Why our universe might exist on a knife-edge | Gian Giudice

996,823 views ใƒป 2013-10-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
So last year, on the Fourth of July,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™,
00:15
experiments at the Large Hadron Collider
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:18
discovered the Higgs boson.
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก.
00:20
It was a historical day.
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.
00:22
There's no doubt that from now on,
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืžืขืชื” ื•ื”ืœืื”,
00:24
the Fourth of July will be remembered
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ื”-4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ื–ื›ืจ
00:26
not as the day of the Declaration of Independence,
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ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช,
00:28
but as the day of the discovery of the Higgs boson.
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ืืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก.
00:32
Well, at least, here at CERN.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘-ืกืจืŸ.
00:35
But for me, the biggest surprise of that day
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื
00:39
was that there was no big surprise.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
00:41
In the eye of a theoretical physicist,
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™,
00:44
the Higgs boson is a clever explanation
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ื”ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื—ื›ื
00:46
of how some elementary particles gain mass,
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ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกื”,
00:49
but it seems a fairly unsatisfactory
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืง
00:52
and incomplete solution.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืกืจ.
00:54
Too many questions are left unanswered.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืชื•ืจื•ืช.
00:57
The Higgs boson does not share the beauty,
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ืœื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™, ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
01:00
the symmetry, the elegance,
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ื•ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื
01:02
of the rest of the elementary particle world.
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
01:05
For this reason, the majority of theoretical physicists
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื
01:08
believe that the Higgs boson could not
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก
01:11
be the full story.
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ืื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
01:14
We were expecting new particles and new phenomena
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
01:17
accompanying the Higgs boson.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืชืœื•ื• ืœื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก.
01:19
Instead, so far, the measurements
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ืื‘ืœ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช
01:21
coming from the LHC show no signs of new particles
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ืžืžืื™ืฅ LHC, ืœื ืžืจืื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
01:25
or unexpected phenomena.
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ืื• ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:27
Of course, the verdict is not definitive.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
01:31
In 2015, the LHC will almost double
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ื‘-2015, ืžืื™ืฅ ื”-LHC ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช
01:35
the energy of the colliding protons,
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื,
01:38
and these more powerful collisions
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ื•ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื•ืช tืœื•
01:40
will allow us to explore further the particle world,
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ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
01:44
and we will certainly learn much more.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
01:48
But for the moment, since we have found
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืจื’ืข, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืจืื™ื•ืช
01:51
no evidence for new phenomena, let us suppose
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ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื” ื ื ื™ื—
01:54
that the particles that we know today,
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ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:57
including the Higgs boson,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก,
01:59
are the only elementary particles in nature,
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
02:02
even at energies much larger
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
02:05
than what we have explored so far.
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ืžืืœื• ืฉืื™ืชืŸ ื—ืงืจื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:08
Let's see where this hypothesis is going to lead us.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ืœืืŸ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื ื—ื” ื–ื•.
02:12
We will find a surprising and intriguing result
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ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืžืกืงืจื ืช ื•ืžืคืชื™ืขื”
02:16
about our universe, and to explain my point,
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ืงื•ืžื ื•, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช,
02:19
let me first tell you what the Higgs is about,
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ื”ื™ื’ืก.
02:23
and to do so, we have to go back
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื”
02:26
to one tenth of a billionth of a second
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ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
02:31
after the Big Bang.
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ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:32
And according to the Higgs theory,
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ืœืคื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื’ืก,
02:34
at that instant, a dramatic event took place
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข
02:38
in the universe.
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ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
02:39
Space-time underwent a phase transition.
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ื–ืžืŸ-ืžืจื—ื‘ ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื–ื”.
02:44
It was something very similar to the phase transition
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื–ื”
02:47
that occurs when water turns into ice
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื—
02:51
below zero degrees.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก ืžืขืœื•ืช.
02:53
But in our case, the phase transition
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคื–ื”
02:56
is not a change in the way the molecules
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ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
02:58
are arranged inside the material,
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ืžืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
03:01
but is about a change
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ืืœื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
03:02
of the very fabric of space-time.
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ื‘ืžืืจื’ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ-ืžืจื—ื‘.
03:06
During this phase transition, empty space
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื–ื” ื–ื”, ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง
03:09
became filled with a substance
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ื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ
03:11
that we now call Higgs field.
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก.
03:14
And this substance may seem invisible to us,
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ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
03:17
but it has a physical reality.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืžืฉื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช.
03:19
It surrounds us all the time,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:21
just like the air we breathe in this room.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
03:25
And some elementary particles interact
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื
03:27
with this substance, gaining energy in the process.
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ืื™ืชื• ื•ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”.
03:31
And this intrinsic energy is what we call
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ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื
03:34
the mass of a particle,
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ืžืกืช ื—ืœืงื™ืง,
03:36
and by discovering the Higgs boson, the LHC
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก, ืžืื™ืฅ ื”-LHC
03:40
has conclusively proved that this substance is real,
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ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ (ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก) ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™,
03:44
because it is the stuff the Higgs bosons are made of.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”"ื—ื•ืžืจ" ืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื–ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืก.
03:48
And this, in a nutshell, is the essence of the Higgs story.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืœื’ ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื’ืก.
03:52
But this story is far more interesting than that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื”.
03:56
By studying the Higgs theory,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืžืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
03:59
theoretical physicists discovered,
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื•,
04:01
not through an experiment
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
04:03
but with the power of mathematics,
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ืืœื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
04:05
that the Higgs field does not necessarily exist
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ืฉืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—
04:09
only in the form that we observe today.
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ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:12
Just like matter can exist as liquid or solid,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื ื•ื–ืœ ืื• ืžื•ืฆืง,
04:18
so the Higgs field, the substance that fills all space-time,
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ื›ืš ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก, ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืžืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ-ืžืจื—ื‘,
04:22
could exist in two states.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื.
04:25
Besides the known Higgs state,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื”,
04:28
there could be a second state in which the Higgs field
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉื“ื”
04:31
is billions and billions times denser
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ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืคื™ ืžื™ืœืืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื
04:34
than what we observe today,
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
04:36
and the mere existence of another state
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ื•ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื—ืจ
04:40
of the Higgs field poses a potential problem.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
04:44
This is because, according to the laws
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ื–ื” ื›ื™, ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื,
04:47
of quantum mechanics, it is possible
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ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ
04:50
to have transitions between two states,
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ืžืžืฆื‘ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื—ืจ,
04:53
even in the presence of an energy barrier
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ื’ื ืื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื—ืกื•ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
04:56
separating the two states,
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ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื,
04:59
and the phenomenon is called,
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ื•ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช,
05:01
quite appropriately, quantum tunneling.
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ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
05:05
Because of quantum tunneling,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™,
05:07
I could disappear from this room
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืœื
05:09
and reappear in the next room,
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ืš,
05:13
practically penetrating the wall.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจ.
05:16
But don't expect me to actually perform the trick
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืฆืคื• ืžืžื ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืช
05:19
in front of your eyes, because the probability
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ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช
05:21
for me to penetrate the wall is ridiculously small.
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ืฉืืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื—ื•ืš.
05:26
You would have to wait a really long time
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืืจื•ืš
05:28
before it happens, but believe me,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™,
05:31
quantum tunneling is a real phenomenon,
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ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช,
05:34
and it has been observed in many systems.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
05:37
For instance, the tunnel diode,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื“ื™ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืจื”,
05:39
a component used in electronics,
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ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”,
05:42
works thanks to the wonders
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ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคืœืื™
05:44
of quantum tunneling.
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ื”ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
05:46
But let's go back to the Higgs field.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก.
05:49
If the ultra-dense Higgs state existed,
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ืื ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื,
05:53
then, because of quantum tunneling,
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ืื–, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™,
05:56
a bubble of this state could suddenly appear
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืคืชืื•ื ื‘ื•ืขื” ืื—ืช ืžืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”
05:59
in a certain place of the universe at a certain time,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
06:03
and it is analogous to what happens when you boil water.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืจืชื™ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื.
06:06
Bubbles of vapor form inside the water,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื
06:09
then they expand, turning liquid into gas.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื’ื–.
06:13
In the same way, a bubble of the ultra-dense Higgs state
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ื’ืก ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช-ืขืœ
06:18
could come into existence because of quantum tunneling.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
06:22
The bubble would then expand at the speed of light,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืชืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
06:24
invading all space, and turning the Higgs field
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ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ, ื•ืชืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก
06:28
from the familiar state into a new state.
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ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ.
06:31
Is this a problem? Yes, it's a big a problem.
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”? ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
06:36
We may not realize it in ordinary life,
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื™ื’ืจื”,
06:38
but the intensity of the Higgs field is critical
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื—
06:42
for the structure of matter.
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ืœืงื™ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
06:44
If the Higgs field were only a few times more intense,
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ืื ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืง ืคื™ ื›ืžื”,
06:48
we would see atoms shrinking, neutrons decaying
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื,
06:51
inside atomic nuclei, nuclei disintegrating,
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืขื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื,
06:55
and hydrogen would be
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื”
06:57
the only possible chemical element in the universe.
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
07:02
And the Higgs field, in the ultra-dense Higgs state,
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ื•ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช-ืขืœ,
07:05
is not just a few times more intense than today,
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื™ื•ื,
07:08
but billions of times,
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ืืœื ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืคื•ืฃ,
07:11
and if space-time were filled by this Higgs state,
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ื•ืื ื–ืžืŸ-ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื›ืŸ ื™ืชืžืœืื• ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืฉื›ื–ื”,
07:14
all atomic matter would collapse.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื™ืงืจื•ืก.
07:17
No molecular structures would be possible, no life.
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ืœื ื™ืชืืคืฉืจื• ืฉื•ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:22
So, I wonder, is it possible
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื”, ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
07:25
that in the future, the Higgs field
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ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก
07:27
will undergo a phase transition and,
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ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื–ื”,
07:30
through quantum tunneling, will be transformed
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืชื ื”
07:33
into this nasty, ultra-dense state?
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ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืจื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช-ื”ืขืœ?
07:38
In other words, I ask myself, what is the fate
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™,
07:41
of the Higgs field in our universe?
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ืžื”ื• ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื‘ื™ืงื•ืžื ื•?
07:44
And the crucial ingredient necessary
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ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ
07:47
to answer this question is the Higgs boson mass.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืกืช ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก.
07:51
And experiments at the LHC found that the mass
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื™ืฅ ื”-LHC ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืžืกืช
07:55
of the Higgs boson is about 126 GeV.
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ื”ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ื™ื ื›-126 GeV.
07:59
This is tiny when expressed in familiar units,
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ื”ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•,
08:02
because it's equal to something like
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืช-ืขืจืš
08:04
10 to the minus 22 grams,
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 22- ื’ืจื,
08:06
but it is large in particle physics units,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
08:10
because it is equal to the weight
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืกืช
08:12
of an entire molecule
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื—ืช
08:14
of a DNA constituent.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš DNA.
08:17
So armed with this information from the LHC,
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ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืžืžืื™ืฅ ื”-LHC,
08:20
together with some colleagues here at CERN,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘-ืกืจืŸ,
08:22
we computed the probability
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช
08:24
that our universe could quantum tunnel
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ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื ื• ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™
08:27
into the ultra-dense Higgs state,
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ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช-ืขืœ,
08:30
and we found a very intriguing result.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
08:34
Our calculations showed
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ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืื•
08:36
that the measured value of the Higgs boson mass
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ืฉื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืกืช ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก
08:39
is very special.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
08:41
It has just the right value
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ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
08:44
to keep the universe hanging
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื”
08:47
in an unstable situation.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
08:49
The Higgs field is in a wobbly configuration
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ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘
08:52
that has lasted so far
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“
08:54
but that will eventually collapse.
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืงืจื•ืก ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
08:57
So according to these calculations,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”,
09:01
we are like campers
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ืื ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื—ื ืื™ื
09:03
who accidentally set their tent
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืื”ืœ
09:05
at the edge of a cliff.
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ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ืฆื•ืง.
09:07
And eventually, the Higgs field
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก
09:09
will undergo a phase transition
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ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื–ื”
09:11
and matter will collapse into itself.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ืงืจื•ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•.
09:14
So is this how humanity is going to disappear?
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ื”ืื ื›ืš ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืœื?
09:17
I don't think so.
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ืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืš.
09:19
Our calculation shows that quantum tunneling
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ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™
09:22
of the Higgs field is not likely to occur
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ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ
09:26
in the next 10 to the 100 years,
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ื‘-10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 100 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
09:29
and this is a very long time.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืืจื•ืš.
09:32
It's even longer than
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืš
09:34
the time it takes for Italy to form a stable government.
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ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.
09:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:40
Even so, we will be long gone by then.
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ื•ื’ื ื›ื›ื”, ื ื™ืขืœื ื–ืžื• ืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
09:44
In about five billion years,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›-5 ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
09:47
our sun will become a red giant,
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืขื ืง ืื“ื•ื,
09:49
as large as the Earth's orbit,
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ืฉืžื™ืžื“ื™ื• ื›ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
09:52
and our Earth will be kaput,
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ื•ื›ืš ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืžื•ืจ,
09:55
and in a thousand billion years,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš 1000 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
09:57
if dark energy keeps on fueling
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ืื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืื™ืฅ
10:00
space expansion at the present rate,
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ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
10:02
you will not even be able to see as far as your toes,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•,
10:07
because everything around you
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ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
10:08
expands at a rate faster than the speed of light.
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ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
10:12
So it is really unlikely
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ
10:14
that we will be around to see the Higgs field collapse.
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื™ืงืจื•ืก.
10:18
But the reason why I am interested
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
10:21
in the transition of the Higgs field
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก
10:23
is because I want to address the question,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื”,
10:27
why is the Higgs boson mass so special?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืกืช ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช?
10:32
Why is it just right to keep the universe
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื•ืง ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื›ื“ื™
10:35
at the edge of a phase transition?
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคื–ื”?
10:38
Theoretical physicists always ask "why" questions.
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื "ืžื“ื•ืข".
10:42
More than how a phenomenon works,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืš ืชื•ืคืขื” ืคื•ืขืœืช,
10:45
theoretical physicists are always interested in
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ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
10:47
why a phenomenon works in the way it works.
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ื‘ืœืžื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
10:50
We think that this these "why" questions
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ืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืืœื•ืช ื”"ืžื“ื•ืข" ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
10:54
can give us clues
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ืœืชืช ืจืžื–ื™ื
10:55
about the fundamental principles of nature.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:59
And indeed, a possible answer to my question
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœืฉืืœืชื™
11:03
opens up new universes, literally.
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ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
11:07
It has been speculated that our universe
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ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
11:11
is only a bubble in a soapy multiverse
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจื‘ ื™ืงื•ื ืกื‘ื•ื ื™
11:15
made out of a multitude of bubbles,
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ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
11:17
and each bubble is a different universe
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื ืคืจื“
11:20
with different fundamental constants
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ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
11:22
and different physical laws.
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ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:23
And in this context, you can only talk about
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ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืจืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
11:25
the probability of finding a certain value of the Higgs mass.
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืขืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืช ื”ื™ื’ืก.
11:30
Then the key to the mystery
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืชืขืœื•ืžื”
11:32
could lie in the statistical properties
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ื™ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
11:36
of the multiverse.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
11:38
It would be something like what happens
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
11:40
with sand dunes on a beach.
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ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ-ื™ื.
11:43
In principle, you could imagine to find sand dunes
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื
11:45
of any slope angle in a beach,
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืข,
11:48
and yet, the slope angles of sand dunes
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ
11:52
are typically around 30, 35 degrees.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืจืง ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 30, 35 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
11:56
And the reason is simple:
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:
11:57
because wind builds up the sand, gravity makes it fall.
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ื”ืจื•ื— ืขื•ืจืžืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ื›ื—-ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื™ืคื•ืœ.
12:01
As a result, the vast majority of sand dunes
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื”, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ
12:04
have slope angles around the critical value,
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ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
12:08
near to collapse.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืกื”.
12:10
And something similar could happen
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
12:13
for the Higgs boson mass in the multiverse.
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ืขื ืžืกืช ื”ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก ื‘ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
12:17
In the majority of bubble universes,
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ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื, ืžืกืช ื”ื™ื’ืก
12:20
the Higgs mass could be around the critical value,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขืจืš ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
12:23
near to a cosmic collapse of the Higgs field,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก,
12:27
because of two competing effects,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื,
12:29
just as in the case of sand.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ.
12:32
My story does not have an end,
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ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื—ืกืจ ื”ืกื•ืฃ,
12:35
because we still don't know the end of the story.
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ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
12:39
This is science in progress,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื“ืข ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
12:42
and to solve the mystery, we need more data,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
12:46
and hopefully, the LHC will soon add new clues
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืื™ืฅ ื”-LHC ื™ืกืคืง ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืจืžื–ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
12:51
to this story.
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ืขืœ ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื•.
12:54
Just one number, the Higgs boson mass,
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ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“, ืžืกืช ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก,
12:57
and yet, out of this number we learn so much.
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
13:03
I started from a hypothesis, that the known particles
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืขืจื”, ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื ื•
13:06
are all there is in the universe,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
13:08
even beyond the domain explored so far.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขื“ ื›ื”.
13:10
From this, we discovered that the Higgs field
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ืžื›ืืŸ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจ
13:14
that permeates space-time may be standing
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ืœื–ืžืŸ-ืžืจื—ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื•, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
13:18
on a knife edge, ready for cosmic collapse,
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ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ ืคื—ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช,
13:22
and we discovered that this may be a hint
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืžื–
13:26
that our universe is only a grain of sand
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ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ
13:30
in a giant beach, the multiverse.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ-ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
13:33
But I don't know if my hypothesis is right.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
13:37
That's how physics works: A single measurement
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ื›ืš ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช: ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
13:40
can put us on the road to a new understanding
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื”
13:43
of the universe
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
13:45
or it can send us down a blind alley.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืกืžื˜ื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ื”.
13:48
But whichever it turns out to be,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื
13:50
there is one thing I'm sure of:
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ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—:
13:54
The journey will be full of surprises.
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ื”ืžืกืข ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช.
13:57
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:58
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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