Kevin Kelly: How technology evolves

Prevoditelj: Stjepan Mateljan Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I don't know about you, but I haven't quite figured out

Ne znam za vas, ali ja još nisam shvatio

exactly what technology means in my life.

što točno tehnologija znači u mojem životu.

I've spent the past year thinking about what it really should be about.

Proveo sam prethodnu godinu razmišljajući o tome što bi ona zbilja trebala biti.

Should I be pro-technology? Should I embrace it full arms?

Bih li trebao biti za tehnologiju? Bih li je trebao prigrliti?

Should I be wary? Like you, I'm very tempted by the latest thing.

Bih li trebao biti oprezan? Poput vas, privlači me najnovija stvar.

But at the other hand, a couple of years ago

Ali u drugu ruku, prije par godina

I gave up all of my possessions,

odustao sam od sveg svojeg imetka,

sold all my technology -- except for a bicycle --

prodao svu svoju tehnologiju -- osim bicikla --

and rode across 3,000 miles on the U.S. back roads under the power of my one body,

i provezao 3000 milja sporednim cestama Amerike koristeći snagu vlastitog tijela,

fuelled mostly by Twinkies and junk food.

pogonjenog uglavnom čokoladicama i brzom hranom.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And I've since then tried to keep technology

I od tada sam nastojao držati tehnologiju

at arm's length in many ways, so it doesn't master my life.

izvan dohvata na puno načina, tako da mi ne upravlja životom.

At the same time, I run a website on cool tools,

Istovremeno, vodim web stranicu o zanimljivim alatima,

where I issue a daily obsession of the latest things in technology.

gdje se bavim dnevnom opsjednutošću najnovijim stvarima u tehnologiji.

So I'm still perplexed about what the true meaning of technology is

Tako da sam još uvijek zbunjen o tome koji je pravi smisao tehnologije,

as it relates to humanity, as it relates to nature,

kako se odnosi na čovječanstvo, kako se odnosi na prirodu,

as it relates to the spiritual.

kako se odnosi na duhovno.

And I'm not even sure we know what technology is.

A čak nisam niti siguran znamo li što tehnologija jest.

And one definition of technology is that which is first recorded.

Jedna od definicija tehnologije je ono što je prvo zabilježeno.

This is the first example of the modern use of technology that I can find.

To je prvi primjer moderne uporabe tehnologije koji mogu naći.

It was the suggested syllabus for dealing with

To je predloženi nastavni plan za rad sa

the Applied Arts and Science at Cambridge University in 1829.

Primjenjenim vještinama i znanošću sveučilišta u Cambridgeu 1829.

Before that, obviously, technology didn't exist. But obviously it did.

Prije toga, očito, tehnologija nije postojala. Ali očito jest.

I like one of the definitions that Alan Kay has for technology.

Sviđa mi se jedna od definicija koju Alan Kay ima za tehnologiju.

He says technology is anything that was invented after you were born.

Kaže da je tehnologija sve što je izumljeno nakon što ste se rodili.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So it sums up a lot of what we're talking about.

To sažima puno ovoga o čemu pričamo.

Danny Hillis actually has an update on that --

Danny Hillis je čak to i dopunio --

he says technology is anything that doesn't quite work yet.

kaže da je tehnologija bilo što što još i ne radi sasvim.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Which also, I think, gets into a little bit of our current idea.

Što također, mislim, ulazi u djelić naše trenutne ideje.

But I was interested in another definition of technology.

Ali više me interesirala druga definicija tehnologije.

Something, again, that went back to something more fundamental.

Neka, ponovno, koja je išla unatrag do nečeg temeljnijeg.

Something that was deeper. And as I struggled to understand that,

Nečeg što je bilo dublje. I dok sam se borio da to shvatim,

I came up with a way of framing the question

smislio sam način kako da smjestim pitanje u okvir

that seemed to work for me in my investigations.

koji mi je, čini se, odgovarao za moja istraživanja

And I'm, this morning, going to talk about this for the first time.

I sada ću, ovo jutro, govoriti o tome po prvi put.

So this is a very rough attempt to think out loud.

Tako da je ovo vrlo grubi pokušaj razmišljanja naglas.

The question that I came up with was this question:

Pitanje koje sam smislio bilo je ovo pitanje:

what does technology want? And by that, I don't mean,

Što tehnologija želi? A pod time ne mislim

does it want chocolate or vanilla? By what it wants, I mean,

želi li čokoladu ili vaniliju. Pod željom mislim

what are its inherent trends and biases?

koja su joj inherentna kretanja i sklonosti?

What are its tendencies over time? One way to think about this is

Čemu teži tijekom vremena? Jedan način da se o tome razmišlja je

thinking about biological organisms, which we've heard a lot about.

razmišljanje o biološkim organizmima, o kojima smo čuli puno.

And the trick that Richard Dawkins does, which is to say,

I trik koji Richard Dawkins čini, da kaže kako

to look at them as simply as genes, as vehicles for genes.

ih možemo gledati jednostavno kao gene, kao vozila za gene.

So he's saying, what do genes want? The selfish gene.

Pa kaže: što geni žele? Sebični gen.

And I'm applying a similar trick to say,

A ja primjenjujem sličan trik da kažem,

what if we looked at the universe in our culture

što ako bi pogledali na svemir u svojoj kulturi

through the eyes of technology? What does technology want?

kroz oči tehnologije? Što tehnologija želi?

Obviously, this in an incomplete question,

Očito, to je nepotpuno pitanje,

just as looking at an organism as only a gene

kao što je i gledanje na organizam samo kao gen

is an incomplete way of looking at it.

nepotpun način da ga se gleda.

But it's still very, very productive. So I'm attempting to say,

Ali je ipak vrlo, vrlo produktivan. Pa pokušavam reći,

if we take technology's view of the world, what does it want?

ako bismo preuzeli tehnološki pogled na svijet, što ona želi?

And I think once we ask that question

I mislim da jednom kad postavimo to pitanje

we have to go back, actually, to life. Because obviously,

moramo se vratiti natrag na život. Jer očito,

if we keep extending the origins of technology far back,

ako nastavimo širiti postanak tehnologije daleko unatrag,

I think we come back to life at some point.

mislim da u nekoj točci dolazimo natrag do života.

So that's where I want to begin my little exploration, is in life.

Tako da to je mjesto gdje želim početi svoje malo istraživanje, od života.

And like you heard from the previous speakers,

I kako ste čuli od prethodnih govornika,

we don't really know what life there is on Earth right now.

zapravo ne znamo kojeg života na Zemlji ima ni sada.

We have really no idea.

Zapravo nemamo pojma.

Craig Venter's tremendous and brilliant attempt

Craig Venterov odličan i briljantan pokušaj

to DNA sequence things in the ocean is great.

da sredi DNA stvari iz oceana je odličan.

Brian Farrell's work is all part of this agenda to try

Brian Farellov rad je dio pokušaja

and actually discover all the species on Earth.

za otkrivanjem svih vrsta na Zemlji.

And one of the things that we should do is just make a grid of the globe

A jedna stvar koju bismo trebali napraviti je postaviti mrežu preko globusa

and randomly go and inspect all the places that the grid intersects,

te nasumično ići i ispitati sva mjesta gdje su mreža presijecai,

just to see what's on life. And if we did that

samo da vidimo što ima od života. A kad bismo to napravili

with our little Martian probe, which we have not done on Earth,

s našom malom marsovskom sondom, što nismo napravili na Zemlji,

we would begin to see some incredible species.

počeli bismo opažati neke nevjerojatne vrste.

This is not on another planet. These are things

Ovo nije drugi planet. Ovo su stvari

that are hidden away on our planet.

koje su skrivene na našem planetu.

This is an ant that stores its colleagues' honey in its abdomen.

Ovo je mrav koji pohranjuje med svojih kolega u abdomenu.

Each one of these organisms that we've described -- that you've seen

Svaki od tih organizama koje smo opisali -- koje ste vidjeli

from Jamie and others, these magnificent things --

od Jamiea i ostalih, te prekrasne stvari --

what they're doing, each one of them,

što one čine, baš svaka od njih,

is they're hacking the rules of life.

je da hakiraju pravila života.

I can't think of a single general principle of biology

Ne mogu se sjetiti nijednog općeg principa u biologiji

that does not have an exception somewhere by some organism.

koji nema iznimku negdje od nekog organizma.

Every single thing that we can think of --

Svaka pojedina stvar koje se možemo sjetiti --

and if you heard Olivia's talk about the sexual habits,

a ako ste čuli Olivijin govor o seksualnim navikama,

you'll realize that there isn't anything we can say that's true for all life,

shvatit ćete da ne postoji ništa što je istinito za sav život,

because every single one of them is hacking something about it.

jer svaka od njih hakira nešto vezano uz njega.

This is a solar-powered sea slug. It's a nudibranch

Ovo je solarno pogonjeni morski puž. To je puž golać

that has incorporated chloroplast inside it to drive its energy.

koji je u sebe ugradio kloroplaste da bi mu davali energiju

This is another version of that. This is a sea dragon,

Ovo je druga verzija toga. Ovo je morski zmaj,

and the one on the bottom, the blue one, is a juvenile that has not yet

a onaj na dnu, plavi, je mladunče koje još nije

swallowed the acid, has not yet taken in

progutalo kiselinu, nije još unijelo

the brown-green algae pond scum into its body to give it energy.

smeđezeleni talog jezerskih algi u svoje tijelo da mu daju energiju.

These are hacks, and if we looked at the general shape

To hakiranje, a ako pogledamo opći oblik

of the approaches to hacking life there are, current consensus,

pristupa hakiranju života koji postoje, trenutni konsenzus kaže,

six kingdoms. Six different broad approaches: the plants,

šest carstava. Šest različitih širokih pristupa: biljke,

the animals, the fungi, the protests -- the little things -- the bacteria

životinje, gljive, protisti -- male stvari -- bakterije

and the Archaea bacteria. The Archaeas.

i arhajske bakterije. Arhaji.

Those are the general approaches to life. That's one way to look at life on Earth today.

To su glavni pristupi životu. Ovo je jedan način gledanja na život na Zemlji danas.

But a more interesting way,

Ali zanimljiviji način,

the current way to take the long view,

sadašnji način da se baci dugi pogled,

is to look at it in an evolutionary perspective.

je gledati iz evolucijske perspektive.

And here we have a view of evolution where rather than having evolution

A ovdje imamo pogled na evoluciju gdje umjesto da se evolucija

go over the linear time, we have it coming out from the center.

kreće tijekom pravocrtnog vremena, imamo je kako dolazi iz središta.

So in the center is the most primitive, and this is a genealogical chart

U središtu je naprimitivnije, a ovo je genealoška karta

of all life on earth. This is all the same six kingdoms.

svog života na Zemlji. Ovdje je svih tih istih šest carstava.

You see 4,000 representative species, and you can see where we are.

Vidite 4000 predstavljajućih vrsta, i možete vidjeti i gdje smo mi.

But what I like about this is it shows that

Ali što mi se sviđa kod toga je da pokazuje

every living organism on Earth today is equally evolved.

kako je svaki živući organizam na Zemlji danas jednako razvijen.

Those fungi and bacteria are as highly evolved as humans.

Ove gljive i bakterije su isto toliko visoko razvijene kao i ljudi.

They've been around just as long and gone through

Bile su prisutne jednako dugo i prošle kroz

just the same kind of trial and error to get here.

baš istu vrstu pokušaja i pogrešaka da dođu ovamo.

But we see that each one of these is actually hacking,

Ali vidimo da svaka od njih uistinu hakira

and has a different way of finding out how to do life.

i ima različit način iznalaženja kako da čini život.

And if we take the long-term trends of life, if we begin to say,

A ako uzmemo dugoročne trendove života, ako počnemo govoriti:

what does evolution want? There's several things that we see.

"Što evolucija želi?" Ima nekoliko stvari koje vidimo.

One of the things about evolution is that nowhere on Earth

Jedna od stvari o evoluciji je da nigdje na Zemlji

have we ever been where we don't find life.

gdje god da smo bili nije bilo da nismo našli život.

We find life at the bottom of every long-term,

Nalazimo život na dnu svakog dugoročnog,

long-distance drilling core into the center of rock

dubokog svrdla u centru stijene

that we bring up -- and there's bacteria in the pores of that rock.

koju podižemo gore -- i tamo su bakterije u porama te stijene.

And wherever life is, it never retreats. It's ubiquitous and it wants to be more.

I gdje god da život jest, nikad se ne povlači. Sveprisutan je i želi biti više.

More and more of the inert matter of the globe

Više i više od inertne materije kugle

is being touched and animated by life.

biva dotaknuto i potaknuto životom.

The second thing is is we see diversity. We also see specialization.

Druga stvar koju vidimo je različitost. Također vidimo i specijalizaciju.

We see the movement from a general-purpose cell

Vidimo pokret od stanice opće svrhe

to the more specific and specialized.

do one posebnije i specijaliziranije.

And we see a drift towards complexity that's very intuitive.

I vidimo težnju ka složenosti koja je vrlo intuitivna.

And actually, we have current data that does show

A uistinu, imamo sadašnje podatke koji upravo pokazuju

that there is an actual drift towards complexity over time.

da postoji zbiljska težnja ka složenosti tijekom vremena.

And the last thing, I bring back this nudibranch.

I posljednja stvar, vraćam natrag ovog golaća.

One of the things we see about life is that it moves

Jedna od stvari koju vidimo o životu je da se kreće

from the inner to increasing sociability. And by that it means

od inertnog do sve udruženijeg. A to znači

that there is more and more of life whose entire environment is other life.

da je sve više i više života čije je cijelo okružje drugi život.

Like those chloroplast cells --

Poput ovih stanica kloroplasta --

they're completely surrounded by other life.

one su posve okružene drugim životom.

They never touch the inner matter. There is more and more co-evolution.

Nikad ne dotiču nutarnju tvar. Sve je više i više koevolucije.

And so the general, long-term trends of evolution

Tako da su opći, dugoročni evolucijski trendovi

are roughly these five: ubiquity, diversity, specialization,

otprilike ovih pet: sveprisutnost, raznolikost, specijalizacija,

complexity and socialization. Now, I took that and said,

složenost i udruživanje. Sad, uzeo sam to i rekao:

OK, what are the long-term trends in technology?

"Ok, koji su dugoročni trendovi u tehnologiji?"

And again, my question is, what does technology want?

I ponovno, moje je pitanje, što tehnologija želi?

And so, remarkably, I discovered

I tako, iznenađujuće, otkrio sam

that there's also a drift toward specialization.

da također postoji težnja ka specijalizaciji.

That we see there's a general hammer,

Što ovdje vidimo je opći čekić,

and hammers become more and more specific over time.

a čekići postaju sve određeniji i određeniji tijekom vremena.

There's obviously diversity. Huge numbers of things.

Postoji očita raznovrsnost. Ogromni brojevi stvari.

This is all the contents of a Japanese home.

Ovo su sve stvari u japanskom domu.

I actually had my daughter -- gave her a tally counter,

Moja kćer je -- dao sam joj brojač na klikove

and I gave her an assignment last summer to go around

i zadao zadatak prošlo ljeto da prođe uokolo

and count the number of species of technology in our household.

i pobroji sve vrste tehnologije u našem kućanstvu.

And it came up with 6,000 different species of products.

I došla je do 6000 različitih vrsta proizvoda.

I did some research and found out that the King of England, Henry VIII,

Malo sam istražio i otkrio da je kralj Engleske, Henrik VIII,

had only about 7,000 items in his household.

imao samo oko 7000 predmeta u svom kućanstvu.

And he was the King of England,

A on je bio kralj Engleske,

and that was the entire wealth of England at the time.

i to je bilo svo bogatstvo Engleske u to doba.

So we're seeing huge numbers of diversity in the kinds of things.

Tako da vidimo ogroman broj raznovrsnosti u vrstama stvari.

This is a scene from Star Wars where the 3PO comes out

Ovo je scena iz Star Warsa gdje 3PO izlazi

and he sees machines making machines. How depraved!

i vidi strojeve kako rade strojeve. Kako izopačeno!

Well, this is actually what we're headed towards: world machines.

Pa, to je točno ono čemu napredujemo: svijet strojeva.

And the technology is only being thrown out by other technologies.

A tehnologiju jedino izbacuju druge tehnologije.

Most machines will only ever be in contact with other technology

Najveći broj strojeva će ikad biti u dodiru s drugom tehnologijom

and not non-technology, or even life.

a ne s ne-tehnologijom, ili čak životom.

And thirdly, the idea that machines are becoming biological and complex

I treće, ideja da strojevi postaju biološki i složeni

is at this point a cliche. And I'm happy to say,

je u ovom trenutku klišej. I drago mi ja da mogu reći

I was partly responsible for that cliche

kako sam i ja djelomično odgovoran za taj klišej

that machines are becoming biological, but that's pretty evident.

da strojevi postaju biološki, ali to je poprilično očito.

So the major trends in technology evolution actually

Tako da su glavni trendovi u tehnološkoj evoluciji zapravo

are the same as in biological evolution. The same drives that we see

isti kao u biološkoj evoluciji. Iste težnje koje vidimo

towards ubiquity, towards diversity, towards socialization,

prema sveprisutnosti, prema raznolikosti, prema udruživanju,

towards complexity. That is maybe not a big surprise

prema složenosti. To možda i nije veliko iznenađenje

because if we map out, say, the evolution of armor,

jer ako mapiramo, recimo, evoluciju oklopa,

you can actually follow a sort of an evolutionary-type cladistic tree.

zbilja možete pratiti neku vrstu evolucijskog grananja.

I suggest that, in fact, technology is the seventh kingdom of life.

Predlažem da, zapravo, tehnologija je sedmo carstvo života.

That its operations and how it works is so similar

Da su njena djelovanja i način kako radi tako slična

that we can think of it as the seventh kingdom.

da o njoj možemo razmišljati kao o sedmom carstvu.

And so it would be sort of approximately up there,

I ona bi bila prilbiližno tu negdje,

coming out of the animal kingdom. And if we were to do that,

izvirući iz carstva životinja. A ako bismo to napravili,

we would find out -- we could actually approach technology in this way.

otkrili bismo -- zbilja možemo pristupiti tehnologiji na ovaj način.

This is Niles Eldredge. He was the co-developer with Stephen Jay Gould

Ovo je Niles Eldridge. On je zajedno sa Stephen Jay Gouldom

of the theory of punctuated equilibrium.

stvorio teoriju isprekidane ravnoteže.

But as a sideline, he happens to collect cornets.

Ali usput, on sakuplja kornete.

He has one of the world's largest collections -- about 500 of them.

Ima jednu od najvećih svjetskih zbirki -- oko 500 primjeraka.

And he has decided to treat them as if they were trilobites, or snails,

I odlučio je tretirati ih kao da su trilobiti, ili puževi,

and to do a morphological analysis,

i napraviti morfološku analizu,

and try to derive their genealogical history over time.

te im pokušati izvući genealošku povijest tijekom vremena.

This is his chart, which is not quite published yet.

Ovo je njegova skica, koja još nije posve objavljena.

But the most interesting aspect about this

Ali najzanimljiviji vid ovoga

is that if you look at those red lines at the bottom,

je da ako gledate ove crvene linije na dnu,

those indicate basically a parentage of a type of cornet

te ukazuju u osnovi na roditeljstvo tipa korneta

that was no longer made. That does not happen in biology.

koji se više ne proizvodi. To se ne dešava u biologiji.

When something is extinct, you can't have it as your parent.

Kad je nešto izumrlo, ne možete to imati za roditelja.

But that does happen in technology. And it turns out

Ali to se dešava u tehnologiji. I ispada

that that's so distinctive that you can actually look at this tree,

kako je to toliko svojstveno da zbilja možete pogledati na ovo stablo,

and you can actually use it to determine

i zbilja to iskoristiti da odredite

that this is a technological system versus a biological system.

da je ovo tehnološki sustav nasuprot biološkom sustavu.

In fact, this idea of resurrecting the whole idea is so important

Zapravo, ova ideja uskrsavanja čitave ideje je toliko bitna

that I began to think about what happens with old technology.

da sam počeo razmišljati što se događa sa starom tehnologijom.

And it turns out that, in fact, technologies don't die.

I ispada da, zapravo, tehnologija ne umire.

So I suggested this to an historian of science, and he said,

Predložio sam to povjesničaru znanosti, a on je rekao:

"Well, what about, you know, come on, what about steam cars?

"Dobro, a što sa, znaš, ajde, što sa parnim autima?"

They're not around anymore." Well actually, they are.

"Oni više nisu uokolo." Pa, zapravo jesu.

In fact, they're so around that you can buy new parts for a Stanley steam automobile.

Zapravo, toliko su uokolo da možete kupiti nove dijelove za Stanleyev parni automobil.

And this is a website of a guy who's selling brand new parts

I ovo je we stranica čovjeka koji prodaje posve nove dijelove

for the Stanley automobile. And the thing that I liked

za Stanleyev automobil. A stvar koja mi se svidjela

is sort of this one-click, add-to-your-cart button --

je nekako ovaj jedan-klik, dodaj-u-košaricu gumb --

(Laughter) --

(Smijeh) --

for buying steam valves. I mean, it was just -- it was really there.

za kupovanje parnih ventila. Mislim, bilo je samo -- to je zbilja tamo.

And so, I began to think about, well, maybe that's just a random sample.

I tako, počeo sam razmišljati o tome, pa, možda je to samo nasumični uzorak.

Maybe I should do this sort of in a more conservative way.

Možda bih to trebao napraviti nekako na konzervativniji način.

So I took the great big 1895 Montgomery Ward's catalog

Pa sam uzeo veliki Montgomery Wardov katalog iz 1895

and I randomly went through it. And I took a page -- not quite a random page --

i nasumično prošao kroz njega. I uzeo sam stranicu -- ne baš posve slučajnu stranicu --

I took a page that was actually more difficult than others

uzeo sam stranicu koja je zapravo teža od ostalih

because lots of the pages are filled with things

jer je puno stranica bilo ispunjeno stvarima

that are still being made. But I took this page

koje se i dalje rade. Ali uzeo sam tu stranicu

and I said, how many of these things are still being made?

i rekao, koliko se od ovih stvari još radi?

And not antiques. I want to know how many of these things are still in production.

I ne antikviteti. Želio sam znati koliko je od tih stvari još u proizvodnji.

And the answer is: all of them.

A odgovor je: sve one.

All of them are still being produced. So you've got corn shellers.

Sve se one i dalje proizvode. Tako da imate krunilice kukuruza.

I don't know who needs a corn sheller.

Ne znam kome treba krunilica kukuruza.

Be it corn shellers -- you've got ploughs; you've got fan mills;

Neka su krunilice kukuruza -- imate plugove, imate mlinove za guljenje;

all these things -- and these are not, again, antiques. These are --

i sve te stvari -- a to nisu, ponovno, antikviteti. To su --

you can order these. You can go to the web and you can buy them now,

Možete ih naručiti. Možete otići na web i možete ih kupiti sada,

brand-new made. So in a certain sense, technologies don't die.

posve novo proizvedene. Tako da na neki način, tehnologije ne umiru.

In fact, you can buy, for 50 bucks, a stone-age knife

Zapravo, možete kupiti, za 50 dolara, nož kamenog doba

made exactly the same way that they were made 10,000 years ago.

napravljen točno na isti način kako su pravljeni prije 10.000 godina.

It's short, bone handle, 50 bucks. And in fact,

Kratak je, drška od kosti, 50 dolara. I zapravo,

what's important is that this information actually never died out.

što je bitno je kako ova informacija zapravo nikad nije izumrla.

It's not just that it was resurrected. It's continued all along.

Nije samo da je uskrsnuta. Istrajala je svo vrijeme.

And in Papua New Guinea, they were making stone axes

A u Papui Novoj Gvineji, radili su kamene sjekire

until two decades ago, just as a course of practical matters.

do prije dva desetljeća, čisto iz praktičnih razloga.

Even when we try to get rid of a technology, it's actually very hard.

Čak i kad se pokušamo riješiti tehnologije, zapravo je jako teško.

So we've all heard about the Amish giving up cars.

Svi smo čuli za Amiše koji se odriču auta.

We've heard about the Japanese giving up guns.

Čuli smo za Japance koji se odriču oružja.

We've heard about this and that. But I actually went back and

Čuli smo za ovo i ono. Ali zapravo sam otišao natrag i

took what I could find, the examples in history

uzeo što sam mogao naći, primjere iz povijesti

where there have been prohibitions against technology,

gdje su bile zabrane protiv tehnologije,

and then I tried to find out when they came back in,

pa sam pokušao otkriti kada su se vratile

because they always came back in. And it turns out that the time,

jer se uvijek vrate. I ispada da vrijeme,

the duration of when they were outlawed and prohibited,

trajanje kada su bile van zakona i zabranjene,

is decreasing over time. And that basically, you can delay technology,

se smanjuje tijekom vremena. I da, u osnovi, možete usporiti tehnologiju,

but you can't kill it. So this makes sense, because in a certain sense

ali je ne možete ubiti. A to i ima smisla, jer na neki način

what culture is, is the accumulation of ideas.

što kultura jest, je gomilanje ideja

That's what it's for. It's so that ideas don't die out.

To je ono čemu služi. Tomu da ideje ne umru.

And when we take that, we take this idea of what culture is doing

I kad uzmemo to, uzmemo ovu ideju toga što kultura čini

and add it to what the long-term trajectory -- again, in life's evolution --

i dodamo ju dugoročnoj putanji -- ponovo, u evoluciji života --

we find that each case -- each of the major transitions in life --

nalazimo da svaki slučaj -- svaka od glavnih izmjena života --

what they're really about is accelerating and changing

ono oko čega se sve vrti je ubrzavanje i mijenjanje

the way in which evolution happens.

načina na koji se evolucija događa.

They're actually changing the way in which ideas are generated.

Zbilja se mijenja način na koji ideje bivaju stvorene.

So all these steps in evolution are increasing, basically,

Tako da svi ti koraci u evoluciji povećavaju, u osnovi,

the evolution of evolvability.

evoluciju mogućnosti za evoluciju.

So what's happening over time in life is

Tako da ono što se događa tijekom vremena u životu je

that the ways in which you generate these new ideas, these new hacks,

da se načini na koje stvarate te nove ideje, ta nova hakiranja

are increasing. And the real tricks are ways

povećavaju. A pravi su trikovi načini

in which you kind of explore the way of exploring.

na koji nekako otkrivate način otkrivanja.

And then what we see in the singularity,

A onda što vidimo u singularnosti,

that prophesized by Kurzweil and others --

koju su prorekli Kurzweil i drugi --

his idea that technology is accelerating evolution.

njegovu ideju da tehnologija ubrzava evoluciju.

It's accelerating the way in which we search for ideas.

Ubrzava način na koji tražimo za idejama.

So if you have life hacking --

Pa ako imate hakiranje života --

life means hacking, the game of survival --

život znači koristiti mogućnosti, igra preživljavanja --

then evolution is a way to extend the game by changing the rules of the game.

onda je evolucija način širenja igre mijenjajući pravila igre.

And what technology is really about is better ways to evolve.

A čime se tehnologija zapravo bavi je boljim načinima razvoja.

That is what we call an "infinite game."

To je ono što nazivamo 'beskonačna igra.'

That's the definition of "infinite game." A finite game is play to win,

To je defnicija 'beskonačne igre.' Konačna igra je igra za pobjedu,

and an infinite game is played to keep playing.

Beskonačna igra se igra da se nastavi igrati.

And I believe that technology is actually a cosmic force.

A ja vjerujem da je tehnologija zapravo kozmička sila.

The origins of technology was not in 1829,

Podrijetlo tehnologije nije u 1829.,

but was actually at the beginning of the Big Bang,

nego je zapravo na početku Veliki Prasak,

and at that moment the entire huge billions of stars in the universe

a u tom trenutku sve ogromne milijarde zvijezda u Svemiru

were compressed. The entire universe was compressed into a little quantum dot,

su bile sabijene. Cijeli Svemir je bio sabijen u malu kvantnu točku,

and it was so tight in there, there was no room for any difference at all.

i unutra je bilo tako stisnuto, nije bilo mjesta za baš nikakvu razliku.

That's the definition. There was no temperature.

To je definicija. Nije bilo temperature.

There was no difference whatsoever. And at the Big Bang,

Nije bilo nikakve razlike. A za Veliki prasak,

what it expanded was the potential for difference.

kad se proširio bilo je potencijala za razlike.

So as it expands and as things expand what we have

Pa kako se širio i kako su se stvari širile imamo

is the potential for differences, diversity, options, choices,

potencijal za razlike, raznovrsnost, opcije, izbore,

opportunities, possibilities and freedoms.

prilike, mogućnosti i slobode.

Those are all basically the same thing.

Sve je to u osnovi ista stvar.

And those are the things that technology brings us.

I to su stvari koje nam tehnologija donosi.

That's what technology is bringing us: choices, possibilities, freedoms.

To je što nam tehnologija donosi: izbore, mogućnosti, slobode.

That's what it's about. It's this expansion of room to make differences.

To je ono o čemu je. To je širenje prostora za pravljenje razlika.

And so a hammer, when we grab a hammer, that's what we're grabbing.

I tako čekić, kad primamo čekić, to je ono što primamo.

And that's why we continue to grab technology --

I to je zašto nastavljamo primati tehologiju --

because we want those things. Those things are good.

zato jer želimo te stvari. Te su stvari dobre.

Differences, freedom, choices, possibilities.

Razlike, sloboda, izbori, mogućnosti.

And each time we make a new opportunity place,

A svaki put kad napravimo novi prostor prilika,

we're allowing a platform to make new ones.

omogućujemo platformi da napravi nove.

And I think it's really important. Because if you can imagine

A ja mislim da je to zbilja važno. Jer ako možete zamisliti

Mozart before the technology of the piano was invented --

Mozarta prije nego je izumljena tehnologija glasovira --

what a loss to society there would be.

kakav bi to bio gubitak za društvo.

Imagine Van Gogh being born

Zamislite Van Gogha rođenog

before the technologies of cheap oil paints.

prije tehnologija jeftinih uljanih boja.

Imagine Hitchcock before the technologies of film.

Zamislite Hitchcocka prije tehnologija filma.

Somewhere, today, there are millions of young children being born

Negdje, danas, rađaju se milijuni djece

whose technology of self-expression has not yet been invented.

čije tehnologije samoizražavanja još nisu izumljene.

We have a moral obligation to invent technology

Imamo moralnu obavezu izmišljati tehnologiju

so that every person on the globe has the potential

tako da svaka osoba na svijetu ima potencijal

to realize their true difference.

ostvariti svoju istinsku različitost.

We want a trillion zillion species of one individuals.

Želimo trilijun zilijun vrsta od jednog pojedinca.

That's what technology really wants.

To je ono što tehnologija zbilja želi.

I'm going to skip through some of the objections

Preskočit ću kroz neke prigovore

because I don't have answers to why there's deforestation.

jer nemam odgovore zašto postoji krčenje šuma.

I don't have an answer to the fact that there seem to be

Nemam odgovor na činjenicu kako se doima da postoje

bad technologies. I don't have an answer to

loše tehnologije. Nemam odgovor na to

how this impacts on our dignity, other than to suggest that

kako ovo utječe na naše dostojanstvo, osim da predložim kako

maybe the seventh kingdom, because it's so close to what life is about,

možda sedmo carstvo, jer je tako blizu onome o čemu je život,

maybe we can bring it back and have it help us monitor life.

možda ga možemo vratiti nazad i imati ga da nam pomogne nadzirati život.

Maybe in some ways

Možda na neke načine

the fact that what we're trying to do with technology is find a good home for it.

činjenica kako ono što pokušavamo s tehologijom je naći joj dobar dom.

It's a terrible thing to spray DDT on cotton fields,

Strašna je stvar prskati DDT po poljima pamuka,

but it's a really good thing to use

ali je jako dobra stvar za koristiti

to eliminate millions of cases of death due to malaria in a small village.

za eliminaciju milijuna slučajeva smrti od malarije u malom selu.

Our humanity is actually defined by technology.

Naša je ljudskost zbilja definirana tehnologijom.

All the things that we think that we really like about humanity

Sve stvari za koje mislimo da nam se stvarno sviđaju u čovječanstvu

is being driven by technology. This is the infinite game.

su pogonjene tehnologijom. To je beskonačna igra.

That's what we're talking about.

To je ono o čemu pričamo.

You see, technology is a way to evolve the evolution.

Vidite, tehnologija je način za evoluiranje evolucije.

It's a way to explore possibilities and opportunities and create more.

To je način da istražimo mogućnosti i prilike i stvorimo više.

And it's actually a way of playing the game, of playing all the games.

I to je zapravo način igranja igre igranja svih igara.

That's what technology wants.

To je ono što tehnologija želi.

And so when I think about what technology wants,

I tako dok razmišljam o tome što tehnologija želi,

I think that it has to do with the fact that every person here -- and I really believe this --

mislim da to mora imati veze s činjenicom da svaka osoba ovdje -- a to vjerujem --

every person here has an assignment. And your assignment is

svaka osoba ima zadatak. A vaš zadatak jest

to spend your life discovering what your assignment is.

da potrošite svoj život otkrivajući što je vaš zadatak.

That recursive nature is the infinite game.

Ta rekurzivna priroda je beskonačna igra.

And if you play that well, you'll have other people involved,

A ako ju igrate dobro, uključit ćete i druge ljude,

so even that game extends and continues even when you're gone.

tako da se čak i igra širi i nastavlja čak i kad odete.

That is the infinite game. And what technology is

To je beskonačna igra. A tehnologija je

is the medium in which we play that infinite game.

medij unutar kojeg igramo tu beskonačnu igru.

And so I think that we should embrace technology

Tako da mislim kako trebamo prigrliti tehnologiju

because it is an essential part of our journey

jer je ona suštinski dio našeg putovanja

in finding out who we are.

u otkrivanju tko smo.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)