The psychological traits that shape your political beliefs | Dannagal G. Young

110,182 views

2020-10-08 ・ TED


New videos

The psychological traits that shape your political beliefs | Dannagal G. Young

110,182 views ・ 2020-10-08

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Nina Bassi Recezent: Gordan Prakiš
00:13
I'm a political and social psychologist.
0
13083
2250
Ja sam politička i socijalna psihologinja.
00:16
I study how people understand the world
1
16000
2559
Proučavam način na koji ljudi razumiju svijet
00:18
and what this means for society and for democracy ...
2
18583
3726
i što to znači za društvo i demokraciju.
00:22
which, as it turns out, is quite a lot.
3
22333
2810
Što je, kako ispada, puno.
00:25
Some people see the world as safe and good,
4
25167
2309
Neki ljudi svijet vide kao sigurno i dobro mjesto,
00:27
and this allows them to be OK with uncertainty
5
27500
2976
a to im omogućuje da budu u redu kada je riječ o nesigurnosti
00:30
and to take time to explore and play.
6
30500
3143
i da uzmu vremena za istraživanje i igru.
00:33
Others are acutely aware of threats in their environment,
7
33667
3726
Drugi su pronicljivo svjesni prijetnji u njihovom okolišu,
00:37
so they prioritize order and predictability
8
37417
3017
stoga im je prioritet red i predvidljivost
00:40
over openness and experimentation.
9
40458
2500
umjesto otvorenosti i eksperimentiranja.
00:43
In my academic research,
10
43792
1392
U mom akademskom istraživanju
00:45
I study how these two approaches shape how we think and feel
11
45208
4435
proučavam kako ova dva pristupa oblikuju kako razmišljamo i osjećamo
00:49
about everything from art to politics.
12
49667
2583
o svemu, od umjetnosti do politike.
00:52
I also explore how political elites
13
52958
2185
Također istražujem kako političke elite
00:55
and partisan media use these very differences
14
55167
3226
i pristrani mediji upotrebljavaju upravo ove razlike
00:58
to engender hatred and fear
15
58417
2351
kako bi izazvali mržnju i strah
01:00
and how the economics of our media system exploit these same divides.
16
60792
5125
i kako ekonomija naših medija iskorištava ove iste podjele.
01:06
But after studying this,
17
66792
1267
Ali nakon proučavanja ovoga
01:08
I have come away not with a sense that we are doomed to be divided
18
68083
3851
nisam dobila osjećaj kako smo osuđeni na podjelu,
01:11
but that it's up to us to see both sets of traits
19
71958
4351
nego kako je na nama da prihvatimo oba skupa karakteristika
01:16
as necessary and even valuable.
20
76333
2625
kao nužne, čak i vrijedne.
01:20
Take for example two men who have been so influential in my own life.
21
80167
4791
Uzmimo, na primjer, dva muškarca koja su bila utjecajna u mom životu.
01:25
First, my late husband, Mike.
22
85833
2601
Prvi, moj pokojni muž, Mike.
01:28
He was an artist who saw the world as safe and good.
23
88458
3976
Bio je umjetnik koji je vidio svijet kao sigurno i dobro mjesto.
01:32
He welcomed ambiguity and play in his life.
24
92458
2601
Prihvaćao je dvosmislenost i igru u svom životu.
01:35
In fact, we met through improv comedy
25
95083
1976
U stvari, upoznali smo se kroz
komediju improvizacije, gdje je učio improvizatore kako slušati i biti otvoren
01:37
where he taught improvisers to listen and be open
26
97083
3685
01:40
and to be comfortable not knowing what was going to happen next.
27
100792
3291
te kako se osjećati udobno ne znajući što će se sljedeće dogoditi.
01:45
After we got married and had our baby boy,
28
105250
2893
Nakon što smo se vjenčali i dobili dječaka,
01:48
Mike was diagnosed with a brain tumor.
29
108167
2726
Mikeu je dijagnosticiran tumor na mozgu.
01:50
And through months of hospitalizations and surgeries,
30
110917
4184
I nakon mjeseci provedenih u bolnici i operacija,
01:55
I followed Mike's lead,
31
115125
2101
poslušala sam Mikeov savjet
01:57
trying to practice being open,
32
117250
2768
i nastojala vježbati kako biti otvorenija,
02:00
trying to be OK not knowing what was going to happen next.
33
120042
4017
pokušala sam biti u redu ne znati što će se sljedeće dogoditi.
02:04
It was Mike's tolerance for ambiguity
34
124083
2851
Upravo je Mikeova tolerancija za dvosmislenost
02:06
that allowed me to survive those months of uncertainty,
35
126958
3393
ono što mi je omogućilo da preživim te mjesece neizvjesnosti,
02:10
and that helped me explore new ways to rebuild my life after he died.
36
130375
4792
to mi je pomoglo istražiti nove načine kako izgraditi svoj život nakon njegove smrti.
02:15
About a year and a half after Mike passed away,
37
135917
2934
Oko godinu i pol nakon što je Mike preminuo,
02:18
I met my current husband, PJ.
38
138875
2643
upoznala sam svog sadašnjeg muža, PJ-a.
02:21
PJ is a criminal prosecutor
39
141542
2684
PJ je tužitelj
02:24
who sees the world as potentially good
40
144250
3226
koji svijet vidi kao potencijalno dobar
02:27
provided that threats are properly managed.
41
147500
3226
pod uvjetom da se prijetnje rješavaju adekvatno.
02:30
He also is someone who embraces order and predictability
42
150750
3184
On je također osoba koja prihvaća red i predvidljivost.
02:33
in his daily routine,
43
153958
1768
U svojim dnevnim ritualima,
02:35
in the foods that he eats,
44
155750
1601
u hrani koju jede,
02:37
in his selection of wardrobe.
45
157375
2309
u njegovom izboru odjeće.
02:39
And PJ has a vicious wit,
46
159708
2060
A PJ ima okrutan smisao za humor,
02:41
but he's also morally very serious
47
161792
2017
ali kad je moral u pitanju, veoma je ozbiljan
02:43
with a strong sense of duty and purpose.
48
163833
2976
i ima snažan osjećaj za dužnost i svrhu.
02:46
And he values tradition, loyalty and family,
49
166833
4810
Cijeni tradiciju, odanost i obitelj.
02:51
which is why at the age of 28
50
171667
2476
Što je razlog zašto, u dobi od 28 godina,
02:54
he did not hesitate to marry a widow,
51
174167
3142
nije oklijevao oženiti udovicu,
02:57
adopt her baby boy
52
177333
1768
posvojiti njezinog sina
02:59
and raise him as his son.
53
179125
1625
i odgojiti ga kao vlastitog.
03:01
It was PJ's need for certainty and closure
54
181625
3518
PJ-eva potreba za sigurnošću i završetkom
03:05
that brought stability to our lives.
55
185167
2250
ono je što je donijelo stabilnost u naše živote.
03:08
I share these two stories of Mike and PJ
56
188167
3142
Podijelila sam ove dvije priče, Mikeovu i PJ-evu,
03:11
not just because they're personal,
57
191333
1685
ne samo zato što su osobne,
03:13
but because they illustrate two things that I have found in my own research.
58
193042
4559
nego zato što ilustriraju dvije stvari koje sam pronašla u svojim istraživanjima.
03:17
First, that our psychological traits shape how we engage with the world,
59
197625
5559
Prvo, da naše psihološke karakteristike oblikuju kako se odnosimo prema svijetu,
03:23
and second,
60
203208
1560
a drugo,
03:24
that both of these approaches make all of our lives possible.
61
204792
4559
da oba ova pristupa čine naše živote mogućima.
03:29
Tragically though, political and economic incentives of our media environment
62
209375
5684
Tragično, političke i ekonomske motivacije našeg medijskog okruženja
03:35
seek to exploit these differences
63
215083
2643
nastoje iskoristiti ove razlike
03:37
to get us angry,
64
217750
1476
kako bi nas razljutili,
03:39
to get our attention,
65
219250
1559
kako bi nam privukli pozornost,
03:40
to get clicks
66
220833
1726
kako bi pritisnuli okidače
03:42
and to turn us against one another.
67
222583
1750
i kako bi nas okrenuli jedne protiv drugih.
03:45
And it works.
68
225125
1518
A to funkcionira.
03:46
It works in part because these same sets of traits
69
226667
3934
Ovo funkcionira dijelom zato što je isti ovaj skup karakteristika
03:50
are related to core political and cultural beliefs.
70
230625
3708
povezan s temeljnim političkim i kulturalnim uvjerenjima.
03:55
For years, political psychologists have studied
71
235250
2351
Politički su psiholozi godinama proučavali
03:57
how our psychological traits shape our political beliefs.
72
237625
3768
kako naše psihološke karakteristike oblikuju naša politička uvjerenja.
04:01
We've conducted experiments to understand
73
241417
2017
Proveli smo eksperimente kako bismo razumjeli
04:03
how our psychology and our politics shape how we respond to apolitical stimuli.
74
243458
6393
kako naša psihologija i politika oblikuju kako reagiramo na apolitičke podražaje.
04:09
And this research has shown
75
249875
1351
Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je
04:11
that those people who are less concerned with threats,
76
251250
2934
da oni ljudi koji se manje zabrinjavaju oko prijetnji,
04:14
who are tolerant of ambiguity,
77
254208
2435
koji toleriraju dvosmislenost,
04:16
these people tend to be more culturally and socially liberal
78
256667
3642
ti ljudi kulturalno su i društveno liberalniji
04:20
on matters like immigration or crime or sexuality.
79
260333
3601
oko tema kao što su imigracije, zločini ili seksualnost.
04:23
And because they're tolerant of ambiguity,
80
263958
2393
Zato što toleriraju dvosmislenost,
04:26
they also tend to be OK with nuance
81
266375
2934
također su u redu s neosjetnim razlikama
04:29
and they enjoy thinking for the sake of thinking,
82
269333
3351
i uživaju razmišljati samo zbog razmišljanja,
04:32
which helps explain why it is
83
272708
1851
što pomaže objasniti zašto postoje
04:34
that there are distinct aesthetic preferences on the left and the right,
84
274583
4643
određene estetičke sklonosti lijeve i desne strane,
04:39
with liberals more likely than conservatives
85
279250
2101
gdje će liberali, prije nego konzervativci,
04:41
to appreciate things like abstract art
86
281375
3143
cijeniti stvari kao što je apstraktna umjetnost
04:44
or even stories that lack a clear ending.
87
284542
3351
ili čak priče koje nemaju jasan kraj.
04:47
In my experimental work,
88
287917
1309
U mom eksperimentalnom radu
04:49
I've also found that these differences help explain
89
289250
2809
također sam otkrila kako ove razlike pomažu objasniti
04:52
why ironic, political satire is more likely to be appreciated
90
292083
4018
zašto će ironična, politička satira biti cjenjenija
04:56
and understood by liberals than conservatives.
91
296125
2958
i jasnija liberalima nego konzervativcima.
04:59
On the other hand,
92
299958
1268
S druge strane,
05:01
those people who are monitoring for threats,
93
301250
2309
oni ljudi koji paze na prijetnje,
05:03
who prefer certainty and closure,
94
303583
2143
koji više vole sigurnost i završetke,
05:05
those tend to be our political, cultural, social conservatives.
95
305750
5518
to su naši politički, kulturalni i društveni konzervativci.
05:11
Because they're on alert,
96
311292
1559
Zato što su na oprezu,
05:12
they also make decisions quickly and efficiently,
97
312875
2976
donose odluke brzo i učinkovito,
05:15
guided by intuition and emotion.
98
315875
2643
vodeći se intuicijom i osjećajima.
05:18
And we've found that these traits help explain
99
318542
2226
Otkrili smo da ove karakteristike pomažu objasniti
05:20
why conservatives enjoy political opinion talk programming
100
320792
3767
zašto konzervativci uživaju u emisijama gdje se raspravlja o političkim temama
05:24
that clearly and efficiently identifies threats and enemies.
101
324583
3959
koje jasno i učinkovito određuju prijetnje i neprijatelje.
05:29
What is essential though
102
329792
1892
Ono što je ključno
05:31
is that these propensities are not absolute --
103
331708
3018
je da ove sklonosti nisu apsolutne --
05:34
they're not fixed.
104
334750
1893
one nisu nepromjenjive.
05:36
There are liberals who are monitoring for threats
105
336667
2767
Postoje liberali koji paze na prijetnje,
05:39
just as there are conservatives who are tolerant of ambiguity.
106
339458
3601
kao što postoje i konzervativci koji toleriraju dvosmislenost.
05:43
In fact, PJ's political beliefs
107
343083
2310
U stvari, PJ-eva politička uvjerenja
05:45
are not that radically different from those that Mike held.
108
345417
2875
nisu toliko radikalno drugačija od Mikeovih.
05:49
The link between psychology and politics is contingent on context:
109
349375
5643
Poveznica između psihologije i politike ovisi o konteksu:
05:55
who we're with and what's going on around us.
110
355042
2684
s kime smo i što se događa oko nas.
05:57
The problem is that right now,
111
357750
1851
Problem je što upravo sada
05:59
our dominant context,
112
359625
2226
naš dominantan kontekst,
06:01
our political and media context,
113
361875
2476
politički i medijski kontekst,
06:04
actually needs these differences to be absolute,
114
364375
4601
zahtijeva da ove razlike budu apsolutne,
06:09
to be reinforced
115
369000
1726
da se učvrste,
06:10
and even to be weaponized.
116
370750
1792
čak i da uključe naoružanje.
06:13
For reasons related to power and profit,
117
373667
3434
Iz razloga povezanih s moći i profitom,
06:17
some in politics and media want us to believe
118
377125
2601
određeni ljudi u politici i medijima žele da vjerujemo
06:19
that those people who approach the world differently from us --
119
379750
3684
kako su ljudi koji pristupaju svijetu drugačije od nas --
06:23
the Mikes or the PJs --
120
383458
1976
Mike-ovi i PJ-evi --
06:25
themselves are dangerous.
121
385458
1726
sami po sebi opasni.
06:27
And social media platforms use algorithms and microtargeting
122
387208
4560
A platforme na društvenim mrežama koriste algoritme i mikro-ciljanje
06:31
to deliver divisive messages
123
391792
3101
kako bi širili ove poruke podjele
06:34
in our preferred messaging aesthetic.
124
394917
3059
u estetici koja odgovara našem načinu razmišljanja.
06:38
Messages that relate to politics, culture and race.
125
398000
3542
Poruke koje se odnose na politiku, kulturu i rasu.
06:42
And we see the devastating effects of these messages every single day.
126
402333
4268
A mi vidimo razarajuće posljedice takvih poruka svakog dana.
06:46
Americans who are angry and fearful of the other side.
127
406625
4101
Amerikanci koji su ljuti i koji se boje druge strane.
06:50
Charges of the other side destroying America.
128
410750
3208
Optužbe kako druga strana uništava Ameriku.
06:54
But stop and think for a moment.
129
414958
2185
Ali zaustavite se i razmislite na trenutak.
06:57
What would happen if those differences had never been weaponized?
130
417167
4875
Što bi se dogodilo da ove razlike nikad nisu uključivale naoružanje?
07:02
It is liberal inclinations towards openness and flexibility
131
422833
3393
Liberalne sklonosti prema otvorenosti i fleksibilnosti ono su
07:06
that allow us to cope with uncertainty
132
426250
3226
što nam dopušta da se nosimo s nesigurnošću
07:09
and that allow us to explore new paths towards innovation, creativity --
133
429500
5393
i što nam dopušta da istražimo nove puteve prema inovacijama, kreativnosti --
07:14
scientific discovery.
134
434917
1375
znanstvenim otkrićima.
07:17
Think of things like space travel or cures for diseases
135
437500
4559
Zamislite samo putovanja svemirom ili lijekove za bolesti
07:22
or art that imagines and reimagines a better world.
136
442083
4542
ili umjetnost koja zamišlja i iznova stvara bolji svijet.
07:27
And those conservative inclinations towards vigilance and security
137
447375
5809
A konzervativne sklonosti prema osveti i sigurnosti
07:33
and tradition.
138
453208
1435
i tradiciji --
07:34
These are the things that motivate us
139
454667
2267
to su stvari koje nas motiviraju
07:36
to do what must be done
140
456958
1685
da napravimo ono što se mora napraviti
07:38
for our own protection and stability.
141
458667
2125
za našu zaštitu i stabilnost.
07:41
Think of the safety that's offered by our armed forces
142
461542
3226
Zamislite sigurnost koju nude naše oružane snage
07:44
or the security of our banking system.
143
464792
2809
ili sigurnost bankarskog sustava.
07:47
Or think about the stability
144
467625
1393
Ili zamislite stabilnost
07:49
that's offered by such democratic institutions as jury duty,
145
469042
4309
koju nude demokratske institucije, kao što je sudjelovanje u poroti,
07:53
or cultural traditions like fireworks on the Fourth of July.
146
473375
3667
ili kulturalne tradicije, kao što je vatromet 4. srpnja.
07:58
What if the real threat posed to society and democracy
147
478292
4767
Što ako prave prijetnje društvu i demokraciji
08:03
is not actually posed by the other side?
148
483083
3185
ne predstavlja druga strana?
08:06
What if the real danger is posed by political and media elites
149
486292
4767
Što ako pravu opasnost predstavljaju političke i medijske elite
08:11
who try to get us to think
150
491083
1435
koje nas navode da mislimo
08:12
that we'd be better off without the other side
151
492542
3226
kako bi nam bilo bolje bez druge strane
08:15
and who use these divisions for their own personal,
152
495792
3434
i koji koriste ove podjele za njihov osobni,
08:19
financial, political benefit?
153
499250
2042
financijski, politički profit?
08:23
Mike and PJ engaged with the world very differently,
154
503167
4017
Mike i PJ gledaju na svijet različito,
08:27
but these distinct approaches continue to enrich my life every day.
155
507208
4084
ali ovi različiti pristupi i dalje obogaćuju moj život svaki dan.
08:32
Instead of our political and media context
156
512167
3309
Umjesto našeg političkog i medijskog sadržaja
08:35
determining that the other side is the enemy
157
515500
3434
koji određuje kako je druga strana neprijatelj,
08:38
and lulling us into believing that that's true,
158
518958
3226
i uljuljkava nas da mislimo kako je to istina,
08:42
what if we choose to create the context?
159
522208
3726
što ako izaberemo stvoriti vlastiti kontekst?
08:45
Real people connecting with other real people,
160
525958
3268
Stvarni ljudi koji se povezuju s drugim stvarnim ljudima,
08:49
appreciating these two approaches for what they are:
161
529250
3559
koji cijene ova dva pristupa takve kakvi oni jesu:
08:52
necessary gifts that can help us all survive and thrive together.
162
532833
5500
nužni darovi koji nam mogu pomoći da preživimo i napredujemo zajedno.
08:59
Thank you.
163
539958
1250
Hvala.
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7