Kevin Kelly: How technology evolves

85,390 views ใƒป 2007-01-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:25
I don't know about you, but I haven't quite figured out
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืื™ืชื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ
00:29
exactly what technology means in my life.
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ืžื”ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
00:32
I've spent the past year thinking about what it really should be about.
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ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
00:39
Should I be pro-technology? Should I embrace it full arms?
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ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”? ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช?
00:42
Should I be wary? Like you, I'm very tempted by the latest thing.
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ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื“ืŸ? ื›ืžื•ื›ื, ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžืฉืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:47
But at the other hand, a couple of years ago
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
00:49
I gave up all of my possessions,
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ื•ื™ืชืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™,
00:52
sold all my technology -- except for a bicycle --
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ืžื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ -- ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื --
00:54
and rode across 3,000 miles on the U.S. back roads under the power of my one body,
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ื•ืจื›ื‘ืชื™ 3,000 ืžื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™,
01:00
fuelled mostly by Twinkies and junk food.
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ืžืชื•ื“ืœืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™-ืžืชื™ืงื” ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
01:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:04
And I've since then tried to keep technology
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ื•ืžืื– ื”ืฉืชื“ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ
01:06
at arm's length in many ways, so it doesn't master my life.
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ืžืจื—ืง ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
01:10
At the same time, I run a website on cool tools,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื,
01:14
where I issue a daily obsession of the latest things in technology.
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ืฉื ืื ื™ ืžืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:18
So I'm still perplexed about what the true meaning of technology is
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื“ ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:24
as it relates to humanity, as it relates to nature,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:28
as it relates to the spiritual.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:31
And I'm not even sure we know what technology is.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:35
And one definition of technology is that which is first recorded.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
01:41
This is the first example of the modern use of technology that I can find.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื›ืœืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:46
It was the suggested syllabus for dealing with
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื”
01:50
the Applied Arts and Science at Cambridge University in 1829.
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ื‘ืฉื ืช 1829.
01:56
Before that, obviously, technology didn't exist. But obviously it did.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ.
02:01
I like one of the definitions that Alan Kay has for technology.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:05
He says technology is anything that was invented after you were born.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืช.
02:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:10
So it sums up a lot of what we're talking about.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืกื›ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™.
02:14
Danny Hillis actually has an update on that --
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ืœื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก ื™ืฉ ืขื™ื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื” --
02:16
he says technology is anything that doesn't quite work yet.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.
02:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:21
Which also, I think, gets into a little bit of our current idea.
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ืฉื–ื” ื’ื ื ื•ื’ืข ืงืฆืช, ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:26
But I was interested in another definition of technology.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:29
Something, again, that went back to something more fundamental.
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ืžืฉื”ื•, ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื–ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
02:33
Something that was deeper. And as I struggled to understand that,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชืืžืฆืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•,
02:39
I came up with a way of framing the question
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”
02:42
that seemed to work for me in my investigations.
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ืฉื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžืฉืจืชืช ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืชื™.
02:44
And I'm, this morning, going to talk about this for the first time.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:47
So this is a very rough attempt to think out loud.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื.
02:52
The question that I came up with was this question:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืขืœืชื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:56
what does technology want? And by that, I don't mean,
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ืžื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื”? ื•ื‘ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ
02:59
does it want chocolate or vanilla? By what it wants, I mean,
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ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืื• ื•ื ื™ืœ. ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ,
03:04
what are its inherent trends and biases?
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ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”?
03:06
What are its tendencies over time? One way to think about this is
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ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ? ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื
03:11
thinking about biological organisms, which we've heard a lot about.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:15
And the trick that Richard Dawkins does, which is to say,
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ื•ื”ืชื›ืกื™ืก ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื“ืื•ื•ืงื™ื ืก, ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
03:18
to look at them as simply as genes, as vehicles for genes.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื’ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื.
03:22
So he's saying, what do genes want? The selfish gene.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ, ืžื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื ื™ื? ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™.
03:25
And I'm applying a similar trick to say,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื›ืกื™ืก ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื•ื,
03:28
what if we looked at the universe in our culture
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ืžื” ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•
03:31
through the eyes of technology? What does technology want?
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”? ืžื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื”?
03:36
Obviously, this in an incomplete question,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช,
03:38
just as looking at an organism as only a gene
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“
03:40
is an incomplete way of looking at it.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
03:42
But it's still very, very productive. So I'm attempting to say,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
03:46
if we take technology's view of the world, what does it want?
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื”?
03:50
And I think once we ask that question
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•,
03:53
we have to go back, actually, to life. Because obviously,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ
03:58
if we keep extending the origins of technology far back,
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ืฉืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžืชื•ื— ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง,
04:01
I think we come back to life at some point.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
04:03
So that's where I want to begin my little exploration, is in life.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ืงื™ืจืชื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:06
And like you heard from the previous speakers,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืžื”ืžืจืฆื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื,
04:09
we don't really know what life there is on Earth right now.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:12
We have really no idea.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’.
04:14
Craig Venter's tremendous and brilliant attempt
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื ื˜ืจ
04:18
to DNA sequence things in the ocean is great.
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ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืจืฉื™ื.
04:21
Brian Farrell's work is all part of this agenda to try
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช
04:24
and actually discover all the species on Earth.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:26
And one of the things that we should do is just make a grid of the globe
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืช ืฉืชื™ ื•ืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก
04:29
and randomly go and inspect all the places that the grid intersects,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืช,
04:34
just to see what's on life. And if we did that
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
04:36
with our little Martian probe, which we have not done on Earth,
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ืขื ื”ื’ืฉืฉ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:39
we would begin to see some incredible species.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
04:43
This is not on another planet. These are things
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ. ืืœื• ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
04:45
that are hidden away on our planet.
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ื”ื ื—ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:47
This is an ant that stores its colleagues' honey in its abdomen.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืžืœื” ืืฉืจ ืžืื—ืกื ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ืชื”.
04:52
Each one of these organisms that we've described -- that you've seen
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืชืืจื ื• -- ืฉืืชื ืจืื™ืชื
04:55
from Jamie and others, these magnificent things --
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ืžื’'ื™ื™ืžื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• --
04:58
what they're doing, each one of them,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
05:00
is they're hacking the rules of life.
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:03
I can't think of a single general principle of biology
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
05:08
that does not have an exception somewhere by some organism.
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ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคืจ ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
05:12
Every single thing that we can think of --
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• --
05:14
and if you heard Olivia's talk about the sexual habits,
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ื•ืื ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ืจืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™-ืžื™ืŸ,
05:17
you'll realize that there isn't anything we can say that's true for all life,
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื.
05:20
because every single one of them is hacking something about it.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืคืจ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
05:24
This is a solar-powered sea slug. It's a nudibranch
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ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ-ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื™. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจื›ื™ื›ื” ืœืœื ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ
05:28
that has incorporated chloroplast inside it to drive its energy.
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ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:34
This is another version of that. This is a sea dragon,
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ื–ื• ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœื”. ื–ื”ื• ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ-ื™ื,
05:37
and the one on the bottom, the blue one, is a juvenile that has not yet
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ื•ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื
05:43
swallowed the acid, has not yet taken in
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ื‘ืœืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื”, ืœื ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”
05:45
the brown-green algae pond scum into its body to give it energy.
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ืืช ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช-ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:52
These are hacks, and if we looked at the general shape
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ืช, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช
05:57
of the approaches to hacking life there are, current consensus,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉื ืŸ, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื,
06:01
six kingdoms. Six different broad approaches: the plants,
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ืฉืฉ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช. ืฉืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
06:05
the animals, the fungi, the protests -- the little things -- the bacteria
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื”, ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
06:08
and the Archaea bacteria. The Archaeas.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื›ืื™ืช -- ื”ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช.
06:11
Those are the general approaches to life. That's one way to look at life on Earth today.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:17
But a more interesting way,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช,
06:19
the current way to take the long view,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืจืื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื‘ื”,
06:22
is to look at it in an evolutionary perspective.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
06:25
And here we have a view of evolution where rather than having evolution
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
06:31
go over the linear time, we have it coming out from the center.
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ื”ื ืขื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ื ืืจื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–.
06:34
So in the center is the most primitive, and this is a genealogical chart
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ื›ืš ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื–ื” ื”ืคืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืœืŸ-ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ
06:38
of all life on earth. This is all the same six kingdoms.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ. ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืฉ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื.
06:42
You see 4,000 representative species, and you can see where we are.
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4,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื, ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
06:46
But what I like about this is it shows that
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืจืื”
06:47
every living organism on Earth today is equally evolved.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
06:53
Those fungi and bacteria are as highly evolved as humans.
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื.
06:57
They've been around just as long and gone through
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ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
06:59
just the same kind of trial and error to get here.
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™-ื•ื˜ืขื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื.
07:03
But we see that each one of these is actually hacking,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืคืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
07:08
and has a different way of finding out how to do life.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
07:10
And if we take the long-term trends of life, if we begin to say,
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ื•ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื,
07:14
what does evolution want? There's several things that we see.
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ืžื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื”? ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
07:17
One of the things about evolution is that nowhere on Earth
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“
07:23
have we ever been where we don't find life.
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ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:27
We find life at the bottom of every long-term,
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืœื™ื‘ืช ืกืœืข
07:31
long-distance drilling core into the center of rock
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ืืœื™ื” ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ืขืžื•ืง
07:34
that we bring up -- and there's bacteria in the pores of that rock.
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-- ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืกืœืข.
07:38
And wherever life is, it never retreats. It's ubiquitous and it wants to be more.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื™ื ื ื ืคืกืงื™ื. ื”ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
07:42
More and more of the inert matter of the globe
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ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื•ืžื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
07:45
is being touched and animated by life.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื•ืข ื•ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:48
The second thing is is we see diversity. We also see specialization.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
07:52
We see the movement from a general-purpose cell
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืชื ืžืจื•ื‘ื”-ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
07:55
to the more specific and specialized.
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ืืœ ืชื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื•ืžืชืžื—ื”.
07:59
And we see a drift towards complexity that's very intuitive.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืžื”, ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช, ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
08:03
And actually, we have current data that does show
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื
08:05
that there is an actual drift towards complexity over time.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ืžื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
08:09
And the last thing, I bring back this nudibranch.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
08:11
One of the things we see about life is that it moves
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ืขื™ื
08:14
from the inner to increasing sociability. And by that it means
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ืžืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช. ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”
08:18
that there is more and more of life whose entire environment is other life.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:22
Like those chloroplast cells --
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ืชื ืชืื™ ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ --
08:24
they're completely surrounded by other life.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:25
They never touch the inner matter. There is more and more co-evolution.
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ื”ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”-ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช.
08:31
And so the general, long-term trends of evolution
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
08:34
are roughly these five: ubiquity, diversity, specialization,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช,
08:38
complexity and socialization. Now, I took that and said,
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื•ืฉืืœืชื™,
08:43
OK, what are the long-term trends in technology?
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”?
08:48
And again, my question is, what does technology want?
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื”?
08:52
And so, remarkably, I discovered
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืคืœื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™
08:55
that there's also a drift toward specialization.
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ืฉื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื’ืžื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
08:58
That we see there's a general hammer,
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
09:01
and hammers become more and more specific over time.
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ื•ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
09:04
There's obviously diversity. Huge numbers of things.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ. ืžืกืคืจ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:09
This is all the contents of a Japanese home.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืคื ื™.
09:11
I actually had my daughter -- gave her a tally counter,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ืชื™ -- ื ืชืชื™ ืœื” ืžื•ื ื”,
09:14
and I gave her an assignment last summer to go around
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ื•ื”ื˜ืœืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื”
09:16
and count the number of species of technology in our household.
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ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
09:20
And it came up with 6,000 different species of products.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกืชื›ื ื‘-6,000 ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:23
I did some research and found out that the King of England, Henry VIII,
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ื‘ื“ืงืชื™ ืงืฆืช ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืžืœืš ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืฉืœื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™
09:26
had only about 7,000 items in his household.
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ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื›-7,000 ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืชื•.
09:29
And he was the King of England,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
09:30
and that was the entire wealth of England at the time.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.
09:32
So we're seeing huge numbers of diversity in the kinds of things.
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ืื ื›ืš, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:37
This is a scene from Star Wars where the 3PO comes out
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ื–ื” ืงื˜ืข ืž"ืžืœื—ืžืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื", ื‘ื• 3PO ื™ื•ืฆื
09:41
and he sees machines making machines. How depraved!
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ื•ืจื•ืื” ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช. ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช!
09:44
Well, this is actually what we're headed towards: world machines.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืฆื ืืœ ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื: ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
09:48
And the technology is only being thrown out by other technologies.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืง ืžื•ื—ืœืคืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
09:51
Most machines will only ever be in contact with other technology
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ืื ื” ื‘ืžื’ืข ืจืง ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช
09:54
and not non-technology, or even life.
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ื•ืœื ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:57
And thirdly, the idea that machines are becoming biological and complex
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
10:00
is at this point a cliche. And I'm happy to say,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืขืช ืงืœื™ืฉืื”. ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื•ืžืจ
10:04
I was partly responsible for that cliche
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืœืื•ืชื” ืงืœื™ืฉืื”
10:06
that machines are becoming biological, but that's pretty evident.
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ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
10:09
So the major trends in technology evolution actually
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ืื ื›ืš, ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
10:15
are the same as in biological evolution. The same drives that we see
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ืื•ืชื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื
10:20
towards ubiquity, towards diversity, towards socialization,
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ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
10:23
towards complexity. That is maybe not a big surprise
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืคืชื™ืข
10:27
because if we map out, say, the evolution of armor,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืคื•ื™, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืง,
10:32
you can actually follow a sort of an evolutionary-type cladistic tree.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ืขืฅ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™.
10:36
I suggest that, in fact, technology is the seventh kingdom of life.
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
10:41
That its operations and how it works is so similar
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ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื”
10:45
that we can think of it as the seventh kingdom.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช.
10:49
And so it would be sort of approximately up there,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”,
10:52
coming out of the animal kingdom. And if we were to do that,
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ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
10:58
we would find out -- we could actually approach technology in this way.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื -- ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
11:01
This is Niles Eldredge. He was the co-developer with Stephen Jay Gould
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ื–ื” ื ื™ื™ืœืก ืืœื“ืจื™ื“ื’'. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื’'ื™ื™ ื’ื•ืœื“,
11:06
of the theory of punctuated equilibrium.
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ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื˜ืขืช.
11:08
But as a sideline, he happens to collect cornets.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืžื”ืฆื“, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืฃ ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช.
11:11
He has one of the world's largest collections -- about 500 of them.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื -- ื›-500.
11:15
And he has decided to treat them as if they were trilobites, or snails,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืชื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ื™ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืื• ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช,
11:18
and to do a morphological analysis,
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ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฆื•ืจืชื™,
11:20
and try to derive their genealogical history over time.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืžื–ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืื™ืœื ื•ืช-ื”ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
11:24
This is his chart, which is not quite published yet.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื.
11:26
But the most interesting aspect about this
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื”
11:29
is that if you look at those red lines at the bottom,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
11:32
those indicate basically a parentage of a type of cornet
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ื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”
11:39
that was no longer made. That does not happen in biology.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช. ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
11:43
When something is extinct, you can't have it as your parent.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื›ื—ื“, ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœืš.
11:46
But that does happen in technology. And it turns out
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ
11:49
that that's so distinctive that you can actually look at this tree,
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ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืฅ,
11:53
and you can actually use it to determine
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข
11:56
that this is a technological system versus a biological system.
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ืฉืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
12:00
In fact, this idea of resurrecting the whole idea is so important
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
12:04
that I began to think about what happens with old technology.
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ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืฉื ื”.
12:08
And it turns out that, in fact, technologies don't die.
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชื•ืช.
12:13
So I suggested this to an historian of science, and he said,
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ืื– ื”ืขืœืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
12:15
"Well, what about, you know, come on, what about steam cars?
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"ืžื” ืขื, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžื” ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ?
12:20
They're not around anymore." Well actually, they are.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ." ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื.
12:24
In fact, they're so around that you can buy new parts for a Stanley steam automobile.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืกื˜ืื ืœื™.
12:31
And this is a website of a guy who's selling brand new parts
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ื•ื–ื” ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™
12:34
for the Stanley automobile. And the thing that I liked
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืกื˜ืื ืœื™. ื•ืžื” ืฉืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื–ื”
12:38
is sort of this one-click, add-to-your-cart button --
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ืืช ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืง ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืขื’ืœื” ืฉืœืš --
12:41
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:42
for buying steam valves. I mean, it was just -- it was really there.
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ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ. ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ -- ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ.
12:47
And so, I began to think about, well, maybe that's just a random sample.
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ื•ืื–, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืงืจื™ืช.
12:52
Maybe I should do this sort of in a more conservative way.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื”ื™ืจื”.
12:55
So I took the great big 1895 Montgomery Ward's catalog
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ืื– ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ื’ื•ืžืจื™ ื•ืืจื“ ืžืฉื ืช 1895
13:00
and I randomly went through it. And I took a page -- not quite a random page --
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ื•ื“ืคื“ืคืชื™ ื‘ื• ืืงืจืื™ืช. ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื“ืฃ -- ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืงืจืื™ --
13:03
I took a page that was actually more difficult than others
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื“ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื—ืจื™ื
13:06
because lots of the pages are filled with things
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืคื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
13:08
that are still being made. But I took this page
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื“ืฃ ื–ื”
13:11
and I said, how many of these things are still being made?
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื?
13:15
And not antiques. I want to know how many of these things are still in production.
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ืœื ืขื ืชื™ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
13:20
And the answer is: all of them.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: ื›ื•ืœื.
13:23
All of them are still being produced. So you've got corn shellers.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืงืœืคื™ ืชื™ืจืก.
13:30
I don't know who needs a corn sheller.
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืงืœืฃ ืชื™ืจืก.
13:32
Be it corn shellers -- you've got ploughs; you've got fan mills;
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” -- ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื—ืจืฉื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื˜ื—ื ื•ืช,
13:36
all these things -- and these are not, again, antiques. These are --
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ืœื ืขื ืชื™ืงื•ืช,
13:39
you can order these. You can go to the web and you can buy them now,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
13:42
brand-new made. So in a certain sense, technologies don't die.
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ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื›ืš, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื ืขืœืžื•ืช.
13:47
In fact, you can buy, for 50 bucks, a stone-age knife
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืชืžื•ืจืช 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ
13:54
made exactly the same way that they were made 10,000 years ago.
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ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”.
13:58
It's short, bone handle, 50 bucks. And in fact,
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ื”ื™ื ืงืฆืจื”, ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืขืฆื, 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื•ื‘ืขืฆื,
14:02
what's important is that this information actually never died out.
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ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืขืœื.
14:05
It's not just that it was resurrected. It's continued all along.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื ืœืชื—ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื.
14:07
And in Papua New Guinea, they were making stone axes
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ื•ื‘ืคืคื•ืื”-ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ืจื–ื ื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ
14:10
until two decades ago, just as a course of practical matters.
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ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช.
14:17
Even when we try to get rid of a technology, it's actually very hard.
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
14:21
So we've all heard about the Amish giving up cars.
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ืื–, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื›ืช ื”ืื™ื™ืžื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
14:25
We've heard about the Japanese giving up guns.
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ื™ืคื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื™-ื ืฉืง.
14:27
We've heard about this and that. But I actually went back and
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ื–ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืื—ื•ืจื”
14:29
took what I could find, the examples in history
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ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืœืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
14:32
where there have been prohibitions against technology,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
14:35
and then I tried to find out when they came back in,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืชื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• -- ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื–ืจื”,
14:38
because they always came back in. And it turns out that the time,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช. ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ,
14:41
the duration of when they were outlawed and prohibited,
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ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืกื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ื•ืงื™ืช,
14:43
is decreasing over time. And that basically, you can delay technology,
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ื™ื•ืจื“ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื›ื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
14:48
but you can't kill it. So this makes sense, because in a certain sense
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืกืœื”. ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
14:51
what culture is, is the accumulation of ideas.
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
14:56
That's what it's for. It's so that ideas don't die out.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื›ื” ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื›ืœื ื”ื™ื•.
14:59
And when we take that, we take this idea of what culture is doing
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื–ืืช, ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืฉื”
15:05
and add it to what the long-term trajectory -- again, in life's evolution --
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ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš -- ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื --
15:11
we find that each case -- each of the major transitions in life --
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ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื•ืžืงืจื” -- ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื --
15:14
what they're really about is accelerating and changing
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ื”ืืฆื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
15:17
the way in which evolution happens.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
15:20
They're actually changing the way in which ideas are generated.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
15:23
So all these steps in evolution are increasing, basically,
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ื›ืš, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ,
15:27
the evolution of evolvability.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
15:29
So what's happening over time in life is
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ื›ืš, ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื
15:31
that the ways in which you generate these new ideas, these new hacks,
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ืฉื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื” ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
15:34
are increasing. And the real tricks are ways
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ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื
15:38
in which you kind of explore the way of exploring.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืชื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
15:41
And then what we see in the singularity,
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ื•ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืงื“,
15:43
that prophesized by Kurzweil and others --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื–ื• --
15:46
his idea that technology is accelerating evolution.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
15:50
It's accelerating the way in which we search for ideas.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
15:53
So if you have life hacking --
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ื›ืš, ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื --
15:56
life means hacking, the game of survival --
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ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืคืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช --
15:58
then evolution is a way to extend the game by changing the rules of the game.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
16:02
And what technology is really about is better ways to evolve.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
16:06
That is what we call an "infinite game."
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™.
16:09
That's the definition of "infinite game." A finite game is play to win,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™. ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ืฆื—,
16:12
and an infinite game is played to keep playing.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืฉื—ืง.
16:15
And I believe that technology is actually a cosmic force.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ื•ื— ืงื•ืกืžื™.
16:20
The origins of technology was not in 1829,
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ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘-1829,
16:23
but was actually at the beginning of the Big Bang,
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ืืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
16:26
and at that moment the entire huge billions of stars in the universe
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
16:30
were compressed. The entire universe was compressed into a little quantum dot,
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื. ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ื”ื™ื” ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”,
16:34
and it was so tight in there, there was no room for any difference at all.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื“ื—ื•ืก ืฉื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื.
16:37
That's the definition. There was no temperature.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”. ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
16:39
There was no difference whatsoever. And at the Big Bang,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื. ื•ื‘ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
16:42
what it expanded was the potential for difference.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื.
16:45
So as it expands and as things expand what we have
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื,
16:48
is the potential for differences, diversity, options, choices,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช,
16:53
opportunities, possibilities and freedoms.
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
16:55
Those are all basically the same thing.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
16:57
And those are the things that technology brings us.
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื•.
17:01
That's what technology is bringing us: choices, possibilities, freedoms.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื•: ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
17:05
That's what it's about. It's this expansion of room to make differences.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืš. ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื.
17:09
And so a hammer, when we grab a hammer, that's what we're grabbing.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืฉ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื.
17:13
And that's why we continue to grab technology --
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” --
17:16
because we want those things. Those things are good.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
17:18
Differences, freedom, choices, possibilities.
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
17:22
And each time we make a new opportunity place,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
17:24
we're allowing a platform to make new ones.
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ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
17:28
And I think it's really important. Because if you can imagine
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื›ื™ ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
17:31
Mozart before the technology of the piano was invented --
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ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ,
17:34
what a loss to society there would be.
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ืื™ื–ื• ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
17:36
Imagine Van Gogh being born
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื ื•ืœื“
17:38
before the technologies of cheap oil paints.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื•ืœื™ื.
17:41
Imagine Hitchcock before the technologies of film.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆ'ืงื•ืง ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื.
17:45
Somewhere, today, there are millions of young children being born
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื
17:50
whose technology of self-expression has not yet been invented.
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ื•ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
17:55
We have a moral obligation to invent technology
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
17:58
so that every person on the globe has the potential
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
18:00
to realize their true difference.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
18:03
We want a trillion zillion species of one individuals.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™-ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ ืื—ื“.
18:06
That's what technology really wants.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื”.
18:09
I'm going to skip through some of the objections
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ืœื’ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ืื•ืช
18:11
because I don't have answers to why there's deforestation.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืขืฆื™ื.
18:15
I don't have an answer to the fact that there seem to be
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื• -- ื›ื ืจืื” ืืœื• ื”ืŸ
18:18
bad technologies. I don't have an answer to
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
18:20
how this impacts on our dignity, other than to suggest that
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ืœื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื ื•, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
18:24
maybe the seventh kingdom, because it's so close to what life is about,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื,
18:30
maybe we can bring it back and have it help us monitor life.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืฆืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
18:33
Maybe in some ways
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
18:35
the fact that what we're trying to do with technology is find a good home for it.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื” ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
18:40
It's a terrible thing to spray DDT on cotton fields,
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื ืœืจืกืก ื“ื™.ื“ื™.ื˜ื™. ืขืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื ื”,
18:43
but it's a really good thing to use
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
18:45
to eliminate millions of cases of death due to malaria in a small village.
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ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”.
18:49
Our humanity is actually defined by technology.
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
18:52
All the things that we think that we really like about humanity
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
18:55
is being driven by technology. This is the infinite game.
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ืžื•ืžืจืฆื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™.
19:00
That's what we're talking about.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
19:02
You see, technology is a way to evolve the evolution.
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ืชืจืื•, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
19:06
It's a way to explore possibilities and opportunities and create more.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ื“ ื›ืืœื”.
19:12
And it's actually a way of playing the game, of playing all the games.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
19:17
That's what technology wants.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื”.
19:19
And so when I think about what technology wants,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื”,
19:22
I think that it has to do with the fact that every person here -- and I really believe this --
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ื›ืืŸ -- ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” --
19:27
every person here has an assignment. And your assignment is
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ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื
19:32
to spend your life discovering what your assignment is.
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ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื.
19:35
That recursive nature is the infinite game.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™.
19:38
And if you play that well, you'll have other people involved,
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ื•ืื ืชืฉื—ืงื• ืื•ืชื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืชื’ืจืžื• ืœืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
19:41
so even that game extends and continues even when you're gone.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืชืืจืš ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจ ืœื›ืชื›ื.
19:45
That is the infinite game. And what technology is
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™. ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื
19:48
is the medium in which we play that infinite game.
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™.
19:51
And so I think that we should embrace technology
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืง ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
19:54
because it is an essential part of our journey
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืกืขื ื•
19:57
in finding out who we are.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•.
19:59
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”
20:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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