinics.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืื—ื™ื•ืช,
ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื.
04:18
China desperately needs these frugal medical solutions
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ืกื™ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื” ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื—ืกื›ื ื™ื™ื
04:22
because by 2050 it will be home to over half a billion senior citizens.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ 2050 ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
04:29
Now let's go to Kenya,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื ื™ื”,
04:32
a country where half the population uses M-Pesa, a mobile payment solution.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘-M-Pesa, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™.
04:38
This is a great solution for the African continent
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ื–ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ืช,
04:41
because 80 percent of Africans don't have a bank account,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ-80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืง,
04:45
but what is exciting is that M-Pesa is now becoming the source
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืœื”ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉ-M-Pesa ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ
04:50
of other disruptive business models in sectors like energy.
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ืœืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
04:54
Take M-KOPA, the home solar solution that comes literally in a box
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ืงื—ื• ืืช M-KOPA, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข, ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข, ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื
05:00
that has a solar rooftop panel, three LED lights,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืคืื ืœ ืกื•ืœืจื™, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช LED,
05:05
a solar radio, and a cell phone charger.
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ืจื“ื™ื• ืกื•ืœืจื™, ื•ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™.
05:08
The whole kit, though, costs 200 dollars, which is too expensive for most Kenyans,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืœื” 200 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ื,
05:14
and this is where mobile telephony can make the solution more affordable.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืกืคื™ืช.
05:20
Today, you can buy this kit by making an initial deposit of just 35 dollars,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืคื™ืงื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืฉืœ 35 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
05:27
and then pay off the rest by making a daily micro-payment of 45 cents
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ื•ืื– ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ 45 ืกื ื˜
05:32
using your mobile phone.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“.
05:34
Once you've made 365 micro-payments, the system is unlocked,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืขืฉื• 365 ืชืฉืœื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื ืขื™ืœื”,
05:39
and you own the product and you start receiving clean, free electricity.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื•ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื ืงื™ ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื™.
05:45
This is an amazing solution for Kenya,
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ื–ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืงื ื™ื”,
05:48
where 70 percent of people live off the grid.
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉ-70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช
05:52
This shows that with frugal innovation
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช "ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื ื™ืช"
05:56
what matters is that you take what is most abundant, mobile connectivity,
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ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืคืข, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™,
06:01
to deal with what is scarce, which is energy.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ ื•ื–ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
06:06
With frugal innovation, the global South is actually catching up
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ืขื "ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื ื™ืช", ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืžืฆืžืฆื ืคืขืจื™ื
06:10
and in some cases even leap-frogging the North.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื“ืœื’ ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
06:14
Instead of building expensive hospitals, China is using telemedicine
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื, ืกื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง
06:19
to cost-effectively treat millions of patients,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
06:23
and Africa, instead of building banks and electricity grids,
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ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืจืฉืช ื—ืฉืžืœ,
06:27
is going straight to mobile payments and distributed clean energy.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืกืœื•ืœืจ ื•ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื”.
06:33
Frugal innovation is diametrically opposed to the way we innovate in the North.
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"ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื ื™ืช" ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
06:39
I live in Silicon Valley,
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ืื ื™ ื’ืจ ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
06:41
where we keep chasing the next big technology thing.
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ืฉื ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
06:44
Think of the iPhone 5, 6, then 7, 8.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ 5, 6 ื•ืื– 7 , 8.
06:49
Companies in the West spend billions of dollars investing in R&D,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืžื—ืงืจ,
06:53
and use tons of natural resources to create ever more complex products,
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื,
06:58
to differentiate their brands from competition,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื,
07:01
and they charge customers more money for new features.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
07:05
So the conventional business model in the West is more for more.
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ืื– ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:13
But sadly, this more for more model is running out of gas, for three reasons:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆืขืจื™, ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื“ืœืง, ืž-3 ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช:
07:18
First, a big portion of customers in the West
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘,
07:22
because of the diminishing purchasing power,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื,
07:25
can no longer afford these expensive products.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
07:28
Second, we are running out of natural water and oil.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ืื•ื–ืœ ืœื ื• ื”ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื“ืœืง.
07:33
In California, where I live, water scarcity is becoming a big problem.
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ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™, ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
07:37
And third, most importantly,
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
07:40
because of the growing income disparity
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขืฆืžืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื”
07:42
between the rich and the middle class in the West,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘,
07:45
there is a big disconnect between existing products and services
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ื™ืฉ ื ืชืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช.
07:49
and basic needs of customers.
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07:51
Do you know that today,
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื,
07:53
there are over 70 million Americans today who are underbanked,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-70 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืืžืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื ืงืื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
07:58
because existing banking services
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
08:01
are not designed to address their basic needs.
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ืœื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
08:05
The prolonged economic crisis in the West is making people think
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ืื– ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
08:09
that they are about to lose the high standard of living
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ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
08:12
and face deprivation.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ.
08:15
I believe that the only way we can sustain growth and prosperity in the West
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘
08:20
is if we learn to do more with less.
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ื”ื™ื ืื ื ืœืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื•ืช.
08:23
The good news is, that's starting to happen.
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
08:26
Several Western companies are now adopting frugal innovation
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ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช
08:30
to create affordable products for Western consumers.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
08:34
Let me give you two examples.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื 2 ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
08:36
When I first saw this building,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื”,
08:38
I told myself it's some kind of postmodern house.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
08:41
Actually, it's a small manufacturing plant set up by Grameen Danone,
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื” ืžืคืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื’ืจืืžื™ืŸ ื“ื ื•ื ื”",
08:47
a joint venture between Grameen Bank of Muhammad Yunus
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ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ "ื‘ื ืง ื’ืจืืžื™ืŸ" ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก
08:50
and the food multinational Danone
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช "ื“ื ื•ื ื”"
08:52
to make high-quality yogurt in Bangladesh.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ
08:55
This factory is 10 percent the size of existing Danone factories
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ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื•ื 10 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื ื•ื ื”
08:59
and cost much less to build.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
09:02
I guess you can call it a low-fat factory.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• - ืžืคืขืœ ื“ืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
09:06
Now this factory, unlike Western factories that are highly automated,
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ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ืงืจื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื,
09:10
relies a lot on manual processes in order to generate jobs for local communities.
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ืžืกืชืžืš ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื“ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
09:17
Danone was so inspired by this model
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ื“ื ื•ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”
09:19
that combines economic efficiency and social sustainability,
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ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
09:23
they are planning to roll it out in other parts of the world as well.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื™ืชื• ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:28
Now, when you see this example,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื–ื•,
09:30
you might be thinking, "Well, frugal innovation is low tech."
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ - "ื˜ื•ื‘, ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”."
09:33
Actually, no.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื.
09:35
Frugal innovation is also about making high tech
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื ื™ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ ื˜ืง
09:38
more affordable and more accessible to more people.
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ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื• ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:41
Let me give you an example.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
09:43
In China, the R&D engineers of Siemens Healthcare
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ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื ืก
09:46
have designed a C.T. scanner that is easy enough to be used
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ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืกื•ืจืง ืกื™.ื˜ื™. ืฉืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
09:51
by less qualified health workers, like nurses and technicians.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื.
09:55
This device can scan more patients on a daily basis,
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืจื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ืžื™
09:59
and yet consumes less energy,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
10:01
which is great for hospitals, but it's also great for patients
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื
10:05
because it reduces the cost of treatment by 30 percent
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘-30 ืื—ื•ื–
10:10
and radiation dosage by up to 60 percent.
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ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืขื“ 60 ืื—ื•ื–.
10:14
This solution was initially designed for the Chinese market,
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ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืกื™ื ื™,
10:17
but now it's selling like hotcakes in the U.S. and Europe,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืžื›ืจ ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
10:21
where hospitals are pressured to deliver quality care at lower cost.
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ืฉื ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืœืกืคืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:28
But the frugal innovation revolution
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘
10:30
in the West is actually led by creative entrepreneurs
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ืžื•ื ื”ื’ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื
10:34
who are coming up with amazing solutions
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
10:36
to address basic needs in the U.S. and Europe.
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ืœืกืคืง ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
10:40
Let me quickly give you three examples of startups
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืืจื˜ ืืค
10:43
that personally inspire me.
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืœื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืฉืจืื”.
10:45
The first one happens to be launched by my neighbor in Silicon Valley.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ืฉืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ.
10:48
It's called gThrive.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืื™ืช gThrive.
10:50
They make these wireless sensors designed like plastic rulers
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืจื’ืœื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
10:54
that farmers can stick in different parts of the field
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ืฉื—ืงืœืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื”
10:57
and start collecting detailed information like soil conditions.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
11:01
This dynamic data allows farmers to optimize use of water energy
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื
11:06
while improving quality of the products and the yields,
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ,
11:10
which is a great solution for California, which faces major water shortage.
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ืฉื–ื” ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
11:14
It pays for itself within one year.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื”.
11:17
Second example is Be-Bound, also in Silicon Valley,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื Be-Bound, ืฉื’ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
11:21
that enables you to connect to the Internet
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
11:23
even in no-bandwidth areas where there's no wi-fi or 3G or 4G.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืคืก, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืื• 3G ืื• 4G.
11:28
How do they do that?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
11:30
They simply use SMS, a basic technology, but that happens to be the most reliable
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืžื ื”
11:36
and most widely available around the world.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:38
Three billion people today with cell phones can't access the Internet.
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3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
11:42
This solution can connect them to the Internet in a frugal way.
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ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™.
11:46
And in France, there is a startup calle Compte Nickel,
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ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ืืจื˜ ืืค ืฉื ืงืจื Compte Nickel,
11:50
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช.
11:53
It allows thousands of people to walk into a Mom and Pop store
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืขืกืง ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืงื˜ืŸ
11:57
and in just five minutes activate the service that gives them two products:
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš 5 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื:
12:01
an international bank account number and an international debit card.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืง ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
12:05
They charge a flat annual maintenance fee of just 20 Euros.
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ื”ื ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ืžื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจืง 20 ื™ื•ืจื•.
12:10
That means you can do all banking transactions --
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื•ืช --
12:12
send and receive money, pay with your debit card --
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื, ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™ --
12:14
all with no additional charge.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ.
12:17
This is what I call low-cost banking without the bank.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื–ื•ืœื” ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื ืง.
12:21
Amazingly, 75 percent of the customers using this service
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, 75 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
12:25
are the middle-class French who can't afford high banking fees.
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ื”ื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืขืžืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.
12:30
Now, I talked about frugal innovation, initially pioneered in the South,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืคืจืฆื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ื“ืจื•ื,
12:34
now being adopted in the North.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
12:36
Ultimately, we would like to see
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช
12:39
developed countries and developing countries
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช
12:41
come together and co-create frugal solutions
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ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื ื™ื™ื
12:44
that benefit the entire humanity.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื”ื.
12:47
The exciting news is that's starting to happen.
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
12:49
Let's go to Nairobi to find that out.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื ื’ืœื” ืืช ื–ื”.
12:52
Nairobi has horrendous traffic jams.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉ ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื.
ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื" (ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• "ืคืจื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื”")
12:56
When I first saw them, I thought, "Holy cow."
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12:59
Literally, because you have to dodge cows as well when you drive in Nairobi.
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ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืคืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™.
13:04
To ease the situation,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘,
13:06
the engineers at the IBM lab in Kenya are piloting a solution called Megaffic,
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ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช IBM ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื’ื”ืคื™ืง (Megaffic),
13:12
which initially was designed by the Japanese engineers.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื.
13:17
Unlike in the West, Megaffic doesn't rely on roadside sensors,
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ืžื’ื”ืคื™ืง ืœื ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
13:22
which are very expensive to install in Nairobi.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™.
13:24
Instead they process images, traffic data,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”,
13:28
collected from a small number of low-resolution webcams in Nairobi streets,
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ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™,
13:34
and then they use analytic software to predict congestion points,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช,
13:38
and they can SMS drivers alternate routes to take.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขื ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช.
13:42
Granted, Megaffic is not as sexy as self-driving cars,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื’ื”ืคื™ืง ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกืงืกื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืกืขื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžืŸ,
13:46
but it promises to take Nairobi drivers from point A to point B
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ื' ืืœ ื‘'
13:51
at least 20 percent faster.
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ื‘ืœืคื—ื•ืช 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:54
And earlier this year, UCLA Health launched its Global Lab for Innovation,
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
ื”ืฉื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
14:01
which seeks to identify frugal healthcare solutions anywhere in the world
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ืฉืžื—ืคืฉืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
14:06
that will be at least 20 percent cheaper than existing solutions in the U.S.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืœืคื—ื•ืช 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
14:11
and yet more effective.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:13
It also tries to bring together innovators from North and South
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื
14:18
to cocreate affordable healthcare solutions for all of humanity.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื–ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
14:24
I gave tons of examples of frugal innovators from around the world,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
14:28
but the question is, how do you go about adopting frugal innovation?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช?
14:32
Well, I gleaned out three principles from frugal innovators around the world
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืฆืชื™ 3 ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
14:35
that I want to share with you
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ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื™ืชื›ื
14:37
that you can apply in your own organization
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
14:39
to do more with less.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช.
14:42
The first principle is: Keep it simple.
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ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื: ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜.
14:46
Don't create solutions to impress customers.
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ืืœ ืชื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืฉื™ื ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช.
14:49
Make them easy enough to use and widely accessible,
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ืชืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื ืงืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”,
14:53
like the C.T. scanner we saw in China.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืจืง ื”-CT ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
14:56
Second principle: Do not reinvent the wheel.
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ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™: ืืœ ืชืžืฆื™ืื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ.
15:00
Try to leverage existing resources and assets that are widely available,
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ื ืกื• ืœืžื ืฃ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื›ืกื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”,
15:04
like using mobile telephony to offer clean energy
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื”
15:08
or Mom and Pop stores to offer banking services.
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ืื• ืขืกืงื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื ืงืื™ื™ื.
15:12
Third principle is: Think and act horizontally.
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ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื: ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืชืชื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืคืงื™ืช.
15:16
Companies tend to scale up vertically
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื›ื™
15:19
by centralizing operations in big factories and warehouses,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื•ืžื—ืกื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
15:23
but if you want to be agile and deal with immense customer diversity,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช,
15:27
you need to scale out horizontally using a distributed supply chain
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืคืงื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืกืคืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช
15:32
with smaller manufacturing and distribution units,
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ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:34
like Grameen Bank has shown.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืง ื’ืจืืžืŸ.
15:39
The South pioneered frugal innovation out of sheer necessity.
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ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
15:44
The North is now learning to do more and better with less
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ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช
15:48
as it faces resource constraints.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
15:51
As an Indian-born French national who lives in the United States,
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ื›ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
15:57
my hope is that we transcend this artificial North-South divide
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ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืœืฉืงื•ืคื”
16:03
so that we can harness the collective ingenuity
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช
16:06
of innovators from around the world
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ืฉืœ ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
16:08
to cocreate frugal solutions
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื ื™ื™ื
16:11
that will improve the quality of life of everyone in the world,
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ืฉื™ืฉืคืจื• ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
16:15
while preserving our precious planet.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื™ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
16:18
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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