The psychological traits that shape your political beliefs | Dannagal G. Young

109,557 views

2020-10-08 ・ TED


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The psychological traits that shape your political beliefs | Dannagal G. Young

109,557 views ・ 2020-10-08

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Nina Bassi Recezent: Gordan Prakiš
00:13
I'm a political and social psychologist.
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Ja sam politička i socijalna psihologinja.
00:16
I study how people understand the world
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Proučavam način na koji ljudi razumiju svijet
00:18
and what this means for society and for democracy ...
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i što to znači za društvo i demokraciju.
00:22
which, as it turns out, is quite a lot.
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Što je, kako ispada, puno.
00:25
Some people see the world as safe and good,
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Neki ljudi svijet vide kao sigurno i dobro mjesto,
00:27
and this allows them to be OK with uncertainty
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a to im omogućuje da budu u redu kada je riječ o nesigurnosti
00:30
and to take time to explore and play.
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i da uzmu vremena za istraživanje i igru.
00:33
Others are acutely aware of threats in their environment,
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Drugi su pronicljivo svjesni prijetnji u njihovom okolišu,
00:37
so they prioritize order and predictability
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stoga im je prioritet red i predvidljivost
00:40
over openness and experimentation.
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umjesto otvorenosti i eksperimentiranja.
00:43
In my academic research,
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U mom akademskom istraživanju
00:45
I study how these two approaches shape how we think and feel
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proučavam kako ova dva pristupa oblikuju kako razmišljamo i osjećamo
00:49
about everything from art to politics.
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o svemu, od umjetnosti do politike.
00:52
I also explore how political elites
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Također istražujem kako političke elite
00:55
and partisan media use these very differences
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i pristrani mediji upotrebljavaju upravo ove razlike
00:58
to engender hatred and fear
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kako bi izazvali mržnju i strah
01:00
and how the economics of our media system exploit these same divides.
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i kako ekonomija naših medija iskorištava ove iste podjele.
01:06
But after studying this,
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Ali nakon proučavanja ovoga
01:08
I have come away not with a sense that we are doomed to be divided
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nisam dobila osjećaj kako smo osuđeni na podjelu,
01:11
but that it's up to us to see both sets of traits
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nego kako je na nama da prihvatimo oba skupa karakteristika
01:16
as necessary and even valuable.
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kao nužne, čak i vrijedne.
01:20
Take for example two men who have been so influential in my own life.
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Uzmimo, na primjer, dva muškarca koja su bila utjecajna u mom životu.
01:25
First, my late husband, Mike.
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Prvi, moj pokojni muž, Mike.
01:28
He was an artist who saw the world as safe and good.
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Bio je umjetnik koji je vidio svijet kao sigurno i dobro mjesto.
01:32
He welcomed ambiguity and play in his life.
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Prihvaćao je dvosmislenost i igru u svom životu.
01:35
In fact, we met through improv comedy
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U stvari, upoznali smo se kroz
komediju improvizacije, gdje je učio improvizatore kako slušati i biti otvoren
01:37
where he taught improvisers to listen and be open
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01:40
and to be comfortable not knowing what was going to happen next.
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te kako se osjećati udobno ne znajući što će se sljedeće dogoditi.
01:45
After we got married and had our baby boy,
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Nakon što smo se vjenčali i dobili dječaka,
01:48
Mike was diagnosed with a brain tumor.
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Mikeu je dijagnosticiran tumor na mozgu.
01:50
And through months of hospitalizations and surgeries,
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I nakon mjeseci provedenih u bolnici i operacija,
01:55
I followed Mike's lead,
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poslušala sam Mikeov savjet
01:57
trying to practice being open,
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i nastojala vježbati kako biti otvorenija,
02:00
trying to be OK not knowing what was going to happen next.
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pokušala sam biti u redu ne znati što će se sljedeće dogoditi.
02:04
It was Mike's tolerance for ambiguity
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Upravo je Mikeova tolerancija za dvosmislenost
02:06
that allowed me to survive those months of uncertainty,
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ono što mi je omogućilo da preživim te mjesece neizvjesnosti,
02:10
and that helped me explore new ways to rebuild my life after he died.
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to mi je pomoglo istražiti nove načine kako izgraditi svoj život nakon njegove smrti.
02:15
About a year and a half after Mike passed away,
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Oko godinu i pol nakon što je Mike preminuo,
02:18
I met my current husband, PJ.
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upoznala sam svog sadašnjeg muža, PJ-a.
02:21
PJ is a criminal prosecutor
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PJ je tužitelj
02:24
who sees the world as potentially good
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koji svijet vidi kao potencijalno dobar
02:27
provided that threats are properly managed.
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pod uvjetom da se prijetnje rješavaju adekvatno.
02:30
He also is someone who embraces order and predictability
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On je također osoba koja prihvaća red i predvidljivost.
02:33
in his daily routine,
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U svojim dnevnim ritualima,
02:35
in the foods that he eats,
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u hrani koju jede,
02:37
in his selection of wardrobe.
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u njegovom izboru odjeće.
02:39
And PJ has a vicious wit,
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A PJ ima okrutan smisao za humor,
02:41
but he's also morally very serious
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ali kad je moral u pitanju, veoma je ozbiljan
02:43
with a strong sense of duty and purpose.
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i ima snažan osjećaj za dužnost i svrhu.
02:46
And he values tradition, loyalty and family,
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Cijeni tradiciju, odanost i obitelj.
02:51
which is why at the age of 28
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Što je razlog zašto, u dobi od 28 godina,
02:54
he did not hesitate to marry a widow,
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nije oklijevao oženiti udovicu,
02:57
adopt her baby boy
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posvojiti njezinog sina
02:59
and raise him as his son.
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i odgojiti ga kao vlastitog.
03:01
It was PJ's need for certainty and closure
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PJ-eva potreba za sigurnošću i završetkom
03:05
that brought stability to our lives.
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ono je što je donijelo stabilnost u naše živote.
03:08
I share these two stories of Mike and PJ
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Podijelila sam ove dvije priče, Mikeovu i PJ-evu,
03:11
not just because they're personal,
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ne samo zato što su osobne,
03:13
but because they illustrate two things that I have found in my own research.
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nego zato što ilustriraju dvije stvari koje sam pronašla u svojim istraživanjima.
03:17
First, that our psychological traits shape how we engage with the world,
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Prvo, da naše psihološke karakteristike oblikuju kako se odnosimo prema svijetu,
03:23
and second,
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a drugo,
03:24
that both of these approaches make all of our lives possible.
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da oba ova pristupa čine naše živote mogućima.
03:29
Tragically though, political and economic incentives of our media environment
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Tragično, političke i ekonomske motivacije našeg medijskog okruženja
03:35
seek to exploit these differences
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nastoje iskoristiti ove razlike
03:37
to get us angry,
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kako bi nas razljutili,
03:39
to get our attention,
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kako bi nam privukli pozornost,
03:40
to get clicks
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kako bi pritisnuli okidače
03:42
and to turn us against one another.
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i kako bi nas okrenuli jedne protiv drugih.
03:45
And it works.
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A to funkcionira.
03:46
It works in part because these same sets of traits
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Ovo funkcionira dijelom zato što je isti ovaj skup karakteristika
03:50
are related to core political and cultural beliefs.
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povezan s temeljnim političkim i kulturalnim uvjerenjima.
03:55
For years, political psychologists have studied
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Politički su psiholozi godinama proučavali
03:57
how our psychological traits shape our political beliefs.
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kako naše psihološke karakteristike oblikuju naša politička uvjerenja.
04:01
We've conducted experiments to understand
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Proveli smo eksperimente kako bismo razumjeli
04:03
how our psychology and our politics shape how we respond to apolitical stimuli.
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kako naša psihologija i politika oblikuju kako reagiramo na apolitičke podražaje.
04:09
And this research has shown
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Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je
04:11
that those people who are less concerned with threats,
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da oni ljudi koji se manje zabrinjavaju oko prijetnji,
04:14
who are tolerant of ambiguity,
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koji toleriraju dvosmislenost,
04:16
these people tend to be more culturally and socially liberal
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ti ljudi kulturalno su i društveno liberalniji
04:20
on matters like immigration or crime or sexuality.
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oko tema kao što su imigracije, zločini ili seksualnost.
04:23
And because they're tolerant of ambiguity,
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Zato što toleriraju dvosmislenost,
04:26
they also tend to be OK with nuance
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također su u redu s neosjetnim razlikama
04:29
and they enjoy thinking for the sake of thinking,
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i uživaju razmišljati samo zbog razmišljanja,
04:32
which helps explain why it is
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što pomaže objasniti zašto postoje
04:34
that there are distinct aesthetic preferences on the left and the right,
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određene estetičke sklonosti lijeve i desne strane,
04:39
with liberals more likely than conservatives
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gdje će liberali, prije nego konzervativci,
04:41
to appreciate things like abstract art
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cijeniti stvari kao što je apstraktna umjetnost
04:44
or even stories that lack a clear ending.
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ili čak priče koje nemaju jasan kraj.
04:47
In my experimental work,
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U mom eksperimentalnom radu
04:49
I've also found that these differences help explain
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također sam otkrila kako ove razlike pomažu objasniti
04:52
why ironic, political satire is more likely to be appreciated
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zašto će ironična, politička satira biti cjenjenija
04:56
and understood by liberals than conservatives.
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i jasnija liberalima nego konzervativcima.
04:59
On the other hand,
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S druge strane,
05:01
those people who are monitoring for threats,
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oni ljudi koji paze na prijetnje,
05:03
who prefer certainty and closure,
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koji više vole sigurnost i završetke,
05:05
those tend to be our political, cultural, social conservatives.
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to su naši politički, kulturalni i društveni konzervativci.
05:11
Because they're on alert,
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Zato što su na oprezu,
05:12
they also make decisions quickly and efficiently,
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donose odluke brzo i učinkovito,
05:15
guided by intuition and emotion.
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vodeći se intuicijom i osjećajima.
05:18
And we've found that these traits help explain
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Otkrili smo da ove karakteristike pomažu objasniti
05:20
why conservatives enjoy political opinion talk programming
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zašto konzervativci uživaju u emisijama gdje se raspravlja o političkim temama
05:24
that clearly and efficiently identifies threats and enemies.
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koje jasno i učinkovito određuju prijetnje i neprijatelje.
05:29
What is essential though
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Ono što je ključno
05:31
is that these propensities are not absolute --
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je da ove sklonosti nisu apsolutne --
05:34
they're not fixed.
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one nisu nepromjenjive.
05:36
There are liberals who are monitoring for threats
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Postoje liberali koji paze na prijetnje,
05:39
just as there are conservatives who are tolerant of ambiguity.
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kao što postoje i konzervativci koji toleriraju dvosmislenost.
05:43
In fact, PJ's political beliefs
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U stvari, PJ-eva politička uvjerenja
05:45
are not that radically different from those that Mike held.
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nisu toliko radikalno drugačija od Mikeovih.
05:49
The link between psychology and politics is contingent on context:
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Poveznica između psihologije i politike ovisi o konteksu:
05:55
who we're with and what's going on around us.
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s kime smo i što se događa oko nas.
05:57
The problem is that right now,
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Problem je što upravo sada
05:59
our dominant context,
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naš dominantan kontekst,
06:01
our political and media context,
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politički i medijski kontekst,
06:04
actually needs these differences to be absolute,
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zahtijeva da ove razlike budu apsolutne,
06:09
to be reinforced
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da se učvrste,
06:10
and even to be weaponized.
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čak i da uključe naoružanje.
06:13
For reasons related to power and profit,
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Iz razloga povezanih s moći i profitom,
06:17
some in politics and media want us to believe
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određeni ljudi u politici i medijima žele da vjerujemo
06:19
that those people who approach the world differently from us --
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kako su ljudi koji pristupaju svijetu drugačije od nas --
06:23
the Mikes or the PJs --
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Mike-ovi i PJ-evi --
06:25
themselves are dangerous.
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sami po sebi opasni.
06:27
And social media platforms use algorithms and microtargeting
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A platforme na društvenim mrežama koriste algoritme i mikro-ciljanje
06:31
to deliver divisive messages
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kako bi širili ove poruke podjele
06:34
in our preferred messaging aesthetic.
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u estetici koja odgovara našem načinu razmišljanja.
06:38
Messages that relate to politics, culture and race.
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Poruke koje se odnose na politiku, kulturu i rasu.
06:42
And we see the devastating effects of these messages every single day.
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A mi vidimo razarajuće posljedice takvih poruka svakog dana.
06:46
Americans who are angry and fearful of the other side.
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Amerikanci koji su ljuti i koji se boje druge strane.
06:50
Charges of the other side destroying America.
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Optužbe kako druga strana uništava Ameriku.
06:54
But stop and think for a moment.
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Ali zaustavite se i razmislite na trenutak.
06:57
What would happen if those differences had never been weaponized?
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Što bi se dogodilo da ove razlike nikad nisu uključivale naoružanje?
07:02
It is liberal inclinations towards openness and flexibility
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Liberalne sklonosti prema otvorenosti i fleksibilnosti ono su
07:06
that allow us to cope with uncertainty
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što nam dopušta da se nosimo s nesigurnošću
07:09
and that allow us to explore new paths towards innovation, creativity --
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i što nam dopušta da istražimo nove puteve prema inovacijama, kreativnosti --
07:14
scientific discovery.
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znanstvenim otkrićima.
07:17
Think of things like space travel or cures for diseases
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Zamislite samo putovanja svemirom ili lijekove za bolesti
07:22
or art that imagines and reimagines a better world.
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ili umjetnost koja zamišlja i iznova stvara bolji svijet.
07:27
And those conservative inclinations towards vigilance and security
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A konzervativne sklonosti prema osveti i sigurnosti
07:33
and tradition.
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i tradiciji --
07:34
These are the things that motivate us
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to su stvari koje nas motiviraju
07:36
to do what must be done
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da napravimo ono što se mora napraviti
07:38
for our own protection and stability.
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za našu zaštitu i stabilnost.
07:41
Think of the safety that's offered by our armed forces
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Zamislite sigurnost koju nude naše oružane snage
07:44
or the security of our banking system.
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ili sigurnost bankarskog sustava.
07:47
Or think about the stability
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Ili zamislite stabilnost
07:49
that's offered by such democratic institutions as jury duty,
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koju nude demokratske institucije, kao što je sudjelovanje u poroti,
07:53
or cultural traditions like fireworks on the Fourth of July.
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ili kulturalne tradicije, kao što je vatromet 4. srpnja.
07:58
What if the real threat posed to society and democracy
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Što ako prave prijetnje društvu i demokraciji
08:03
is not actually posed by the other side?
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ne predstavlja druga strana?
08:06
What if the real danger is posed by political and media elites
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Što ako pravu opasnost predstavljaju političke i medijske elite
08:11
who try to get us to think
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koje nas navode da mislimo
08:12
that we'd be better off without the other side
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kako bi nam bilo bolje bez druge strane
08:15
and who use these divisions for their own personal,
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i koji koriste ove podjele za njihov osobni,
08:19
financial, political benefit?
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financijski, politički profit?
08:23
Mike and PJ engaged with the world very differently,
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Mike i PJ gledaju na svijet različito,
08:27
but these distinct approaches continue to enrich my life every day.
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ali ovi različiti pristupi i dalje obogaćuju moj život svaki dan.
08:32
Instead of our political and media context
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Umjesto našeg političkog i medijskog sadržaja
08:35
determining that the other side is the enemy
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koji određuje kako je druga strana neprijatelj,
08:38
and lulling us into believing that that's true,
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i uljuljkava nas da mislimo kako je to istina,
08:42
what if we choose to create the context?
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što ako izaberemo stvoriti vlastiti kontekst?
08:45
Real people connecting with other real people,
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Stvarni ljudi koji se povezuju s drugim stvarnim ljudima,
08:49
appreciating these two approaches for what they are:
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koji cijene ova dva pristupa takve kakvi oni jesu:
08:52
necessary gifts that can help us all survive and thrive together.
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nužni darovi koji nam mogu pomoći da preživimo i napredujemo zajedno.
08:59
Thank you.
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Hvala.
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