Kevin Kelly: How technology evolves

83,667 views ใƒป 2007-01-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Allie Chung ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:25
I don't know about you, but I haven't quite figured out
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋– ์‹ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „ ์•„์ง
00:29
exactly what technology means in my life.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ œ ์ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:32
I've spent the past year thinking about what it really should be about.
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์ง€๋‚œ 1๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์—‡์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:39
Should I be pro-technology? Should I embrace it full arms?
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ๋‘ ํŒ”์„ ๋ฒŒ๋ ค ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:42
Should I be wary? Like you, I'm very tempted by the latest thing.
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์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ „ ์ตœ์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:47
But at the other hand, a couple of years ago
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ , ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „์—
00:49
I gave up all of my possessions,
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์ „ ์ œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:52
sold all my technology -- except for a bicycle --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ํŒ”์•˜์ฃ  - ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋นผ๊ณ ์š” -
00:54
and rode across 3,000 miles on the U.S. back roads under the power of my one body,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ๋ชธ์˜ ํž˜์—๋งŒ ์˜์ง€ํ•œ ์ฑ„ 3,000 ๋งˆ์ผ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์„ ํšก๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:00
fuelled mostly by Twinkies and junk food.
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์ฃผ๋กœ Twinkies์™€ ํŒจ์ŠคํŠธํ‘ธ๋“œ์—์„œ ํž˜์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:04
And I've since then tried to keep technology
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ œ ํŒ”์„ ๋ป—์น˜๋ฉด ๋‹ฟ์„
01:06
at arm's length in many ways, so it doesn't master my life.
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์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ œ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ 
01:10
At the same time, I run a website on cool tools,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ์ „ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋Š” ํˆด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:14
where I issue a daily obsession of the latest things in technology.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋งค์ผ๊ฐ™์ด ์ตœ์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋“ค์„ ์ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:18
So I'm still perplexed about what the true meaning of technology is
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:24
as it relates to humanity, as it relates to nature,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด‘์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:28
as it relates to the spiritual.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์˜ํ˜ผ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:31
And I'm not even sure we know what technology is.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ญ”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:35
And one definition of technology is that which is first recorded.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •์˜๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:41
This is the first example of the modern use of technology that I can find.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ์ฒซ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:46
It was the suggested syllabus for dealing with
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์ด ์ •์˜๋Š” 1829๋…„์— ์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ด๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ
01:50
the Applied Arts and Science at Cambridge University in 1829.
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์‘์šฉ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:56
Before that, obviously, technology didn't exist. But obviously it did.
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๊ทธ ์ „์—” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:01
I like one of the definitions that Alan Kay has for technology.
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์ „ ์•Œ๋žœ ์ผ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •์˜ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ง˜์— ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
He says technology is anything that was invented after you were born.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:10
So it sums up a lot of what we're talking about.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ 
02:14
Danny Hillis actually has an update on that --
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๋Œ€๋‹ˆ ํž๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์ •์˜์— ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
02:16
he says technology is anything that doesn't quite work yet.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์•„์ง ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:21
Which also, I think, gets into a little bit of our current idea.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—”, ์ด ์ •์˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:26
But I was interested in another definition of technology.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์˜์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:29
Something, again, that went back to something more fundamental.
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๋˜ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋‹ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
02:33
Something that was deeper. And as I struggled to understand that,
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์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
02:39
I came up with a way of framing the question
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์ „ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์žก๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์žก๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:42
that seemed to work for me in my investigations.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ๋‹ต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
02:44
And I'm, this morning, going to talk about this for the first time.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ ์ „ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŽผ์น˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:47
So this is a very rough attempt to think out loud.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๊ฑด ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ง๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:52
The question that I came up with was this question:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ,
02:56
what does technology want? And by that, I don't mean,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
02:59
does it want chocolate or vanilla? By what it wants, I mean,
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์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋‹๋ผ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
03:04
what are its inherent trends and biases?
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋‚ด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ์™€ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ณ  ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:06
What are its tendencies over time? One way to think about this is
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ฑํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด
03:11
thinking about biological organisms, which we've heard a lot about.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ , ๋‹ค๋“ค ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ์š”
03:15
And the trick that Richard Dawkins does, which is to say,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ ๋”ํ‚จ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
03:18
to look at them as simply as genes, as vehicles for genes.
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์ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž, ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋งค์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:22
So he's saying, what do genes want? The selfish gene.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž
03:25
And I'm applying a similar trick to say,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋„์šฉํ•ด์„œ
03:28
what if we looked at the universe in our culture
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธํ™” ์†์—์„œ ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ
03:31
through the eyes of technology? What does technology want?
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ? ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:36
Obviously, this in an incomplete question,
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๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:38
just as looking at an organism as only a gene
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
03:40
is an incomplete way of looking at it.
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๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•˜๋“ฏ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:42
But it's still very, very productive. So I'm attempting to say,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ, ๋งค์šฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ด์ฃ . ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
03:46
if we take technology's view of the world, what does it want?
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ๋•Œ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:50
And I think once we ask that question
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ
03:53
we have to go back, actually, to life. Because obviously,
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ถ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
03:58
if we keep extending the origins of technology far back,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด
04:01
I think we come back to life at some point.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์ ์˜ ์‚ถ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
04:03
So that's where I want to begin my little exploration, is in life.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์ œ ์ž‘์€ ํƒํ—˜์„ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:06
And like you heard from the previous speakers,
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์ด์ „์˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋“ค์œผ์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:09
we don't really know what life there is on Earth right now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ, ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์‚ถ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:12
We have really no idea.
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์ •๋ง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ 
04:14
Craig Venter's tremendous and brilliant attempt
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ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด๊ทธ ๋ฒคํ„ฐ์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์‹œ๋„์ธ
04:18
to DNA sequence things in the ocean is great.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ DNA ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ์€ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:21
Brian Farrell's work is all part of this agenda to try
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ํŒจ๋Ÿด์˜ ์ž‘์—…์€
04:24
and actually discover all the species on Earth.
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์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:26
And one of the things that we should do is just make a grid of the globe
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ณธ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
04:29
and randomly go and inspect all the places that the grid intersects,
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ๋“ค์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:34
just to see what's on life. And if we did that
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”. ๋งŒ์•ฝ
04:36
with our little Martian probe, which we have not done on Earth,
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์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” Martian(์™ธ๊ณ„์˜) ํƒ์นจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํƒํ—˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:39
we would begin to see some incredible species.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
This is not on another planet. These are things
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
04:45
that are hidden away on our planet.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:47
This is an ant that stores its colleagues' honey in its abdomen.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋™๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฟ€์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:52
Each one of these organisms that we've described -- that you've seen
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๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ๊ฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด --
04:55
from Jamie and others, these magnificent things --
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์ œ์ด๋ฏธ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋Œ€๋กœ, ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค --
04:58
what they're doing, each one of them,
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๊ฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
05:00
is they're hacking the rules of life.
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๊ฐ์ž ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ํ•ดํ‚นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:03
I can't think of a single general principle of biology
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์—๋Š”
05:08
that does not have an exception somewhere by some organism.
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๊ผญ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:12
Every single thing that we can think of --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
05:14
and if you heard Olivia's talk about the sexual habits,
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์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด์ค€ ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์Šต๊ด€๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:17
you'll realize that there isn't anything we can say that's true for all life,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:20
because every single one of them is hacking something about it.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•ดํ‚น์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
05:24
This is a solar-powered sea slug. It's a nudibranch
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์ด๊ฑด ํƒœ์–‘์—ด๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฏผ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐฏ๋ฏผ์ˆญ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด(Nudibranch)์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ
05:28
that has incorporated chloroplast inside it to drive its energy.
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๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์—ฝ๋ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์—ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
This is another version of that. This is a sea dragon,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฃก(sea dragon)์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
05:37
and the one on the bottom, the blue one, is a juvenile that has not yet
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…€์„, ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์• ๋Š”, ์•„์ง ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ง์€
05:43
swallowed the acid, has not yet taken in
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์‚ฐ์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋งˆ์‹œ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
05:45
the brown-green algae pond scum into its body to give it energy.
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๊ฐˆ๋…น์กฐ ์—ฐ๋ชป ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋งˆ์‹œ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:52
These are hacks, and if we looked at the general shape
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ•ดํ‚น์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์„
05:57
of the approaches to hacking life there are, current consensus,
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ํ•ดํ‚นํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด์€, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š”
06:01
six kingdoms. Six different broad approaches: the plants,
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6๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 6๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€: ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค,
06:05
the animals, the fungi, the protests -- the little things -- the bacteria
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค, ๊ท , ์›์ƒ์ƒ๋ฌผ, ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค -- ์„ธ๊ท ๊ณผ
06:08
and the Archaea bacteria. The Archaeas.
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๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท . ๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด์ฃ .
06:11
Those are the general approaches to life. That's one way to look at life on Earth today.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด์ฃ . ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
But a more interesting way,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€์š”
06:19
the current way to take the long view,
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
06:22
is to look at it in an evolutionary perspective.
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์ง„ํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:25
And here we have a view of evolution where rather than having evolution
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์€
06:31
go over the linear time, we have it coming out from the center.
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์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:34
So in the center is the most primitive, and this is a genealogical chart
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜
06:38
of all life on earth. This is all the same six kingdoms.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์กฑ๋ณด๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ด์ฃ 
06:42
You see 4,000 representative species, and you can see where we are.
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4,000๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:46
But what I like about this is it shows that
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ฐจํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
06:47
every living organism on Earth today is equally evolved.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:53
Those fungi and bacteria are as highly evolved as humans.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์™€ ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์ฃ 
06:57
They've been around just as long and gone through
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ
06:59
just the same kind of trial and error to get here.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:03
But we see that each one of these is actually hacking,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ดํ‚น์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ 
07:08
and has a different way of finding out how to do life.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ์ž ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:10
And if we take the long-term trends of life, if we begin to say,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์˜ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ฆ‰ ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€
07:14
what does evolution want? There's several things that we see.
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:17
One of the things about evolution is that nowhere on Earth
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง•์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์— ๊ทธ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋„
07:23
have we ever been where we don't find life.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:27
We find life at the bottom of every long-term,
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์ƒ๋ช…์€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋””์—๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜
07:31
long-distance drilling core into the center of rock
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋Œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•ญํ•ด ๋šซ์–ด ๊ฐ€๋”๋ผ๋„
07:34
that we bring up -- and there's bacteria in the pores of that rock.
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-- ๊ทธ ๋Œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ฃ 
07:38
And wherever life is, it never retreats. It's ubiquitous and it wants to be more.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ . ์–ด๋””์—๋„ ํŽธ์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:42
More and more of the inert matter of the globe
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
07:45
is being touched and animated by life.
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ์ ธ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:48
The second thing is is we see diversity. We also see specialization.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํ™”์„ฑ๋„ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ 
07:52
We see the movement from a general-purpose cell
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ
07:55
to the more specific and specialized.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋œ ๋” ํŠนํ™”๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:59
And we see a drift towards complexity that's very intuitive.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ 
08:03
And actually, we have current data that does show
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด
08:05
that there is an actual drift towards complexity over time.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ 
08:09
And the last thing, I bring back this nudibranch.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ์š”, ์ด ๊ฐฏ๋ฏผ์ˆญ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
08:11
One of the things we see about life is that it moves
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ
08:14
from the inner to increasing sociability. And by that it means
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ํ™€๋กœ ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์ด๋Š”
08:18
that there is more and more of life whose entire environment is other life.
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๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:22
Like those chloroplast cells --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์—ฝ๋ก์ฒด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ธ๋ฐ์š” --
08:24
they're completely surrounded by other life.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…๋“ค๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์Œ“์—ฌ ์žˆ์ฃ 
08:25
They never touch the inner matter. There is more and more co-evolution.
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๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŒ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๊ณต๋™ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ 
08:31
And so the general, long-term trends of evolution
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ๋Š”
08:34
are roughly these five: ubiquity, diversity, specialization,
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ํŽธ์žฌ์„ฑ, ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ, ํŠนํ™”์„ฑ,
08:38
complexity and socialization. Now, I took that and said,
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๋ณต์žก์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ต์„ฑ. ์ „ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
08:43
OK, what are the long-term trends in technology?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ?๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:48
And again, my question is, what does technology want?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?๋กœ ์ขํ˜€์กŒ์ฃ 
08:52
And so, remarkably, I discovered
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ง‰ํžˆ๊ฒŒ๋„
08:55
that there's also a drift toward specialization.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ํ•œ ํŠนํ™”์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:58
That we see there's a general hammer,
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๋ฒ”์šฉ ๋ง์น˜(general hammer)๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”
09:01
and hammers become more and more specific over time.
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๋ง์น˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ ์ฐจ์ ์ฐจ ๋” ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
There's obviously diversity. Huge numbers of things.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:09
This is all the contents of a Japanese home.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ผ๋ณธ์‹ ์ง‘์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
I actually had my daughter -- gave her a tally counter,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง€๋‚œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ์ „ ๋”ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ์ž…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
09:14
and I gave her an assignment last summer to go around
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ
09:16
and count the number of species of technology in our household.
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์ง‘์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์„ ์„ธ์›Œ๋ณด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ 
09:20
And it came up with 6,000 different species of products.
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์ €ํฌ ๋”ธ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 6,000๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์„ ์„ธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:23
I did some research and found out that the King of England, Henry VIII,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์™•์ด์˜€๋˜ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ 8์„ธ๋„
09:26
had only about 7,000 items in his household.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ถ์—๋Š” 7,000๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์•„์ดํ…œ๋“ค์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:29
And he was the King of England,
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์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์™•์ด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
09:30
and that was the entire wealth of England at the time.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ „ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:32
So we're seeing huge numbers of diversity in the kinds of things.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ด ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
09:37
This is a scene from Star Wars where the 3PO comes out
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์ด๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€์›Œ์Šค์˜ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ธ๋ฐ์š” 3PO๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด์ฃ 
09:41
and he sees machines making machines. How depraved!
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”!
09:44
Well, this is actually what we're headed towards: world machines.
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๊ทผ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ : ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค
09:48
And the technology is only being thrown out by other technologies.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:51
Most machines will only ever be in contact with other technology
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ๋งŒ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:54
and not non-technology, or even life.
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๋น„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ๋Š” ์ ‘์ด‰์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ์š”
09:57
And thirdly, the idea that machines are becoming biological and complex
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”
10:00
is at this point a cliche. And I'm happy to say,
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์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง„๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ด์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
10:04
I was partly responsible for that cliche
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์ง„๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ชซ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฟŒ๋“ฏํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:06
that machines are becoming biological, but that's pretty evident.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:09
So the major trends in technology evolution actually
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
10:15
are the same as in biological evolution. The same drives that we see
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™”์™€ ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ
10:20
towards ubiquity, towards diversity, towards socialization,
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ํŽธ์žฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด, ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด, ์‚ฌ๊ต์„ฑ์„ ํ•ญํ•ด,
10:23
towards complexity. That is maybe not a big surprise
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๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ . ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด ์ ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ž„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:27
because if we map out, say, the evolution of armor,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ณด๋”๋ผ๋„
10:32
you can actually follow a sort of an evolutionary-type cladistic tree.
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์ง„ํ™”์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๊ธฐํ•™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
10:36
I suggest that, in fact, technology is the seventh kingdom of life.
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์ „ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:41
That its operations and how it works is so similar
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:45
that we can think of it as the seventh kingdom.
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7๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
10:49
And so it would be sort of approximately up there,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ €๊ธฐ ์œ„์— ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:52
coming out of the animal kingdom. And if we were to do that,
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๋™๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
10:58
we would find out -- we could actually approach technology in this way.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์ ‘๊ทผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:01
This is Niles Eldredge. He was the co-developer with Stephen Jay Gould
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‚˜์ผ์Šค ์—˜๋“œ๋ ˆ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์Šคํ…ŒํŒ ์ œ์ด ๊ตด๋“œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
11:06
of the theory of punctuated equilibrium.
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๋‹จ์†ํ‰ํ–‰์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:08
But as a sideline, he happens to collect cornets.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋„ท(*ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธˆ๊ด€์•…๊ธฐ)์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:11
He has one of the world's largest collections -- about 500 of them.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์•Œ์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋„ท ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ๋ฌด๋ ค 500๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ 
11:15
And he has decided to treat them as if they were trilobites, or snails,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ฝ”๋„ท์„ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์‚ผ์—ฝ์ถฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ
11:18
and to do a morphological analysis,
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ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์ฃ ,
11:20
and try to derive their genealogical history over time.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:24
This is his chart, which is not quite published yet.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฐจํŠธ์ธ๋ฐ์š” ์•„์ง์€ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:26
But the most interesting aspect about this
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
11:29
is that if you look at those red lines at the bottom,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์„ ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
11:32
those indicate basically a parentage of a type of cornet
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์ด ์„ ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€ ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฝ”๋„ท์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ
11:39
that was no longer made. That does not happen in biology.
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๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
When something is extinct, you can't have it as your parent.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ 
11:46
But that does happen in technology. And it turns out
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉธ์ข…์ด ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
11:49
that that's so distinctive that you can actually look at this tree,
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์ด ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
11:53
and you can actually use it to determine
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ 
11:56
that this is a technological system versus a biological system.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:00
In fact, this idea of resurrecting the whole idea is so important
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์ „์ฑ„์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜์–ด์„œ
12:04
that I began to think about what happens with old technology.
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์ „ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:08
And it turns out that, in fact, technologies don't die.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:13
So I suggested this to an historian of science, and he said,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ž์™€ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ์š” ๊ทธ๋Š”,
12:15
"Well, what about, you know, come on, what about steam cars?
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"๊ทธ๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์žˆ์ž–์•„ ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ, ์ฆ๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป์ง€?
12:20
They're not around anymore." Well actually, they are.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ž–์•„." ๊ทผ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ฃ 
12:24
In fact, they're so around that you can buy new parts for a Stanley steam automobile.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์•„์ง๋„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šคํƒ ๋ฆฌ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ 
12:31
And this is a website of a guy who's selling brand new parts
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์Šคํƒ ๋ฆฌ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด
12:34
for the Stanley automobile. And the thing that I liked
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๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ์ œ ๋ง˜์— ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
12:38
is sort of this one-click, add-to-your-cart button --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์›ํด๋ฆญ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
12:41
(Laughter) --
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:42
for buying steam valves. I mean, it was just -- it was really there.
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์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐธ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ๋ณด์„ธ์š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Ÿ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
12:47
And so, I began to think about, well, maybe that's just a random sample.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ์ด๊ฑด ๋‹ค์ˆœํžˆ ์šฐ์—ฐ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:52
Maybe I should do this sort of in a more conservative way.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ 
12:55
So I took the great big 1895 Montgomery Ward's catalog
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1895๋…„์‚ฐ ๋จผํŠธ๊ฑฐ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์›Œ๋“œ์˜ ์นดํƒ€๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
13:00
and I randomly went through it. And I took a page -- not quite a random page --
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ํ›‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ -- ์™„์ „ ์ž„์˜์˜ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์ฃ  --
13:03
I took a page that was actually more difficult than others
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์ฃ 
13:06
because lots of the pages are filled with things
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š”
13:08
that are still being made. But I took this page
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๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์ด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
13:11
and I said, how many of these things are still being made?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:15
And not antiques. I want to know how many of these things are still in production.
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์•คํ‹ฐํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
And the answer is: all of them.
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๋‹ต์€: ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:23
All of them are still being produced. So you've got corn shellers.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ์•„์ง๋„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ . ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ ํƒˆ๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ 
13:30
I don't know who needs a corn sheller.
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์š”์ฆ˜ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ ํƒˆ๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
13:32
Be it corn shellers -- you've got ploughs; you've got fan mills;
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์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ ํƒˆ๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  -- ์Ÿ๊ธฐ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š” ํ’๊ตฌ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ ,
13:36
all these things -- and these are not, again, antiques. These are --
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์š”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค ์•คํ‹ฐํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ --
13:39
you can order these. You can go to the web and you can buy them now,
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์ง์ ‘ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ์›น์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
13:42
brand-new made. So in a certain sense, technologies don't die.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:47
In fact, you can buy, for 50 bucks, a stone-age knife
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ  50๋ถˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์„๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์นผ๋„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:54
made exactly the same way that they were made 10,000 years ago.
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10,000๋…„์ „ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์นผ์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
13:58
It's short, bone handle, 50 bucks. And in fact,
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์งค๋ง‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ผˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์†์žก์ด์—, 50๋ถˆ์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
14:02
what's important is that this information actually never died out.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
14:05
It's not just that it was resurrected. It's continued all along.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€ํ™œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:07
And in Papua New Guinea, they were making stone axes
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒํ‘ธ์•„ ๋‰ด ๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ ๋„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
14:10
until two decades ago, just as a course of practical matters.
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20๋…„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ๋Œ ๋„๋ผ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:17
Even when we try to get rid of a technology, it's actually very hard.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์—†์• ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:21
So we've all heard about the Amish giving up cars.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์•„๋ฏธ์‰ฌํŒŒ(*ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต ์ง‘๋‹จ)๊ฐ€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ดค์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
14:25
We've heard about the Japanese giving up guns.
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์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ด์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ดค์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
14:27
We've heard about this and that. But I actually went back and
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ €๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ
14:29
took what I could find, the examples in history
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์†์„ ๋’ค์ ธ์„œ, ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
14:32
where there have been prohibitions against technology,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ น๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ 
14:35
and then I tried to find out when they came back in,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
14:38
because they always came back in. And it turns out that the time,
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๊ผญ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
14:41
the duration of when they were outlawed and prohibited,
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ™”๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ™”๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด
14:43
is decreasing over time. And that basically, you can delay technology,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ณ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์งง์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋Šฆ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
14:48
but you can't kill it. So this makes sense, because in a certain sense
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์ฃฝ์ผ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์ฃ  ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด
14:51
what culture is, is the accumulation of ideas.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ์ถ•์ ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
14:56
That's what it's for. It's so that ideas don't die out.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณง ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
14:59
And when we take that, we take this idea of what culture is doing
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๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฉด, ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
15:05
and add it to what the long-term trajectory -- again, in life's evolution --
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด -- ์ฆ‰ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:11
we find that each case -- each of the major transitions in life --
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๊ฐ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ -- ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
15:14
what they're really about is accelerating and changing
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋“ฏ
15:17
the way in which evolution happens.
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๊ฐ€์†์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:20
They're actually changing the way in which ideas are generated.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
15:23
So all these steps in evolution are increasing, basically,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋“ค์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
15:27
the evolution of evolvability.
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์ง„ํ™”์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์ธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:29
So what's happening over time in life is
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๋ช…์€
15:31
that the ways in which you generate these new ideas, these new hacks,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ, ์ฆ‰ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ดํ‚น์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ
15:34
are increasing. And the real tricks are ways
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์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋Š”
15:38
in which you kind of explore the way of exploring.
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ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:41
And then what we see in the singularity,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
15:43
that prophesized by Kurzweil and others --
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์ปค์ฆˆ์›จ์ผ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์‹œํ•œ๋ฐ๋ฃŒ --
15:46
his idea that technology is accelerating evolution.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ '๊ฐ€์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์ด๋‹ค'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:50
It's accelerating the way in which we search for ideas.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:53
So if you have life hacking --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ํ•ดํ‚น์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด --
15:56
life means hacking, the game of survival --
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์ƒ๋ช…์€ ํ•ดํ‚น์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ์กด์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด์ฃ  --
15:58
then evolution is a way to extend the game by changing the rules of the game.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:02
And what technology is really about is better ways to evolve.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๋” ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:06
That is what we call an "infinite game."
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์ปซ์ฃ 
16:09
That's the definition of "infinite game." A finite game is play to win,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌดํ•œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์ •์˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
16:12
and an infinite game is played to keep playing.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌดํ•œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
16:15
And I believe that technology is actually a cosmic force.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ์ฃผ์  ํž˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:20
The origins of technology was not in 1829,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‹œ์ดˆ๋Š” 1829๋…„์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
16:23
but was actually at the beginning of the Big Bang,
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๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‹œ์ดˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋น…๋ฑ…์˜ ์‹œ์ ์ด์ฃ 
16:26
and at that moment the entire huge billions of stars in the universe
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๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์ธ 10์–ต๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ณ„๋“ค์ด
16:30
were compressed. The entire universe was compressed into a little quantum dot,
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์••์ถ•๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์–‘์žํ•™์  ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์••์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
16:34
and it was so tight in there, there was no room for any difference at all.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์ข๊ฒŒ ์••์ถ•๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:37
That's the definition. There was no temperature.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ •์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋„๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ 
16:39
There was no difference whatsoever. And at the Big Bang,
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋น…๋ฑ… ๋•Œ
16:42
what it expanded was the potential for difference.
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ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:45
So as it expands and as things expand what we have
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
16:48
is the potential for differences, diversity, options, choices,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ„, ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ, ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ,
16:53
opportunities, possibilities and freedoms.
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๊ธฐํšŒ, ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์œ ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์€๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:55
Those are all basically the same thing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:57
And those are the things that technology brings us.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:01
That's what technology is bringing us: choices, possibilities, freedoms.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ : ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ, ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ์ž์œ ์„ฑ
17:05
That's what it's about. It's this expansion of room to make differences.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์„ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:09
And so a hammer, when we grab a hammer, that's what we're grabbing.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ง์น˜๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง‘์œผ๋ฉด ๋ง์น˜๋ฅผ ์žก๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
17:13
And that's why we continue to grab technology --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
17:16
because we want those things. Those things are good.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์ข‹์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
17:18
Differences, freedom, choices, possibilities.
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๋‹ค๋ฆ„, ์ž์œ , ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ, ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ
17:22
And each time we make a new opportunity place,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
17:24
we're allowing a platform to make new ones.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:28
And I think it's really important. Because if you can imagine
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด
17:31
Mozart before the technology of the piano was invented --
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ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ชจ์ฐจ๋ฅดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
17:34
what a loss to society there would be.
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์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฐ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
17:36
Imagine Van Gogh being born
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๋ฐ˜ ๊ณ ํ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
17:38
before the technologies of cheap oil paints.
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๊ฐ’์‹ผ ์œ ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”
17:41
Imagine Hitchcock before the technologies of film.
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ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํžˆ์น˜์ฝ•์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
17:45
Somewhere, today, there are millions of young children being born
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์–ด๋””์„ ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:50
whose technology of self-expression has not yet been invented.
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์ž์‹ ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
17:55
We have a moral obligation to invent technology
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋•์  ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:58
so that every person on the globe has the potential
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
18:00
to realize their true difference.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:03
We want a trillion zillion species of one individuals.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 1์กฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ข…์„ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:06
That's what technology really wants.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
18:09
I'm going to skip through some of the objections
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์ „ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:11
because I don't have answers to why there's deforestation.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฒ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ๋ฒŒ์ฑ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:15
I don't have an answer to the fact that there seem to be
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์ „ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์™œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„
18:18
bad technologies. I don't have an answer to
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด
18:20
how this impacts on our dignity, other than to suggest that
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ„์—„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜์–‘์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ต์€
18:24
maybe the seventh kingdom, because it's so close to what life is about,
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์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
18:30
maybe we can bring it back and have it help us monitor life.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ 
18:33
Maybe in some ways
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด
18:35
the fact that what we're trying to do with technology is find a good home for it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๊ฑธ๋งž๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์ง‘์„ ์ฐพ์•„์ฃผ๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:40
It's a terrible thing to spray DDT on cotton fields,
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DDT๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ™”๋ฐญ์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋”์งํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:43
but it's a really good thing to use
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
18:45
to eliminate millions of cases of death due to malaria in a small village.
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์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„์— ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ 100๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
18:49
Our humanity is actually defined by technology.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •์˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:52
All the things that we think that we really like about humanity
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์€
18:55
is being driven by technology. This is the infinite game.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌดํ•œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด์ฃ 
19:00
That's what we're talking about.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:02
You see, technology is a way to evolve the evolution.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ  ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:06
It's a way to explore possibilities and opportunities and create more.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:12
And it's actually a way of playing the game, of playing all the games.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:17
That's what technology wants.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
19:19
And so when I think about what technology wants,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:22
I think that it has to do with the fact that every person here -- and I really believe this --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” -- ์ด๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ ˆ์‹คํžˆ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ์š” --
19:27
every person here has an assignment. And your assignment is
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ
19:32
to spend your life discovering what your assignment is.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:35
That recursive nature is the infinite game.
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๋˜ํ’€์ด์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌดํ•œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:38
And if you play that well, you'll have other people involved,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค๋„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:41
so even that game extends and continues even when you're gone.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
19:45
That is the infinite game. And what technology is
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌดํ•œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
19:48
is the medium in which we play that infinite game.
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๊ทธ ๋ฌดํ•œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:51
And so I think that we should embrace technology
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:54
because it is an essential part of our journey
331
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ •์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ณ 
19:57
in finding out who we are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:59
Thank you.
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(๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค)
20:01
(Applause)
334
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1000
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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