The psychological traits that shape your political beliefs | Dannagal G. Young

110,704 views ใƒป 2020-10-08

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: yael ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Nurit Noy
00:13
I'm a political and social psychologist.
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ืื ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
00:16
I study how people understand the world
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:18
and what this means for society and for democracy ...
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ื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
00:22
which, as it turns out, is quite a lot.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
00:25
Some people see the world as safe and good,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื˜ื•ื‘,
00:27
and this allows them to be OK with uncertainty
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช,
00:30
and to take time to explore and play.
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ื•ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืžืฉื—ืง.
00:33
Others are acutely aware of threats in their environment,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื,
00:37
so they prioritize order and predictability
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืชืขื“ืคื™ื ืกื“ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™,
00:40
over openness and experimentation.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช.
00:43
In my academic research,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœื™,
00:45
I study how these two approaches shape how we think and feel
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืื™ืš ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื,
00:49
about everything from art to politics.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
00:52
I also explore how political elites
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ื’ื ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
00:55
and partisan media use these very differences
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ื•ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ืžื ืฆืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:58
to engender hatred and fear
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื ืื” ื•ืคื—ื“,
01:00
and how the economics of our media system exploit these same divides.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื ืฆืœืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืคืขืจื™ื.
01:06
But after studying this,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”
ืžืกืงื ืชื™ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื—ืจืฅ ื’ื•ืจืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืœื’ื™ื,
01:08
I have come away not with a sense that we are doomed to be divided
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01:11
but that it's up to us to see both sets of traits
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ืืœื ืฉื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
01:16
as necessary and even valuable.
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ื›ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš.
01:20
Take for example two men who have been so influential in my own life.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:25
First, my late husband, Mike.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืžื™ื™ืง.
01:28
He was an artist who saw the world as safe and good.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืžืŸ ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:32
He welcomed ambiguity and play in his life.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•.
01:35
In fact, we met through improv comedy
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
01:37
where he taught improvisers to listen and be open
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืชื—,
01:40
and to be comfortable not knowing what was going to happen next.
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ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื— ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
01:45
After we got married and had our baby boy,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืชื ื• ื•ื™ืœื“ื ื• ืืช ื‘ื ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ,
01:48
Mike was diagnosed with a brain tumor.
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ืžื™ื™ืง ืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
01:50
And through months of hospitalizations and surgeries,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉืคื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื,
01:55
I followed Mike's lead,
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ืื™ืžืฆืชื™ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืง,
01:57
trying to practice being open,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช,
02:00
trying to be OK not knowing what was going to happen next.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
02:04
It was Mike's tolerance for ambiguity
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ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืง ื›ืœืคื™ ืื™-ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช
02:06
that allowed me to survive those months of uncertainty,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช,
02:10
and that helped me explore new ways to rebuild my life after he died.
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ื•ื’ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืช.
02:15
About a year and a half after Mike passed away,
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ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ืง ื ืคื˜ืจ,
02:18
I met my current husband, PJ.
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืคื™-ื’'ื™ื™.
02:21
PJ is a criminal prosecutor
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ืคื™-ื’'ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžืฉืคื˜ื™
02:24
who sees the world as potentially good
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ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช,
02:27
provided that threats are properly managed.
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืื™ื.
02:30
He also is someone who embraces order and predictability
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืกื“ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™
02:33
in his daily routine,
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ื‘ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•,
02:35
in the foods that he eats,
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ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ,
02:37
in his selection of wardrobe.
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
02:39
And PJ has a vicious wit,
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ื•ืคื™-ื’'ื™ื™ ื’ื ืฉื ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืจืฉืขื•ืช,
02:41
but he's also morally very serious
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
02:43
with a strong sense of duty and purpose.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืช.
02:46
And he values tradition, loyalty and family,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
02:51
which is why at the age of 28
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 28,
02:54
he did not hesitate to marry a widow,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ืกืก ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืืœืžื ื”,
02:57
adopt her baby boy
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ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื‘ื ื” ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
02:59
and raise him as his son.
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ื•ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ื ื•.
03:01
It was PJ's need for certainty and closure
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ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืคื™-ื’'ื™ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ,
03:05
that brought stability to our lives.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:08
I share these two stories of Mike and PJ
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืขืœ ืžื™ื™ืง ื•ืคื™-ื’'ื™ื™,
03:11
not just because they're personal,
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ืœื ืจืง ื›ื™ ื”ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื,
03:13
but because they illustrate two things that I have found in my own research.
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ืืœื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
03:17
First, that our psychological traits shape how we engage with the world,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:23
and second,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช,
03:24
that both of these approaches make all of our lives possible.
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ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
03:29
Tragically though, political and economic incentives of our media environment
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ืืš ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:35
seek to exploit these differences
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ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
03:37
to get us angry,
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ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื•,
03:39
to get our attention,
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ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:40
to get clicks
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืงืœืงื•ืช,
03:42
and to turn us against one another.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืœื”.
03:45
And it works.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:46
It works in part because these same sets of traits
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
03:50
are related to core political and cultural beliefs.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
03:55
For years, political psychologists have studied
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ืงืจื•
03:57
how our psychological traits shape our political beliefs.
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ืื™ืš ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:01
We've conducted experiments to understand
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:03
how our psychology and our politics shape how we respond to apolitical stimuli.
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ืื™ืš ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:09
And this research has shown
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืจืื”
04:11
that those people who are less concerned with threats,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื,
04:14
who are tolerant of ambiguity,
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:16
these people tend to be more culturally and socially liberal
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
04:20
on matters like immigration or crime or sexuality.
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:23
And because they're tolerant of ambiguity,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:26
they also tend to be OK with nuance
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ื”ื ื’ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช,
04:29
and they enjoy thinking for the sake of thinking,
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ื•ื”ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”,
04:32
which helps explain why it is
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื”
04:34
that there are distinct aesthetic preferences on the left and the right,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
04:39
with liberals more likely than conservatives
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืจื ื™ื,
04:41
to appreciate things like abstract art
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ื™ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช,
04:44
or even stories that lack a clear ending.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
04:47
In my experimental work,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช,
04:49
I've also found that these differences help explain
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ื’ื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
04:52
why ironic, political satire is more likely to be appreciated
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ืœืžื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืกื˜ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืชื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื”
04:56
and understood by liberals than conservatives.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉืžืจื ื™ื.
04:59
On the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
05:01
those people who are monitoring for threats,
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ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื,
05:03
who prefer certainty and closure,
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ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ,
05:05
those tend to be our political, cultural, social conservatives.
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ืืœื” ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
05:11
Because they're on alert,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ,
05:12
they also make decisions quickly and efficiently,
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช,
05:15
guided by intuition and emotion.
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ื•ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืจื’ืฉ.
05:18
And we've found that these traits help explain
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
05:20
why conservatives enjoy political opinion talk programming
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
05:24
that clearly and efficiently identifies threats and enemies.
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ืฉืžื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื.
05:29
What is essential though
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
05:31
is that these propensities are not absolute --
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05:34
they're not fixed.
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ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช.
05:36
There are liberals who are monitoring for threats
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื
05:39
just as there are conservatives who are tolerant of ambiguity.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
05:43
In fact, PJ's political beliefs
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™-ื’'ื™ื™,
05:45
are not that radically different from those that Mike held.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืžื™ื™ืง.
05:49
The link between psychology and politics is contingent on context:
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ:
05:55
who we're with and what's going on around us.
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ืžื™ ื ืžืฆื ืื™ืชื ื• ื•ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
05:57
The problem is that right now,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข,
05:59
our dominant context,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื ื•
06:01
our political and media context,
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ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™,
06:04
actually needs these differences to be absolute,
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื.
06:09
to be reinforced
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ืฉื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ
06:10
and even to be weaponized.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ืฆืœื• ื›ื ืฉืง.
06:13
For reasons related to power and profit,
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื•ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื,
06:17
some in politics and media want us to believe
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ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืืžื™ืŸ,
06:19
that those people who approach the world differently from us --
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ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืืชื ื•,
06:23
the Mikes or the PJs --
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ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื™ืง ื•ืคื™-ื’'ื™ื™,
06:25
themselves are dangerous.
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
06:27
And social media platforms use algorithms and microtargeting
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ื•ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื,
06:31
to deliver divisive messages
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกืจื™ื ืžืคืœื’ื™ื,
06:34
in our preferred messaging aesthetic.
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ื‘ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขืœื™ื ื•.
06:38
Messages that relate to politics, culture and race.
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ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื’ื–ืข.
06:42
And we see the devastating effects of these messages every single day.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืกืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
06:46
Americans who are angry and fearful of the other side.
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ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืขืกื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
06:50
Charges of the other side destroying America.
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ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ืจืก ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
06:54
But stop and think for a moment.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฆืจื• ืœืจื’ืข ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•,
06:57
What would happen if those differences had never been weaponized?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื ืฉืง?
07:02
It is liberal inclinations towards openness and flexibility
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืœืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช
07:06
that allow us to cope with uncertainty
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช
07:09
and that allow us to explore new paths towards innovation, creativity --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
07:14
scientific discovery.
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ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.
07:17
Think of things like space travel or cures for diseases
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ ืื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช,
07:22
or art that imagines and reimagines a better world.
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ืื• ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ืช ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:27
And those conservative inclinations towards vigilance and security
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ื•ืื•ืชืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืจื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
07:33
and tradition.
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ื•ืžืกื•ืจืช.
07:34
These are the things that motivate us
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
07:36
to do what must be done
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ
07:38
for our own protection and stability.
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ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:41
Think of the safety that's offered by our armed forces
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืคืง ืœื ื•,
07:44
or the security of our banking system.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:47
Or think about the stability
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ืื• ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช
07:49
that's offered by such democratic institutions as jury duty,
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ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜,
07:53
or cultural traditions like fireworks on the Fourth of July.
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ืื• ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™.
07:58
What if the real threat posed to society and democracy
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
08:03
is not actually posed by the other side?
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ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™?
08:06
What if the real danger is posed by political and media elites
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
08:11
who try to get us to think
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ืฉืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
08:12
that we'd be better off without the other side
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08:15
and who use these divisions for their own personal,
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ื•ืฉืžื ืฆืœื•ืช ืฉืกืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื?
08:19
financial, political benefit?
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08:23
Mike and PJ engaged with the world very differently,
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ืžื™ื™ืง ื•ืคื™-ื’'ื™ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“,
08:27
but these distinct approaches continue to enrich my life every day.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
08:32
Instead of our political and media context
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘,
08:35
determining that the other side is the enemy
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08:38
and lulling us into believing that that's true,
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ื•ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
08:42
what if we choose to create the context?
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ืžื” ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ?
08:45
Real people connecting with other real people,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:49
appreciating these two approaches for what they are:
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ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ:
08:52
necessary gifts that can help us all survive and thrive together.
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ืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืœืคืจื•ื—, ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
08:59
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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