Navi Radjou: Creative problem-solving in the face of extreme limits

224,420 views ใƒป 2015-01-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sieun Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jeong-Lan Kinser
00:12
When you grow up in a developing country like India, as I did,
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์ธ๋„๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ž๋ž€ ์ €๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
00:17
you instantly learn to get more value from limited resources
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์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ž์›์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ 
00:23
and find creative ways to reuse what you already have.
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๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
Take Mansukh Prajapati, a potter in India.
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์ธ๋„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋„๊ณต ๋งŒ์ˆ˜ํฌ ํ”„๋ผ์žํŒŒํ‹ฐ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด
00:32
He has created a fridge made entirely of clay
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
that consumes no electricity.
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ํ•„์š” ์—†์ฃ .
00:40
He can keep fruits and vegetables fresh for many days.
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๊ณผ์ผ๊ณผ ์•ผ์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚  ๋™์•ˆ ์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
That's a cool invention, literally.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ "์ฟจ"ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
In Africa, if you run out of your cell phone battery, don't panic.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ฑฑ์ •๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
00:52
You will find some resourceful entrepreneurs
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๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์„
00:55
who can recharge your cell phone using bicycles.
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์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์ถฉ์ „ํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
And since we are in South America,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๊ณณ์ด ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋งŒํผ
01:00
let's go to Lima in Peru,
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ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:03
a region with high humidity
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์Šต๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’๊ณ 
01:06
that receives only one inch of rainfall each year.
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๋งคํ•ด ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด 1์ธ์น˜๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
An engineering college in Lima designed a giant advertising billboard
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๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ณต๋Œ€๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘์˜ ์Šต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ด
01:18
that absorbs air humidity and converts it into purified water,
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์ •์ˆ˜๋œ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ฅ์™ธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ํŒ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
generating over 90 liters of water every day.
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๋งค์ผ 90๋ฆฌํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
The Peruvians are amazing.
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์ด ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์ธ๋“ค, ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์›Œ์š”.
01:31
They can literally create water out of thin air.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
For the past seven years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 7๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ €๋Š”
01:38
I have met and studied hundreds of entrepreneurs
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์ธ๋„, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด, ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์˜
01:42
in India, China, Africa and South America, and they keep amazing me.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋ช… ๋ชจํ—˜์  ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์›€์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
Many of them did not go to school.
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์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹Œ ์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
01:52
They don't invent stuff in big R&D labs.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
01:55
The street is the lab.
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๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
Why do they do that?
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:01
Because they don't have the kind of basic resources we take for granted,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์—ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ์ด๋‚˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ™์€
02:04
like capital and energy,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ž์›์ด ์—†๊ณ ,
02:06
and basic services like healthcare and education
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์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ๊ต์œก ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋„
02:09
are also scarce in those regions.
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์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๊ณณ์— ์‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
When external resources are scarce, you have to go within yourself
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์™ธ๋ถ€์  ์ž์›์ด ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋ฉด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
to tap the most abundant resource, human ingenuity,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ’์„ฑํ•œ ์ž์›์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•จ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด
02:22
and use that ingenuity to find clever ways to solve problems with limited resources.
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ํ•œ์ •๋œ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:29
In India, we call it Jugaad.
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฅฌ๊ฐ€๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
Jugaad is a Hindi word
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์ฅฌ๊ฐ€๋“œ๋Š” ํžŒ๋‘์–ด ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ
02:36
that means an improvised fix, a clever solution born in adversity.
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์ฆ‰์„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…, ํ˜น์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
Jugaad solutions are not sophisticated or perfect,
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์ฅฌ๊ฐ€๋“œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์ •๊ตํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
02:46
but they create more value at lower cost.
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๋‚ฎ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
For me, the entrepreneurs who will create Jugaad solutions
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์ €๋Š” ์ฅฌ๊ฐ€๋“œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
02:53
are like alchemists.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์ˆ ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
They can magically transform adversity into opportunity,
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์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
02:59
and turn something of less value into something of high value.
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๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:05
In other words, they mastered the art of doing more with less,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ†ต๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ,
03:12
which is the essence of frugal innovation.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ "๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ "์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
Frugal innovation is the ability to create more economic and social value
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๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ ์€ ์ž์›์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ
03:22
using fewer resources.
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์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
Frugal innovation is not about making do; it's about making things better.
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๊ฐ„์‹ ํžˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋งŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
Now I want to show you how, across emerging markets,
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ํฅ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
03:38
entrepreneurs and companies are adopting frugal innovation on a larger scale
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜, ์ ์šฉ์‹œ์ผœ
03:43
to cost-effectively deliver healthcare and energy to billions of people
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์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
who may have little income but very high aspirations.
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์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ์ ์ง€๋งŒ ํฐ ํฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:52
Let's first go to China,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:55
where the country's largest I.T. service provider, Neusoft,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ •๋ณด ํ†ต์‹  ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋‰ด์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋Š”
03:59
has developed a telemedicine solution
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์›๊ฒฉ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ด
04:02
to help doctors in cities remotely treat old and poor patients
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๋„์‹œ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๊ณจ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋…ธํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„
04:06
in Chinese villages.
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์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
This solution is based on simple-to-use medical devices
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์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ๋“ค์ด
04:13
that less qualified health workers like nurses can use in rural clinics.
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์‹œ๊ณจ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์†Œ์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
China desperately needs these frugal medical solutions
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์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๊ฐ„์ ˆํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
because by 2050 it will be home to over half a billion senior citizens.
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2050๋…„์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋…„ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 5์–ต๋ช…์„ ๋„˜๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
Now let's go to Kenya,
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์ด์ œ ์ผ€๋ƒ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:32
a country where half the population uses M-Pesa, a mobile payment solution.
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์ผ€๋ƒ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ M-ํŽ˜์‚ฌ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒฐ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
This is a great solution for the African continent
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์•Œ๋งž๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
04:41
because 80 percent of Africans don't have a bank account,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ์˜ 80 ํ”„๋กœ๋Š” ์€ํ–‰ ๊ณ„์ขŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
but what is exciting is that M-Pesa is now becoming the source
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ง ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํƒ€๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„
04:50
of other disruptive business models in sectors like energy.
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M-ํŽ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ดด์  ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
Take M-KOPA, the home solar solution that comes literally in a box
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์ผ๋ก€๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์šฉ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ M-์ฝ”ํŒŒ๋Š”
05:00
that has a solar rooftop panel, three LED lights,
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์ƒ์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์ง€๋ถ• ํŒจ๋„, LED ์ „๊ตฌ 3๊ฐœ,
05:05
a solar radio, and a cell phone charger.
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ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ๋ผ๋””์˜ค์™€ ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™” ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
The whole kit, though, costs 200 dollars, which is too expensive for most Kenyans,
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์ด 200๋ถˆ ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ์„ธํŠธ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ€๋ƒ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์‹ธ์ง€๋งŒ
05:14
and this is where mobile telephony can make the solution more affordable.
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์ด๋™ ์ „ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
Today, you can buy this kit by making an initial deposit of just 35 dollars,
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ณด์ฆ๊ธˆ 35๋ถˆ๋กœ ์†Œ์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
and then pay off the rest by making a daily micro-payment of 45 cents
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ฐ’์€ ๋งค์ผ 45์„ผํŠธ์”ฉ ์†Œ์•ก ๊ฒฐ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐš์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
using your mobile phone.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํœด๋Œ€ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ์š”.
05:34
Once you've made 365 micro-payments, the system is unlocked,
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365์ผ๋™์•ˆ ์ด ์†Œ์•ก ๊ฒฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ
05:39
and you own the product and you start receiving clean, free electricity.
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์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์†Œ์œ ํ•ด ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
This is an amazing solution for Kenya,
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์ผ€๋ƒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด์ฃ .
05:48
where 70 percent of people live off the grid.
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์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 70ํ”„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
This shows that with frugal innovation
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
05:56
what matters is that you take what is most abundant, mobile connectivity,
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์ด๋™ ํ†ต์‹ ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋“ฏ
06:01
to deal with what is scarce, which is energy.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
With frugal innovation, the global South is actually catching up
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๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žก์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:10
and in some cases even leap-frogging the North.
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์–ด๋Š ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
Instead of building expensive hospitals, China is using telemedicine
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๋น„์‹ผ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ง“๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์›๊ฒฉ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ
06:19
to cost-effectively treat millions of patients,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
and Africa, instead of building banks and electricity grids,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋Š” ์€ํ–‰์„ ์ง“๊ณ  ์ „๊นƒ์ค„์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
06:27
is going straight to mobile payments and distributed clean energy.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋™ ๊ฒฐ์ œ์™€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
Frugal innovation is diametrically opposed to the way we innovate in the North.
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๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
I live in Silicon Valley,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
06:41
where we keep chasing the next big technology thing.
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๋Š˜ ๋‹ค์Œ๋ฒˆ ๋Œ€๋ฐ• ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ซ’์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
Think of the iPhone 5, 6, then 7, 8.
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์•„์ดํฐ 5, 6, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  7, 8์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:49
Companies in the West spend billions of dollars investing in R&D,
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์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์Ÿ์•„๋ถ“๊ณ 
06:53
and use tons of natural resources to create ever more complex products,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ์ž์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์ ์  ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
to differentiate their brands from competition,
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ๋‘๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
07:01
and they charge customers more money for new features.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„ ๋” ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ฐ’์— ํŒ”์ง€์š”.
07:05
So the conventional business model in the West is more for more.
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์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ด€์Šต์ ์ธ ๋น„์ง€๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋” ์ข‹๊ฒŒ, ๋” ๋น„์‹ธ๊ฒŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
But sadly, this more for more model is running out of gas, for three reasons:
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์Šฌํ”„๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด "๋” ๋งŽ์ด" ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ ์  ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
First, a big portion of customers in the West
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๊ทธ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์ธต์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€
07:22
because of the diminishing purchasing power,
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๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
07:25
can no longer afford these expensive products.
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๋”์ด์ƒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„์‹ผ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
Second, we are running out of natural water and oil.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž์›, ์„์œ  ์ž์›์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
In California, where I live, water scarcity is becoming a big problem.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
And third, most importantly,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
07:40
because of the growing income disparity
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์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋นˆ๋ถ€ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€
07:42
between the rich and the middle class in the West,
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์ ์  ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ
07:45
there is a big disconnect between existing products and services
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ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์  ํ•„์š”์™€
07:49
and basic needs of customers.
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์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
Do you know that today,
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์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”? ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๋Š”
07:53
there are over 70 million Americans today who are underbanked,
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7์ฒœ๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์€ํ–‰์„ ์ž์ฃผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
because existing banking services
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์€ํ–‰ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋“ค์ด
08:01
are not designed to address their basic needs.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์  ํ•„์š”์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
The prolonged economic crisis in the West is making people think
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์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
08:09
that they are about to lose the high standard of living
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ƒํ™œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์œ ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
08:12
and face deprivation.
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๋ฐ•ํƒˆ ๋‹นํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
I believe that the only way we can sustain growth and prosperity in the West
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์ €๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
08:20
is if we learn to do more with less.
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์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
The good news is, that's starting to happen.
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
Several Western companies are now adopting frugal innovation
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ
08:30
to create affordable products for Western consumers.
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์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
Let me give you two examples.
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
08:36
When I first saw this building,
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์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ
08:38
I told myself it's some kind of postmodern house.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ชจ๋˜ ์ฃผํƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
Actually, it's a small manufacturing plant set up by Grameen Danone,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏผ ๋‹ค๋†์ด ์ง€์€ ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณต์žฅ์œผ๋กœ
08:47
a joint venture between Grameen Bank of Muhammad Yunus
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๋ฌดํ•˜๋งˆ๋“œ ์œ ๋„ˆ์Šค์˜ ๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฏผ ์€ํ–‰๊ณผ
08:50
and the food multinational Danone
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์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์‹ํ’ˆ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‹ค๋†์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ
08:52
to make high-quality yogurt in Bangladesh.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ์š”๊ฑฐํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
This factory is 10 percent the size of existing Danone factories
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์ด ๊ณต์žฅ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋‹ค๋† ๊ณต์žฅ์˜ 10๋ถ„์˜ 1 ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ
08:59
and cost much less to build.
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๊ฑด์„ค ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
I guess you can call it a low-fat factory.
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์ €์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณต์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
09:06
Now this factory, unlike Western factories that are highly automated,
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๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณต์žฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
09:10
relies a lot on manual processes in order to generate jobs for local communities.
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์ด ๊ณต์žฅ์€ ์ˆ˜์ž‘์—…์— ๋” ์˜์กดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
Danone was so inspired by this model
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์†์„ฑ์„ ํ•ฉ์นœ
09:19
that combines economic efficiency and social sustainability,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋‹ค๋†์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด์ฐŒ๋‚˜ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์คฌ๋˜์ง€
09:23
they are planning to roll it out in other parts of the world as well.
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์ด์ œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ์„ธ์šธ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
09:28
Now, when you see this example,
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์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
09:30
you might be thinking, "Well, frugal innovation is low tech."
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๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ €์ฐจ์› ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
Actually, no.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
Frugal innovation is also about making high tech
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๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๊ณ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„
09:38
more affordable and more accessible to more people.
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๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
Let me give you an example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
09:43
In China, the R&D engineers of Siemens Healthcare
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์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋ฉ˜์Šค ํ—ฌ์Šค์ผ€์–ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์€
09:46
have designed a C.T. scanner that is easy enough to be used
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:51
by less qualified health workers, like nurses and technicians.
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C. T. ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
This device can scan more patients on a daily basis,
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:59
and yet consumes less energy,
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๋™์‹œ์— ์ „๋ ฅ๋„ ๋œ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
which is great for hospitals, but it's also great for patients
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๋ณ‘์›์ธก์—์„œ๋„ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™˜์ž๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ
10:05
because it reduces the cost of treatment by 30 percent
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋น„๋ฅผ 30ํ”„๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
10:10
and radiation dosage by up to 60 percent.
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๋Ÿ‰์€ 60ํ”„๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ค„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
This solution was initially designed for the Chinese market,
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์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์• ์ดˆ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
10:17
but now it's selling like hotcakes in the U.S. and Europe,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๋ถˆํ‹ฐ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํŒ”๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
where hospitals are pressured to deliver quality care at lower cost.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์˜ ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค๋„ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋†’์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:28
But the frugal innovation revolution
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์„
10:30
in the West is actually led by creative entrepreneurs
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค๋กœ
10:34
who are coming up with amazing solutions
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜
10:36
to address basic needs in the U.S. and Europe.
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๊ธฐ์ดˆ์  ํ•„์š”์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
Let me quickly give you three examples of startups
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์—… ์…‹์„
10:43
that personally inspire me.
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์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ง€์š”.
10:45
The first one happens to be launched by my neighbor in Silicon Valley.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
It's called gThrive.
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์ง€ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์š”.
10:50
They make these wireless sensors designed like plastic rulers
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์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ฌด์„  ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
that farmers can stick in different parts of the field
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐญ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์— ๊ฝ‚์•„์„œ
10:57
and start collecting detailed information like soil conditions.
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ํ™์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
This dynamic data allows farmers to optimize use of water energy
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์ด ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ
11:06
while improving quality of the products and the yields,
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์ˆ˜ํ™•์˜ ์งˆ๊ณผ ์–‘์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
which is a great solution for California, which faces major water shortage.
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๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด์ฃ .
11:14
It pays for itself within one year.
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1๋…„์•ˆ์— ํˆฌ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
Second example is Be-Bound, also in Silicon Valley,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋น„-๋ฐ”์šด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‹œ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ฃ .
11:21
that enables you to connect to the Internet
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์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด๋‚˜ 3G, 4G๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”
11:23
even in no-bandwidth areas where there's no wi-fi or 3G or 4G.
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ง์ด ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
How do they do that?
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์–ด๋–ค ์›๋ฆฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:30
They simply use SMS, a basic technology, but that happens to be the most reliable
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์“ฐ๋Š” SMS๋Š” ์ €์ฐจ์› ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•˜๊ณ 
11:36
and most widely available around the world.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
Three billion people today with cell phones can't access the Internet.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  3์‹ญ์–ต๋ช…์ด ํœด๋Œ€ ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
This solution can connect them to the Internet in a frugal way.
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์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
And in France, there is a startup calle Compte Nickel,
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ฝฉํŠธ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ์ด๋ž€ ํ•œ ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์—…์€
11:50
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๊ธˆ์œต ์—…๊ณ„์— ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
It allows thousands of people to walk into a Mom and Pop store
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋™๋„ค ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
11:57
and in just five minutes activate the service that gives them two products:
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5๋ถ„๋งŒ์— ๊ธˆ์œต ์ƒํ’ˆ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
an international bank account number and an international debit card.
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๊ตญ์ œ ์€ํ–‰ ๊ณ„์ขŒ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ง๋ถˆ ์นด๋“œ์š”.
12:05
They charge a flat annual maintenance fee of just 20 Euros.
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๋งค๋…„ ๋‹จ 20 ์œ ๋กœ์˜ ์œ ์ง€๋น„๋งŒ ๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
That means you can do all banking transactions --
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์ด ๋ง์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ–‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ผ,
12:12
send and receive money, pay with your debit card --
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๋ˆ์„ ์ž…์ถœ๊ธˆํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง๋ถˆ ์นด๋“œ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ
12:14
all with no additional charge.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์€ํ–‰๋น„ ์—†์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
This is what I call low-cost banking without the bank.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์€ํ–‰ ์—†์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ €๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ์œต ํ™œ๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
Amazingly, 75 percent of the customers using this service
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ 75 ํ”„๋กœ๊ฐ€
12:25
are the middle-class French who can't afford high banking fees.
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๋†’์€ ์€ํ–‰๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
Now, I talked about frugal innovation, initially pioneered in the South,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์ด
12:34
now being adopted in the North.
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๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
Ultimately, we would like to see
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
12:39
developed countries and developing countries
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์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค์ด
12:41
come together and co-create frugal solutions
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ํž˜์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ์„œ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ด๋ฃธ์œผ๋กœ
12:44
that benefit the entire humanity.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
The exciting news is that's starting to happen.
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์ •๋ง ์‹ ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ์ผ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
Let's go to Nairobi to find that out.
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๋‚˜์ด๋กœ๋น„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:52
Nairobi has horrendous traffic jams.
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๋‚˜์ด๋กœ๋น„์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด์ฆ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋”์ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
When I first saw them, I thought, "Holy cow."
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ, "์„ธ์ƒ์—๋‚˜" ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:59
Literally, because you have to dodge cows as well when you drive in Nairobi.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋“ค์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์šด์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ๋น„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
To ease the situation,
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์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์„  ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:06
the engineers at the IBM lab in Kenya are piloting a solution called Megaffic,
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์ผ€๋ƒ IBM ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ํ”ฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ—˜ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
which initially was designed by the Japanese engineers.
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๋งจ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
13:17
Unlike in the West, Megaffic doesn't rely on roadside sensors,
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์„œ์–‘๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ํ”ฝ์€ ๋„๋กœ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
which are very expensive to install in Nairobi.
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๋‚˜์ด๋กœ๋น„์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์Œ€ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:24
Instead they process images, traffic data,
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๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ํ”ฝ์€ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ๋น„ ๋„๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ์„ค์น˜๋œ
13:28
collected from a small number of low-resolution webcams in Nairobi streets,
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์ €ํ™”์†Œ ์›น์บ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
and then they use analytic software to predict congestion points,
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด์ฆ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ 
13:38
and they can SMS drivers alternate routes to take.
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์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ SMS ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์†ก์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
Granted, Megaffic is not as sexy as self-driving cars,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ํ”ฝ์€ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์šด์ „ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋งŒํผ ๋งคํ˜น์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
but it promises to take Nairobi drivers from point A to point B
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ๋น„ ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ง€์  A์—์„œ ๋„์ฐฉ์ง€์  B๊นŒ์ง€
13:51
at least 20 percent faster.
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์ ์–ด๋„ 20ํ”„๋กœ ์ด์ƒ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
And earlier this year, UCLA Health launched its Global Lab for Innovation,
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์˜ฌํ•ด ์ดˆ, UCLA ํ—ฌ์Šค๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํ˜์‹  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
which seeks to identify frugal healthcare solutions anywhere in the world
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋“  ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…๋“ค ์ค‘
14:06
that will be at least 20 percent cheaper than existing solutions in the U.S.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„์กด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์–ด๋„ 20ํ”„๋กœ ์ด์ƒ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ
14:11
and yet more effective.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
It also tries to bring together innovators from North and South
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๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์™€ ์„œ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„
14:18
to cocreate affordable healthcare solutions for all of humanity.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
I gave tons of examples of frugal innovators from around the world,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
14:28
but the question is, how do you go about adopting frugal innovation?
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
14:32
Well, I gleaned out three principles from frugal innovators around the world
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๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ•์น™์„
14:35
that I want to share with you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
that you can apply in your own organization
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์ด ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด
14:39
to do more with less.
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์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
The first principle is: Keep it simple.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ "๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ด๋ผ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
Don't create solutions to impress customers.
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๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ๋†€๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐํƒ„ํ•  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ 
14:49
Make them easy enough to use and widely accessible,
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ์„ธ์š”.
14:53
like the C.T. scanner we saw in China.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ C. T. ์ดฌ์˜๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
14:56
Second principle: Do not reinvent the wheel.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งˆ๋ผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:00
Try to leverage existing resources and assets that are widely available,
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
15:04
like using mobile telephony to offer clean energy
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์ด๋™ ํ†ต์‹ ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
15:08
or Mom and Pop stores to offer banking services.
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๊ตฌ๋ฉ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์—์„œ ์€ํ–‰ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
15:12
Third principle is: Think and act horizontally.
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋ผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
Companies tend to scale up vertically
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณคํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
by centralizing operations in big factories and warehouses,
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ํฐ ๊ณต์žฅ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋“ค์„ ์„ธ์›Œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค์ง€์š”.
15:23
but if you want to be agile and deal with immense customer diversity,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฏผ์ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋์—†๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ธต์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
15:27
you need to scale out horizontally using a distributed supply chain
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๋ถ„ํฌ๋œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
with smaller manufacturing and distribution units,
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๋” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์œ ํ†ต ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
15:34
like Grameen Bank has shown.
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์•ž์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏผ ์€ํ–‰์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
15:39
The South pioneered frugal innovation out of sheer necessity.
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๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ํ•„์š”์— ์˜ํ•ด ํƒ„์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
The North is now learning to do more and better with less
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๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ž์›์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ
15:48
as it faces resource constraints.
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์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
As an Indian-born French national who lives in the United States,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋„ ์ถœ์‹  ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ์œผ๋กœ
15:57
my hope is that we transcend this artificial North-South divide
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์ œ ํฌ๋ง์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ-๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด
16:03
so that we can harness the collective ingenuity
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ˜์‹ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜
16:06
of innovators from around the world
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๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•จ์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋ชจ์•„
16:08
to cocreate frugal solutions
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š”
16:11
that will improve the quality of life of everyone in the world,
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๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
16:15
while preserving our precious planet.
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๋™์‹œ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:20
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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