Why our universe might exist on a knife-edge | Gian Giudice

997,114 views ใƒป 2013-10-24

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Gemma Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : K Bang
00:13
So last year, on the Fourth of July,
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์ž‘๋…„ 7์›” 4์ผ
00:15
experiments at the Large Hadron Collider
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๊ฐ•์ž…์ž ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ
00:18
discovered the Higgs boson.
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ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
It was a historical day.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋‚ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:22
There's no doubt that from now on,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ
00:24
the Fourth of July will be remembered
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7์›” 4์ผ์ด
00:26
not as the day of the Declaration of Independence,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋…๋ฆฝํ•œ ๋‚ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:28
but as the day of the discovery of the Higgs boson.
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ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋‚ ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
Well, at least, here at CERN.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ CERN(์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์›์žํ•ต ๊ณต๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ) ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
But for me, the biggest surprise of that day
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ๊ทธ๋‚  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์› ๋˜ ์ ์€
00:39
was that there was no big surprise.
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ž„ ์ผ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
In the eye of a theoretical physicist,
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์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”
00:44
the Higgs boson is a clever explanation
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ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž๋“ค์ด
00:46
of how some elementary particles gain mass,
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์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ
00:49
but it seems a fairly unsatisfactory
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์ฉ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€
00:52
and incomplete solution.
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๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋‹ต์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
Too many questions are left unanswered.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
The Higgs boson does not share the beauty,
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ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜
01:00
the symmetry, the elegance,
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๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ, ์šฐ์•„ํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
01:02
of the rest of the elementary particle world.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
For this reason, the majority of theoretical physicists
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
01:08
believe that the Higgs boson could not
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ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑด
01:11
be the full story.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
We were expecting new particles and new phenomena
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ค๋Š”
01:17
accompanying the Higgs boson.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:19
Instead, so far, the measurements
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€
01:21
coming from the LHC show no signs of new particles
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๊ฐ•์ž…์ž ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
01:25
or unexpected phenomena.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Of course, the verdict is not definitive.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
In 2015, the LHC will almost double
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2015๋…„์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ•์ž…์ž ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋Š”
01:35
the energy of the colliding protons,
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์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ž ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋˜๊ณ 
01:38
and these more powerful collisions
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ์ถฉ๋Œ์€
01:40
will allow us to explore further the particle world,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:44
and we will certainly learn much more.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:48
But for the moment, since we have found
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š”
01:51
no evidence for new phenomena, let us suppose
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชป ์ฐพ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:54
that the particles that we know today,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž…์ž๋“ค,
01:57
including the Higgs boson,
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ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด
01:59
are the only elementary particles in nature,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ž์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž๋“ค์ด๊ณ 
02:02
even at energies much larger
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ดํˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
02:05
than what we have explored so far.
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
02:08
Let's see where this hypothesis is going to lead us.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
02:12
We will find a surprising and intriguing result
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋†€๋ž๊ณ ๋„
02:16
about our universe, and to explain my point,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:19
let me first tell you what the Higgs is about,
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๋จผ์ € ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
02:23
and to do so, we have to go back
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ ค๋ฉด
02:26
to one tenth of a billionth of a second
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๋น…๋ฑ… ์ดํ›„
02:31
after the Big Bang.
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์‹ญ์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
And according to the Higgs theory,
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ํž‰์Šค ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
02:34
at that instant, a dramatic event took place
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๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด
02:38
in the universe.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Space-time underwent a phase transition.
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๊ณต๊ฐ„-์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ƒ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
It was something very similar to the phase transition
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 0๋„ ์ดํ•˜์—์„œ
02:47
that occurs when water turns into ice
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๋ฌผ์ด ์–ผ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š”
02:51
below zero degrees.
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์ƒ์ „์ด์™€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
But in our case, the phase transition
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒ์ „์ด๋Š”
02:56
is not a change in the way the molecules
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๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
02:58
are arranged inside the material,
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๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:01
but is about a change
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๊ณต๊ฐ„-์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
03:02
of the very fabric of space-time.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
During this phase transition, empty space
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์ƒ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€
03:09
became filled with a substance
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
03:11
that we now call Higgs field.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
And this substance may seem invisible to us,
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
03:17
but it has a physical reality.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
It surrounds us all the time,
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:21
just like the air we breathe in this room.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์ˆจ์‰ฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:25
And some elementary particles interact
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž๋“ค์€
03:27
with this substance, gaining energy in the process.
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
And this intrinsic energy is what we call
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€
03:34
the mass of a particle,
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์ž…์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
and by discovering the Higgs boson, the LHC
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ž…์ž ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋Š”
03:40
has conclusively proved that this substance is real,
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
because it is the stuff the Higgs bosons are made of.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:48
And this, in a nutshell, is the essence of the Higgs story.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํž‰์Šค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
But this story is far more interesting than that.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
By studying the Higgs theory,
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ํž‰์Šค ์ด๋ก ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:59
theoretical physicists discovered,
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์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
04:01
not through an experiment
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์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:03
but with the power of mathematics,
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
that the Higgs field does not necessarily exist
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ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ๋งŒ
04:09
only in the form that we observe today.
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์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ฃ .
04:12
Just like matter can exist as liquid or solid,
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์•ก์ฒด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
04:18
so the Higgs field, the substance that fills all space-time,
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๊ณต๊ฐ„-์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์€
04:22
could exist in two states.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
Besides the known Higgs state,
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํž‰์Šค ์ƒํƒœ ๋ง๊ณ ๋„
04:28
there could be a second state in which the Higgs field
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์€
04:31
is billions and billions times denser
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
04:34
than what we observe today,
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์‹ญ์–ต์˜ ์‹ญ์–ต๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
and the mere existence of another state
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ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„
04:40
of the Higgs field poses a potential problem.
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:44
This is because, according to the laws
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
04:47
of quantum mechanics, it is possible
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์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
04:50
to have transitions between two states,
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๋‘ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”
04:53
even in the presence of an energy barrier
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„
04:56
separating the two states,
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๋‘ ์ƒํƒœ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
and the phenomenon is called,
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๊ทธ ํ˜„์ƒ์€
05:01
quite appropriately, quantum tunneling.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์–‘์ž ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
Because of quantum tunneling,
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์–‘์ž ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:07
I could disappear from this room
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ์„œ
05:09
and reappear in the next room,
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์˜†๋ฐฉ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:13
practically penetrating the wall.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ฟฐ๋šซ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
But don't expect me to actually perform the trick
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์•ž์—์„œ
05:19
in front of your eyes, because the probability
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๊ทธ ๋ฌ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
05:21
for me to penetrate the wall is ridiculously small.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒฝ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ ๋  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:26
You would have to wait a really long time
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€
05:28
before it happens, but believe me,
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์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์…”์•ผ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
05:31
quantum tunneling is a real phenomenon,
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์–‘์ž ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง์€ ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๊ณ 
05:34
and it has been observed in many systems.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
For instance, the tunnel diode,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
05:39
a component used in electronics,
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์ „์ž์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์ธ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋Š”
05:42
works thanks to the wonders
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์–‘์ž ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง์˜
05:44
of quantum tunneling.
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๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์›€ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
But let's go back to the Higgs field.
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ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ฃ .
05:49
If the ultra-dense Higgs state existed,
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ํž‰์Šค ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:53
then, because of quantum tunneling,
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์–‘์ž ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:56
a bubble of this state could suddenly appear
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์ด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์—
05:59
in a certain place of the universe at a certain time,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:03
and it is analogous to what happens when you boil water.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋“์ผ ๋•Œ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
Bubbles of vapor form inside the water,
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๋ฌผ ์†์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋’ค,
06:09
then they expand, turning liquid into gas.
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์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
In the same way, a bubble of the ultra-dense Higgs state
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์–‘์ž ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:18
could come into existence because of quantum tunneling.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ํž‰์Šค ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
The bubble would then expand at the speed of light,
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:24
invading all space, and turning the Higgs field
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์ „์ฒด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์นจ์ž…ํ•ด์„œ ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์„
06:28
from the familiar state into a new state.
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์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Is this a problem? Yes, it's a big a problem.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? ์˜ˆ, ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
We may not realize it in ordinary life,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ
06:38
but the intensity of the Higgs field is critical
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ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š”
06:42
for the structure of matter.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
If the Higgs field were only a few times more intense,
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ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์ด ๋ช‡ ๋ฐฐ๋งŒ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ด๋„
06:48
we would see atoms shrinking, neutrons decaying
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์›์ž๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๊ฐ€
06:51
inside atomic nuclei, nuclei disintegrating,
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์›์žํ•ต ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ์›์žํ•ต์ด ๋ถ„์—ดํ•ด์„œ
06:55
and hydrogen would be
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์ˆ˜์†Œ๋งŒ์ด
06:57
the only possible chemical element in the universe.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ์›์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
And the Higgs field, in the ultra-dense Higgs state,
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ํž‰์Šค ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์€
07:05
is not just a few times more intense than today,
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทธ์ € ๋ช‡ ๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:08
but billions of times,
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์‹ญ์–ต ๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
and if space-time were filled by this Higgs state,
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๊ณต๊ฐ„-์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํž‰์Šค ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:14
all atomic matter would collapse.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์›์ž ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
No molecular structures would be possible, no life.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
So, I wonder, is it possible
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
that in the future, the Higgs field
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์ด
07:27
will undergo a phase transition and,
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์ƒ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ณ 
07:30
through quantum tunneling, will be transformed
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์–‘์ž ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:33
into this nasty, ultra-dense state?
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ• ์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
In other words, I ask myself, what is the fate
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ์ œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
of the Higgs field in our universe?
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ?
07:44
And the crucial ingredient necessary
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
07:47
to answer this question is the Higgs boson mass.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
And experiments at the LHC found that the mass
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๊ฐ•์ž…์ž ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ
07:55
of the Higgs boson is about 126 GeV.
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ํž‰ ์Šค์ž…์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์€ 126 ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ž๋ณผํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
This is tiny when expressed in familiar units,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
because it's equal to something like
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10์˜ -22 ์ œ๊ณฑ ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ
08:04
10 to the minus 22 grams,
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:06
but it is large in particle physics units,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
because it is equal to the weight
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด DNA๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š”
08:12
of an entire molecule
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์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„์ž์˜
08:14
of a DNA constituent.
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๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:17
So armed with this information from the LHC,
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๊ฐ•์ž…์ž ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
08:20
together with some colleagues here at CERN,
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์ด๊ณณ CERN ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
08:22
we computed the probability
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์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์–‘์ž ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ
08:24
that our universe could quantum tunnel
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์ดˆ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ํž‰์Šค ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€”
08:27
into the ultra-dense Higgs state,
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ํ™•์œจ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:30
and we found a very intriguing result.
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์•„์ฃผ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
Our calculations showed
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
08:36
that the measured value of the Higgs boson mass
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ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์€
08:39
is very special.
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์•„์ฃผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
It has just the right value
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ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๋Š”
08:44
to keep the universe hanging
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ
08:47
in an unstable situation.
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์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์•Œ๋งž๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
The Higgs field is in a wobbly configuration
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ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์€ ํ”๋“คํ”๋“คํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ
08:52
that has lasted so far
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:54
but that will eventually collapse.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
So according to these calculations,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
09:01
we are like campers
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
09:03
who accidentally set their tent
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ํ…ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ
09:05
at the edge of a cliff.
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๋ฒผ๋ž‘ ๋์— ์„ธ์šด ์•ผ์˜๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
And eventually, the Higgs field
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์ด
09:09
will undergo a phase transition
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์ƒ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ
09:11
and matter will collapse into itself.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
So is this how humanity is going to disappear?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆด๊นŒ์š”?
09:17
I don't think so.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
Our calculation shows that quantum tunneling
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š” ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์˜
09:22
of the Higgs field is not likely to occur
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์–‘์ž ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง์€
09:26
in the next 10 to the 100 years,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ 10๋…„์—์„œ 100๋…„ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
09:29
and this is a very long time.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ฝค ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
It's even longer than
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์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ
09:34
the time it takes for Italy to form a stable government.
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์„ธ์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ธธ์ฃ .
09:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:40
Even so, we will be long gone by then.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋•Œ์ฏค์ด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
In about five billion years,
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์•ฝ 50์–ต๋…„ ํ›„์—
09:47
our sun will become a red giant,
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ํ•ด๋Š” ์ ์ƒ‰๊ฑฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋˜์–ด
09:49
as large as the Earth's orbit,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ถค๋„๋งŒํผ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ 
09:52
and our Earth will be kaput,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ง๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
and in a thousand billion years,
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1์กฐ ๋…„ ํ›„์—
09:57
if dark energy keeps on fueling
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์•”ํ‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€
10:00
space expansion at the present rate,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:02
you will not even be able to see as far as your toes,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
because everything around you
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด
10:08
expands at a rate faster than the speed of light.
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๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
10:12
So it is really unlikely
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์ด
10:14
that we will be around to see the Higgs field collapse.
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๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
But the reason why I am interested
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€
10:21
in the transition of the Higgs field
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ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์˜ ์ „์ด์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
10:23
is because I want to address the question,
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
why is the Higgs boson mass so special?
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์™œ ํž‰์Šค์ž…์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ๊ฐ€?
10:32
Why is it just right to keep the universe
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์™œ ์ƒ์ „์ด์˜ ๋„ํŠธ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ
10:35
at the edge of a phase transition?
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋”ฑ ์•Œ๋งž๋Š”๊ฐ€?
10:38
Theoretical physicists always ask "why" questions.
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์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Š˜ "์™œ?"๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
More than how a phenomenon works,
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ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
10:45
theoretical physicists are always interested in
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์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
10:47
why a phenomenon works in the way it works.
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์™œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Š˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
We think that this these "why" questions
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์ด๋Ÿฐ "์™œ?"๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด
10:54
can give us clues
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
10:55
about the fundamental principles of nature.
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๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
And indeed, a possible answer to my question
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ์ œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ต์ด
11:03
opens up new universes, literally.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์—ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
It has been speculated that our universe
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š”
11:11
is only a bubble in a soapy multiverse
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„
11:15
made out of a multitude of bubbles,
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๋น„๋ˆ—๋ฌผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์ค‘์šฐ์ฃผ ์†์˜ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
and each bubble is a different universe
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด
11:20
with different fundamental constants
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ƒ์ˆ˜์™€
11:22
and different physical laws.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
And in this context, you can only talk about
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
11:25
the probability of finding a certain value of the Higgs mass.
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ํž‰์Šค ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํŠน์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๋…ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
Then the key to the mystery
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ์—ด์‡ ๋Š”
11:32
could lie in the statistical properties
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๋‹ค์ค‘ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜
11:36
of the multiverse.
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ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
It would be something like what happens
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์–ธ๋•์—
11:40
with sand dunes on a beach.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ๊นŒ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:43
In principle, you could imagine to find sand dunes
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์ด๋ก ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€์—์„œ
11:45
of any slope angle in a beach,
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์ž„์˜์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šด ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์–ธ๋•์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
and yet, the slope angles of sand dunes
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์–ธ๋•์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋Š”
11:52
are typically around 30, 35 degrees.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 30, 35๋„ ์ •๋„์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
And the reason is simple:
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๊ทธ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
because wind builds up the sand, gravity makes it fall.
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๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์Œ“์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:01
As a result, the vast majority of sand dunes
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์–ธ๋•์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
12:04
have slope angles around the critical value,
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๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์˜
12:08
near to collapse.
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์ž„๊ณ„์น˜์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
And something similar could happen
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๋‹ค์ค‘ ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋„
12:13
for the Higgs boson mass in the multiverse.
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
In the majority of bubble universes,
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๋ฐฉ์šธ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง„ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
12:20
the Higgs mass could be around the critical value,
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ํž‰์Šค ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์˜
12:23
near to a cosmic collapse of the Higgs field,
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์ž„๊ณ„์น˜์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
because of two competing effects,
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๋ชจ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
12:29
just as in the case of sand.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:32
My story does not have an end,
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์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
because we still don't know the end of the story.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:39
This is science in progress,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์ด๊ณ 
12:42
and to solve the mystery, we need more data,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ’€๋ ค๋ฉด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
and hopefully, the LHC will soon add new clues
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๊ฐ•์ž…์ž ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—
12:51
to this story.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ณง ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
Just one number, the Higgs boson mass,
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ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰, ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ˆซ์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ฟ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
12:57
and yet, out of this number we learn so much.
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์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
I started from a hypothesis, that the known particles
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ž…์ž๋Š”
13:06
are all there is in the universe,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋‹ค ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:08
even beyond the domain explored so far.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ ์˜์—ญ ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
13:10
From this, we discovered that the Higgs field
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„-์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“œ๋Š”
13:14
that permeates space-time may be standing
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ํž‰์Šค ์žฅ์ด ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์˜
13:18
on a knife edge, ready for cosmic collapse,
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์นผ๋‚  ๋์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
and we discovered that this may be a hint
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š”
13:26
that our universe is only a grain of sand
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๋‹ค์ค‘ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋Š”
13:30
in a giant beach, the multiverse.
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ํ•œ ์•Œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์•Œ๊ฐฑ์ด์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
But I don't know if my hypothesis is right.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ์˜ณ์€์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
That's how physics works: A single measurement
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰์ด
13:40
can put us on the road to a new understanding
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ๋กœ
13:43
of the universe
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์ด๋Œ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:45
or it can send us down a blind alley.
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๋ง‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
But whichever it turns out to be,
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์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์ด๋“ 
13:50
there is one thing I'm sure of:
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
The journey will be full of surprises.
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๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ •์ด ๋†€๋ผ์›€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
13:57
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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