Noah Feldman: Politics and religion are technologies

28,838 views ใƒป 2008-10-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I want to argue to you that in fact, politics and religion,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื“ืช,
00:17
which are the two primary factors --
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื--
00:19
not the sole, but overwhelmingly, the primary factors --
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ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื--
00:22
which are driving towards a war which looks extremely likely --
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ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ--
00:25
bordering on the inevitable at this point,
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ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืขืช, ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”,
00:27
whether one is in favor of that or not --
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืจืฆื•ื™ ืื• ืœื--
00:29
that politics and religion are, in fact, themselves
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ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื“ืช
00:32
better conceptualized as kinds of technology,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืกื•ื’ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:36
and subject to kinds of questions that we regularly consider
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข
00:41
in the space of conceptual design.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™.
00:44
Here's what I mean. Politics and --
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ืื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™. ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•--
00:47
let's focus on the political system in particular question here,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื›ืืŸ,
00:50
which is the system of democracy.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
00:52
Democracy, as a type of politics, is a technology
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:56
for the control and deployment of power.
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ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื›ื•ื—.
00:58
You can deploy power in a wide range of ways.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื—ื‘.
01:01
The famous ones -- despotism is a good one;
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ืžื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
01:03
anarchy is a way to not deploy the power in any organized way,
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ืื ืจื›ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช,
01:06
to do it in a radically diffused fashion;
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
01:08
and democracy is a set of technologies,
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ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
01:10
which have the effect of, in principle,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืืคืงื˜
01:13
diffusing the power source to a large number of people
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:16
and then re-concentrating it in a smaller group of people who govern,
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ื•ืื—ืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื,
01:19
and who themselves are, in principle, authorized to govern
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ื•ืฉื”ื ืขืฆืžื, ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื•
01:23
by virtue of what the broader public has done.
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ื•ื‘ื—ืกื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘.
01:26
Now, consider religion -- in this case Islam,
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืช-- ื”ืื™ืกืœื,ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”,
01:29
which is the religion that, in some direct sense,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืช ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
01:32
can be said to be precipitating what we're about to enter.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจื” ื›ืžื–ืจื–ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื“ ื ืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืœื™ื•.
01:36
Let me say parenthetically why I think that's the case,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืกื’ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงืจื”
01:38
because I think it's a potentially controversial statement.
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ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
01:41
I would put it in the following equation: no 9/11, no war.
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ืืฆื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื‘ืื”: ืื™ืŸ 9.11 - ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
01:45
At the beginning of the Bush administration,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ืžื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ,
01:49
when President Bush, now President Bush, was running for president,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืจืฅ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช,
01:52
he made it very clear that he was not interested in intervening broadly in the world.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:55
In fact, the trend was for disengagement with the rest of the world.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:58
That's why we heard about the backing away from the Kyoto protocol, for example.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืืžื ืช ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ.
02:02
After 9/11, the tables were turned.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”-9.11, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•.
02:05
And the president decided, with his advisors,
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื•,
02:08
to undertake some kind of an active intervention in the world around us.
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ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
02:12
That began with Afghanistan,
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
02:14
and when Afghanistan went extremely smoothly and quickly,
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ื•ื›ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืจ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื”,
02:17
a decision was made through the technology of democracy --
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ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช--
02:21
again, notice, not a perfect technology --
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ืœื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช--
02:24
but through the technology of democracy
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ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
02:26
that this administration was going to push in the direction of another war --
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ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
02:29
this time, a war in Iraq.
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ื•ื”ืคืขื ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืง.
02:31
Now, the reason I begin by saying "no 9/11, no war"
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืž-"ืื™ืŸ 9.11 - ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”"
02:36
is that we have to acknowledge that Islam,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœื,
02:40
as interpreted by a very, very small, extremely radical group of people,
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ืœืคื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื“,
02:46
was a precipitating cause of the 9/11 attacks --
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืžื–ืจื– ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”-9.11--
02:50
the precipitating cause of the 9/11 attacks --
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื–ืจื– ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”-9.11--
02:52
and as a consequence, at one degree of remove,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืช,
02:55
the precipitating cause of the coming war that we're about to be engaged in.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื–ืจื– ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”.
02:59
And I would add that bin Laden and his followers
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืŸ-ืœืื“ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื•
03:02
are consciously devoted to the goal of creating a conflict between democracy,
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ืžืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
03:07
or at least capitalist democracy, on the one hand,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืžื—ื“,
03:10
and the world of Islam as they see and define it.
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ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชืคืก ื•ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืžืื™ื“ืš.
03:14
Now, how is Islam a technology in this conceptual apparatus?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื–ื”?
03:17
Well, it's a technology for, first, salvation in its most basic sense.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื”, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:21
It's meant to be a mechanism for construing the universe
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ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
03:24
in a way that will bring about the salvation of the individual believer,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื™ืฉื•ืขืช ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“,
03:28
but it's also meant by the Islamists --
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืืžื•ืจ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื--
03:30
and I use that term to mean people who believe that Islam --
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœื--
03:34
they follow the slogan, Islam is the answer to a wide range of questions,
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ื‘ืกื™ืกืžื” ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืงืฉืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื”,
03:37
whether they're social, or political, or personal, or spiritual.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:40
Within the sphere of people who have that view,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
03:42
and it's a large number of people in the Muslim world
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™
03:44
who disagree with bin Laden in his application,
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ืฉืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื‘ืŸ-ืœืื“ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช,
03:46
but agree that Islam is the answer.
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ืืš ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
03:48
Islam represents a way of engaging the world
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ื”ืื™ืกืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
03:51
through which one can achieve certain desirable goals.
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:54
And the goals from the perspective of Muslims are, in principle,
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืŸ ื›ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ
03:58
peace, justice and equality,
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ืฉืœื•ื, ืฆื“ืง ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
04:01
but on terms that correspond to traditional Muslim teachings.
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ืืš ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™.
04:05
Now, I don't want to leave a misimpression
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ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืจื•ืฉื ืžื•ื˜ืขื”
04:08
by identifying either of these propositions --
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ืข"ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”--
04:11
rather, either of these phenomena, democracy or Islam -- as technologies.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ื–ื•, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื• ืื™ืกืœื, ื›ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
04:15
I don't want to suggest that they are a single thing that you can point to.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื‘ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื•.
04:18
And I think a good way to prove this
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื–ืืช
04:20
is simply to demonstrate to you what my thought process was
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ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœื™
04:23
when deciding what to put on the wall behind me when I spoke.
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืฉืื“ื‘ืจ.
04:26
And I ran immediately into a conceptual problem:
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ื ืงืœืขืชื™ ืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช--
04:28
you can't show a picture of democracy.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
04:30
You can show a slogan, or a symbol, or a sign that stands for democracy.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืกื™ืกืžื”, ืกืžืœ ืื• ืฉืœื˜ ืฉืžืกืžืœื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
04:35
You can show the Capitol --
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœ--
04:36
I had the same problem when I was designing the cover
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื”
04:38
of my forthcoming book, in fact --
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ืœืกืคืจื™ ื”ื‘ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”--
04:40
what do you put on the cover to show democracy?
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืขืœ ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ืกืคืจ?
04:42
And the same problem with respect to Islam.
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ื•ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืกืœื.
04:44
You can show a mosque, or you can show worshippers,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžืกื’ื“ ืื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื,
04:46
but there's not a straightforward way of depicting Islam.
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ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืกืœื.
04:48
That's because these are the kinds of concepts
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ื•ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื
04:50
that are not susceptible to easy representation.
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ืฉืœื ืงืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื.
04:53
Now, it follows from that, that they're deeply contestable.
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:56
It follows from that that all of the people in the world
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ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฉื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:59
who say that they are Muslims can, in principle,
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ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช,
05:01
subscribe to a wide range of different interpretations
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ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
05:04
of what Islam really is, and the same is true of democracy.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœื, ื•ื›ื "ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
05:09
In other words, unlike the word hope,
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืชืงื•ื•ื”",
05:12
which one could look up in a dictionary and derive origins for,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”,
05:16
and, perhaps, reach some kind of a consensual use analysis,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื–ื• ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”,
05:19
these are essentially contested concepts.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื.
05:21
They're ideas about which people disagree in the deepest possible sense.
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ืืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:27
And as a consequence of this disagreement,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
05:30
it's very, very difficult for anyone to say,
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ืงืฉื” ืขื“ ืžืื“ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข,
05:32
"I have the right version of Islam."
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"ืื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”."
05:34
You know, post-9/11, we were treated to the amazing phenomenon
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”-9.11 ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื”
05:37
of George W. Bush saying, "Islam means peace."
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ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•. ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ, "ืื™ืกืœื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœื•ื."
05:40
Well, so says George W. Bush.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•. ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืžืจ.
05:43
Other people would say it means something else.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
05:45
Some people would say that Islam means submission.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ืกืœื ืžืฉืžืขื• ื›ื ื™ืขื”.
05:47
Other people would say it means an acknowledgement
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืงื‘ืœื”
05:49
or recognition of God's sovereignty.
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ืื• ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœ.
05:51
There are a wide range of different things that Islam can mean.
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ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื™ืกืœื.
05:54
And ostensibly, the same is true of democracy.
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ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืคื” ื’ื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
05:56
Some people say that democracy consists basically in elections.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
05:59
Other people say no, that's not enough,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง,
06:01
there have to be basic liberal rights: free speech, free press, equality of citizens.
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ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
06:05
These are contested points, and it's impossible to answer them by saying,
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ืืœื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ:
06:08
"Ah ha, I looked in the right place, and I found out what these concepts mean."
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"ื‘ื“ืงืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”."
06:12
Now, if Islam and democracy are at present
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ืื ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
06:16
in a moment of great confrontation,
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืงืฉื”,
06:18
what does that mean?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
06:20
Well, you could fit it into a range of different interpretative frameworks.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
06:24
You could begin with the one that we began with a couple of days ago,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื–ื• ืฉืื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื,
06:27
which was fear.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื—ื“.
06:29
Fear is not an implausible reaction with a war just around the corner
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ืคื—ื“ ืื™ื ื ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืง
06:34
and with a very, very high likelihood that many, many people are going to die
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื
06:37
as a consequence of this confrontation --
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื–ื”--
06:39
a confrontation which many, many people
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ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื“
06:41
in the Muslim world do not want,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•,
06:43
many, many people in the American democracy do not want,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•,
06:46
many people elsewhere in the world do not want,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•,
06:48
but which nonetheless is favored by a large enough number of people --
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื--
06:51
at least in the relevant space, which is the United States --
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจื”"ื‘--
06:55
to actually go forward. So fear is not a crazy response at all.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชืคืชื—. ื›ืš ืฉืคื—ื“ ืื™ื ื ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ื›ืœืœ.
06:58
And I think that that's, in fact, probably the first appropriate response.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื•ืœืžืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
07:02
What I want to suggest to you, though, in the next couple of minutes
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ืืš ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื
07:05
is that there's also a hopeful response to this.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืš.
07:09
And the hopeful response derives from recognizing
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ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš
07:12
that Islam and democracy are technologies.
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ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœื ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
07:14
And by virtue of being technologies, they're manipulable.
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
07:17
And they're manipulable in ways
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื
07:19
that can produce some extremely positive outcomes.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืžืื“.
07:21
What do I have in mind?
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ืžื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™?
07:23
Well, all over the Muslim world there are people
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื
07:26
who take Islam deeply seriously, people who care about Islam,
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ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืื™ืกืœื ืžืื“ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืžื”ืื™ืกืœื,
07:30
for whom it's a source either of faith, or of civilization, or of deep values,
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืืžื•ื ื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื,
07:34
or just a source of powerful personal identity,
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ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
07:36
who think and are saying loudly that Islam and democracy
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
07:40
are in fact not in conflict, but are in fact deeply compatible.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืกืชื™ืจื”, ืืœื ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“.
07:44
And these Muslims -- and it's the vast majority of Muslims --
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”-- ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
07:47
disagree profoundly with bin Laden's approach, profoundly.
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ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืขื ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืœืื“ืŸ. ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
07:52
And they furthermore think overwhelmingly --
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ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ืจื•ื‘ื ื›ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื--
07:55
again one can't speak of every person, but overwhelmingly,
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ื ื›ื›ื•ืœื,
07:57
and one can find this by reading any of the sources
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช
07:59
that they have produced, and they're all over the Internet
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ืฉื”ื ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
08:02
and in all sorts of languages -- one can see that they're saying
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืคื•ืช-- ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื
08:05
that their concern in their own countries is primarily to free up themselves
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื
08:11
to have choice in the spheres of personal life,
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื,
08:15
in the sphere of economics, in the sphere of politics,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
08:18
and, yes, in the sphere of religion,
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืช
08:20
which is itself closely regulated in most of the Muslim world.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืฆืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™.
08:23
And many of these Muslims further say
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื
08:25
that their disagreement with the United States
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ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ืืจื”"ื‘
08:28
is that it, in the past and still in the present,
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”,
08:31
has sided with autocratic rulers in the Muslim world
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื“ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™
08:35
in order to promote America's short-term interests.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืงืฆืจื™-ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
08:41
Now, during the Cold War, that may have been
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ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื”
08:43
a defensible position for the United States to take.
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ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจืช-ื”ื’ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื”"ื‘.
08:45
That's an academic question.
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ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช.
08:47
It may be that there was a great war to be fought between West and East,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžื–ืจื—,
08:50
and it was necessary on the axis of democracy against communism.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื,
08:54
And it was necessary in some way for these to contradict each other,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘,
08:57
and as a consequence you have to make friends wherever you can get them.
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ืฉืžืืœืฆืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™.
09:00
But now that the Cold War is over,
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ืืš ื›ืขืช, ื›ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื ื’ืžืจื”,
09:02
there's nearly universal consensus in the Muslim world --
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™--
09:06
and pretty close to the same here in the United States,
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ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
09:08
if you talk to people and ask them --
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ืื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื,
09:10
that in principle, there's no reason that democracy and Islam cannot co-exist.
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ืฉื›ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•-ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื™ืกืœื.
09:14
And we see this among activist, practical Muslims,
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื,
09:17
like the Muslims who are presently the elected,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”,
09:19
parliamentary, democratic government of Turkey,
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ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”,
09:21
who are behaving pragmatically, not ideologically,
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ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
09:24
who are promoting their own religious values,
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ืฉืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
09:26
who are elected by their own people
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ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื
09:28
because they were perceived as honest and sincere
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื ื™ื
09:30
because of their religious values,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื,
09:32
but who do not think that Islam and a democratic system of governance
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ืืš ืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
09:36
are fundamentally incompatible.
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ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื.
09:38
Now, you may say, but surely, what we've seen on television about Saudi Islam
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืืžืจื•, ื”ืจื™ ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™
09:43
convinces us that it can't possibly be compatible
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ืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“
09:45
with what we consider the core of democracy --
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
09:47
namely, free political choice, basic liberty and basic equality.
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
09:51
But I'm here to tell you that technologies
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ื™ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
09:55
are more malleable than that.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื•ืช-ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš.
09:57
I'm here to tell you that many, many Muslims believe --
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื--
10:00
the vast majority, in fact -- in fact I think I would go so far as to say
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”-- ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจ
10:02
that many Muslims in Saudi Arabia believe that the core values of Islam,
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ืฉืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœื,
10:06
namely acknowledgement of God's sovereignty
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœ
10:08
and basic human equality before God,
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ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืืœ,
10:11
are themselves compatible with liberty, equality and free political choice.
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ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
10:15
And there are Muslims, many Muslims out there, who are saying precisely this.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
10:20
And they're making this argument wherever they're permitted to make it.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ื.
10:23
But their governments, needless to say, are relatively threatened by this.
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ืืš ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžืื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื›ืš.
10:25
And for the most part try to stop them from making this argument.
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ื•ื‘ื“"ื› ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
10:28
So, for example, a group of young activists in Egypt
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
10:32
try to form a party known as the Center Party,
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ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–",
10:34
which advocated the compatibility of Islam and democracy.
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ืฉื“ื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
10:36
They weren't even allowed to form a party.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืคืœื’ื”.
10:38
They were actually blocked from even forming a party
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืคืœื’ื”
10:40
under the political system there. Why?
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื. ืžื“ื•ืข?
10:42
Because they would have done extraordinarily well.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืžืื“.
10:44
In the most recent elections in the Muslim world --
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™--
10:46
which are those in Pakistan, those in Morocco
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•
10:49
and those in Turkey -- in each case,
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”-- ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”,
10:51
people who present themselves to the electorate as Islamic democrats
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ืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื™ื
10:54
were far and away the most successful vote-getters
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ืฃ ืงื•ืœื•ืช
10:57
every place they were allowed to run freely.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
11:01
So in Morocco, for example, they finished third in the political race
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ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
11:05
but they were only allowed to contest half the seats.
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ืืš ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
11:07
So had they contested a larger number of the seats,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
11:09
they would have done even better.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:11
Now what I want to suggest to you is that the reason for hope in this case
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ื•ืœื˜ืขื ืชื™, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”
11:14
is that we are on the edge of a real transformation in the Muslim world.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™.
11:19
And that's a transformation in which many sincerely believing Muslims --
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื--
11:23
who care very, very deeply about their traditions,
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ืฉืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื,
11:26
who do not want to compromise those values --
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืืœื”--
11:29
believe, through the malleability of the technology of democracy
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
11:33
and the malleability and synthetic capability of the technology of Islam,
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ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืกื™ื ืชื–ื”,
11:38
that these two ideas can work together.
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ืฉืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื.
11:41
Now what would that look like?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื”?
11:43
What does it mean to say that there's an Islamic democracy?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืจื˜ื™ื” ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืช?
11:46
Well, one thing is, it's not going to look identical
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื”
11:48
to democracy as we know it in the United States.
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ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
11:51
That may be a good thing, in light of some of the criticisms we've heard today --
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:54
for example, in the regulatory context -- of what democracy produces.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
11:58
It will also not look exactly the way either the people in this room,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื,
12:02
or Muslims out in the rest of the world --
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ืื• ืžื™ ืžื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื--
12:04
I don't mean to imply there aren't Muslims here, there probably are --
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ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืžื– ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ--
12:07
conceptualize Islam.
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ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืกืœื.
12:09
It will be transformative of Islam as well.
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืกืœื.
12:12
And as a result of this convergence,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”,
12:15
this synthetic attempt to make sense of these two ideas together,
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ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”,
12:19
there's a real possibility that, instead of a clash
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ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช
12:22
of Islamic civilization -- if there is such a thing --
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช-- ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”--
12:25
and democratic civilization -- if there is such a thing --
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช-- ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”--
12:27
we'll in fact have close compatibility.
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ืชื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืฆื ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
12:30
Now, I began with the war because it's the elephant in the room,
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ืคืชื—ืชื™ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•,
12:34
and you can't pretend that there isn't about to be a war
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ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”,
12:36
if you're talking about these issues.
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ืื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
12:38
The war has tremendous risks for the model that I'm describing
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืกื›ื ืช ืขื“ ืžืื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ
12:41
because it's very possible that as a consequence of a war,
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ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื“ ืฉื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืœื—ืžื”
12:44
many Muslims will conclude that the United States
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ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืืจื”"ื‘
12:47
is not the kind of place that they want to emulate
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ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ืคืช ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™
12:49
with respect to its forms of political government.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
12:52
On the other hand, there's a further possibility that many Americans,
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ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
12:55
swept up in the fever of a war, will say, and feel, and think
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ืฉื™ื™ืกื—ืคื• ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื™ืืžืจื•, ื™ื—ื•ืฉื• ื•ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื•
13:00
that Islam is the enemy somehow --
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ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ืื•ื™ื‘--
13:02
that Islam ought to be construed as the enemy.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกืœื ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘.
13:05
And even though, for political tactical reasons,
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ื•ื’ื ืื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื•ืช
13:07
the president has been very, very good about saying that Islam is not the enemy,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœื ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืื•ื™ื‘,
13:11
nonetheless, there's a natural impulse when one enters war
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ื ื“ื—ืฃ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”
13:14
to think of the other side as an enemy.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘.
13:16
And one furthermore has the impulse to generalize, as much as possible,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื”ื›ืœืœื•ืช, ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
13:19
in defining who that enemy is.
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ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืื•ืชื• ืื•ื™ื‘.
13:21
So the risks are very great.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื“.
13:23
On the other hand, the capacities for positive results in the aftermath of a war
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”
13:30
are also not to be underestimated,
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ื’ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืชื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜,
13:32
even by, and I would say especially by, people
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื - ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืฆื™ื“ื -
13:35
who are deeply skeptical about whether we should go to war in the first place.
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ืฉืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
13:38
Those who oppose the war ought to realize that if a war happens,
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ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื ืชืชื—ื•ืœืœ
13:43
it cannot be the right strategy,
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ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
13:45
either pragmatically, or spiritually, or morally, to say after the war,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ืœื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
13:51
"Well, let's let it all run itself out, and play out however it wants to play out,
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"ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื’ืžืจ, ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”,
13:54
because we opposed the war in the first place."
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื ื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”."
13:56
That's not the way human circumstances operate.
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ืœื ื›ืš ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
13:58
You face the circumstances you have in front of you
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ืื“ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
14:00
and you go forward.
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”.
14:02
Well, what I'm here to say then is,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื,
14:04
for people who are skeptical about the war,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืœื—ืžื”,
14:06
it's especially important to recognize that in the aftermath of the war
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืชื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”
14:09
there is a possibility for the government of the United States
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘
14:13
and the Muslim peoples with whom it interacts
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ื•ืขืžื™ ื”ืื™ืกืœื ืฉืขื™ืžื ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ
14:16
to create real forms of government that are truly democratic
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ื™ืคืชื—ื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช
14:19
and also truly Islamic.
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ืืš ื’ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช.
14:21
And it is crucial -- it is crucial in a practical, activist way --
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื•ืคืขื™ืœ,
14:25
for people who care about these issues to make sure
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ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ื•ื“ืื•,
14:29
that within the technology of democracy, in this system,
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•,
14:32
they exercise their preferences, their choices and their voices
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ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื
14:35
to encourage that outcome.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•.
14:37
That's a hopeful message,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”,
14:39
but it's a message that's hopeful only if you understand it
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ืืš ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืจืง ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ
14:41
as incurring serious obligation for all of us.
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ื›ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
14:44
And I think that we are capable of taking on that obligation,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื•,
14:47
but only if we put what we can into it.
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ืืš ืจืง ืื ื ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•.
14:50
And if we do, then I don't think that the hope will be unwarranted altogether.
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ื•ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ื‘ืกื™ืก.
14:54
Thanks.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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