Making sense of string theory | Brian Greene

2,833,030 views ใƒป 2008-04-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Anna N. Erel ืžื‘ืงืจ: Avihu Turzion
00:13
In the year 1919,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1919
00:15
a virtually unknown German mathematician, named Theodor Kaluza
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืงืœื•ืฆื”
00:22
suggested a very bold and, in some ways, a very bizarre idea.
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขื– ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
00:29
He proposed that our universe
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
00:31
might actually have more than the three dimensions
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืช ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
00:34
that we are all aware of.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
00:37
That is in addition to left, right, back, forth and up, down,
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืฉืžืืœ, ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืื—ื•ืจื”, ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”,
00:40
Kaluza proposed that there might be additional dimensions of space
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ืงืœื•ืฆื” ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ
00:45
that for some reason we don't yet see.
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ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
00:48
Now, when someone makes a bold and bizarre idea,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืขืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขื– ื•ืžื•ื–ืจ,
00:52
sometimes that's all it is -- bold and bizarre,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื”- ื ื•ืขื– ื•ืžื•ื–ืจ,
00:54
but it has nothing to do with the world around us.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
00:57
This particular idea, however --
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกึฐืคึผึถืฆึดื™ืคึดื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช-
00:59
although we don't yet know whether it's right or wrong,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ื˜ืขื”,
01:02
and at the end I'll discuss experiments which, in the next few years,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
01:05
may tell us whether it's right or wrong --
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ื˜ืขื”-
01:07
this idea has had a major impact on physics in the last century
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ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
01:11
and continues to inform a lot of cutting-edge research.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
01:14
So, I'd like to tell you something about the story of these extra dimensions.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
01:18
So where do we go?
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ืื– ืœืืŸ ื ืœืš?
01:20
To begin we need a little bit of back story. Go to 1907.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืจืงืข. ื ืœืš ืœ-1907.
01:23
This is a year when Einstein is basking in the glow
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจื™ื
01:27
of having discovered the special theory of relativity
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช
01:30
and decides to take on a new project,
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ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืงื—ืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ-
01:33
to try to understand fully the grand, pervasive force of gravity.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื“ึธื” (ื’ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”).
01:40
And in that moment, there are many people around
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข, ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ึผึดื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘
01:43
who thought that that project had already been resolved.
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืคืชืจ.
01:47
Newton had given the world a theory of gravity in the late 1600s
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื›ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื“ึธื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื”
01:50
that works well, describes the motion of planets,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
01:54
the motion of the moon and so forth,
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ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ื•',
01:56
the motion of apocryphal of apples falling from trees,
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ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืžืคื•ืงืคืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืขืฆื™ื,
01:59
hitting people on the head.
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ื•ื ื•ื—ืชื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
02:01
All of that could be described using Newton's work.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
02:03
But Einstein realized that Newton had left something out of the story,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชืžื•ื ื”,
02:07
because even Newton had written
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘
02:10
that although he understood how to calculate the effect of gravity,
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื“ึธื”,
02:15
he'd been unable to figure out how it really works.
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ืื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
02:18
How is it that the Sun, 93 million miles away,
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 93 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื,
02:21
[that] somehow it affects the motion of the Earth?
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
02:24
How does the Sun reach out across empty inert space and exert influence?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง ื•ืึดื™ื ึถืจึฐื˜ึดื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขื”?
02:28
And that is a task to which Einstein set himself --
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืœืขืฆืžื•-
02:31
to figure out how gravity works.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื›ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื“ึธื”.
02:34
And let me show you what it is that he found.
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ื•ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื.
02:37
So Einstein found
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ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื
02:38
that the medium that transmits gravity is space itself.
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ืฉื”ืืžืฆืขื™ (ื’ื: ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ) ืฉืžืฉื“ืจ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื“ึธื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
02:42
The idea goes like this:
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ื›ื”:
02:44
imagine space is a substrate of all there is.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ื.
02:46
Einstein said space is nice and flat, if there's no matter present.
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืžื“ ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื—, ืื ืœื ื ื•ื›ื— ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ.
02:50
But if there is matter in the environment, such as the Sun,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:54
it causes the fabric of space to warp, to curve.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืืจื™ื’ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชืœ, ืœื”ืชืขืงืœ.
02:58
And that communicates the force of gravity.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
03:00
Even the Earth warps space around it.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืคืชืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
03:03
Now look at the Moon.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.
03:05
The Moon is kept in orbit, according to these ideas,
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ื”ื™ืจื— ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื•, ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:08
because it rolls along a valley in the curved environment
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืฆื“ ืขืžืง ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขื•ืงืœืช
03:11
that the Sun and the Moon and the Earth can all create by virtue of their presence.
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ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื.
03:16
We go to a full-frame view of this.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ื ืžืœื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
03:19
The Earth itself is kept in orbit
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ,
03:21
because it rolls along a valley in the environment that's curved
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืฆื“ ืขืžืง ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืงืœืช
03:25
because of the Sun's presence.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:27
That is this new idea about how gravity actually works.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื›ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื“ึธื”.
03:32
Now, this idea was tested in 1919 through astronomical observations.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ื‘ื“ืง ื‘-1919 ื“ืจืš ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
03:37
It really works. It describes the data.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
03:40
And this gained Einstein prominence around the world.
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ื•ื–ื” ื–ื™ื›ื” ืืช ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:44
And that is what got Kaluza thinking.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืงืœื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
03:48
He, like Einstein, was in search of what we call a unified theory.
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ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช".
03:52
That's one theory
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ื–ื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช
03:54
that might be able to describe all of nature's forces from one set of ideas,
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืช,
03:58
one set of principles, one master equation, if you will.
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ืกื“ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ืื ืื—ืช, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
04:02
So Kaluza said to himself,
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ืื– ืงืœื•ืฆื” ืืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•,
04:04
Einstein has been able to describe gravity
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชืืจ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื“ึธื”
04:07
in terms of warps and curves in space --
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ-
04:09
in fact, space and time, to be more precise.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง.
04:12
Maybe I can play the same game with the other known force,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ,
04:17
which was, at that time, known as the electromagnetic force --
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ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™-
04:20
we know of others today, but at that time
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
04:22
that was the only other one people were thinking about.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื•.
04:24
You know, the force responsible for electricity
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ
04:26
and magnetic attraction and so forth.
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ื•ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
04:28
So Kaluza says, maybe I can play the same game
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ืื– ืงืœื•ืฆื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื—ืง
04:31
and describe electromagnetic force in terms of warps and curves.
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ื•ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื.
04:35
That raised a question: warps and curves in what?
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ื–ื” ื”ืขืœื” ืฉืืœื”: ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”?
04:38
Einstein had already used up space and time,
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื•ื–ืžืŸ,
04:43
warps and curves, to describe gravity.
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ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื›ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื“ึธื”.
04:45
There didn't seem to be anything else to warp or curve.
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ื ื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคืชืœ ืื• ืœืขืงืœ.
04:48
So Kaluza said, well, maybe there are more dimensions of space.
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ืื– ืงืœื•ืฆื” ืืžืจ- ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ.
04:53
He said, if I want to describe one more force,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืืจ ื›ื•ื— ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
04:55
maybe I need one more dimension.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื™ืžื“ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
04:57
So he imagined that the world had four dimensions of space, not three,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ, ืœื ืฉืœื•ืฉื”,
05:01
and imagined that electromagnetism was warps and curves
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื
05:05
in that fourth dimension. Now here's the thing:
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืžื“ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ:
05:07
when he wrote down the equations describing warps and curves
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืžืชืืจื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื
05:10
in a universe with four space dimensions, not three,
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื, ืœื ืฉืœื•ืฉื”,
05:13
he found the old equations that Einstein had already derived in three dimensions --
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืชืจื’ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื-
05:17
those were for gravity --
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”-
05:18
but he found one more equation because of the one more dimension.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ.
05:22
And when he looked at that equation,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื”ื™ื
05:24
it was none other than the equation
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื•, ืœื ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”
05:26
that scientists had long known to describe the electromagnetic force.
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ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœืชืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™.
05:29
Amazing -- it just popped out.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื- ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืคืฅ.
05:31
He was so excited by this realization
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืจื’ืฉ ืžื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
05:34
that he ran around his house screaming, "Victory!" --
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืขืง- "ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ!"-
05:37
that he had found the unified theory.
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช.
05:40
Now clearly, Kaluza was a man who took theory very seriously.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืงืœื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืฉืœืงื— ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
05:47
He, in fact --
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื”-
05:48
there is a story that when he wanted to learn how to swim,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช,
05:51
he read a book, a treatise on swimming --
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืกืคืจ, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื—ื™ื”-
05:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:55
-- then dove into the ocean.
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-ื•ืื– ืฆืœืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
05:57
This is a man who would risk his life on theory.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื“ื ืฉื™ืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื”.
06:00
Now, but for those of us who are a little bit more practically minded,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื™ืช,
06:04
two questions immediately arise from his observation.
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ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœื•.
06:07
Number one: if there are more dimensions in space, where are they?
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ืื ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื?
06:11
We don't seem to see them.
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ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื.
06:13
And number two: does this theory really work in detail,
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื”: ื”ืื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื,
06:17
when you try to apply it to the world around us?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•?
06:20
Now, the first question was answered in 1926
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืขื ืชื” ื‘-1926
06:24
by a fellow named Oskar Klein.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืื•ืกืงืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ.
06:26
He suggested that dimensions might come in two varieties --
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช-
06:30
there might be big, easy-to-see dimensions,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช,
06:33
but there might also be tiny, curled-up dimensions,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืžึฐืœึปืคึผึธืคึดื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื,
06:36
curled up so small, even though they're all around us,
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ืžึฐืœึปืคึผึธืคึดื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
06:39
that we don't see them.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื.
06:41
Let me show you that one visually.
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ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช.
06:43
So, imagine you're looking at something
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ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
06:45
like a cable supporting a traffic light.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ืœ ืฉืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืจืžื–ื•ืจ.
06:47
It's in Manhattan. You're in Central Park -- it's kind of irrelevant --
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ื–ื” ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ. ืืชื ื‘ืกื ื˜ืจืœ ืคืืจืง- ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™-
06:50
but the cable looks one-dimensional from a distant viewpoint,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ื—ื“-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช,
06:54
but you and I all know that it does have some thickness.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
06:57
It's very hard to see it, though, from far away.
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืžืžืจื—ืง.
06:59
But if we zoom in and take the perspective of, say,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื•ึผื ื•ื ืชืงืจื‘, ื•ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ, ื ืืžืจ,
07:01
a little ant walking around --
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ื ืžืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘-
07:03
little ants are so small that they can access all of the dimensions --
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ื ืžืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื-
07:06
the long dimension,
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ื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืืจื•ืš,
07:08
but also this clockwise, counter-clockwise direction.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
07:11
And I hope you appreciate this.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืชื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
07:13
It took so long to get these ants to do this.
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ืœืงื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
07:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:16
But this illustrates the fact that dimensions can be of two sorts:
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื:
07:19
big and small. And the idea that maybe the big dimensions around us
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
07:23
are the ones that we can easily see,
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ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
07:25
but there might be additional dimensions curled up,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืžึฐืœึปืคึผึธืคึดื™ื,
07:28
sort of like the circular part of that cable,
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ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืœ,
07:30
so small that they have so far remained invisible.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืขื“ ื›ึผึนื”.
07:34
Let me show you what that would look like.
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ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืจืื”.
07:36
So, if we take a look, say, at space itself --
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ืื– ืื ื ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜, ื ืืžืจ, ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื•-
07:39
I can only show, of course, two dimensions on a screen.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืš
07:43
Some of you guys will fix that one day,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ื™ืชืงื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
07:45
but anything that's not flat on a screen is a new dimension,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžืกืš ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืžื“ ื—ื“ืฉ,
07:47
goes smaller, smaller, smaller,
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ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืงื˜ืŸ,
07:49
and way down in the microscopic depths of space itself,
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื•-
07:53
this is the idea,
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ:
07:54
you could have additional curled up dimensions --
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžึฐืœึปืคึผึธืคึดื™ื.
07:56
here is a little shape of a circle -- so small that we don't see them.
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ื”ื ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ- ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
07:59
But if you were a little ultra microscopic ant walking around,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืช ื ืžืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืื•ืœื˜ืจื”-ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืžื”ืœื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘,
08:03
you could walk in the big dimensions that we all know about --
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืœืš ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•-
08:05
that's like the grid part --
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžึดืชึฐื•ึถื” (ื’ืจื™ื“)-
08:07
but you could also access the tiny curled-up dimension
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืžึฐืœึปืคึผึธืฃ
08:10
that's so small that we can't see it with the naked eye
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ืŸ, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื ืช
08:12
or even with any of our most refined equipment.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
08:15
But deeply tucked into the fabric of space itself,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ื•ื‘ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ืืจื™ื’ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื•,
08:18
the idea is there could be more dimensions, as we see there.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื, ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
08:22
Now that's an explanation
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื‘ืจ
08:26
about how the universe could have more dimensions than the ones that we see.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืœื™ืงื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
08:30
But what about the second question that I asked:
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืฉืืœืชื™:
08:33
does the theory actually work
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ื”ืื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
08:35
when you try to apply it to the real world?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™?
08:37
Well, it turns out that Einstein and Kaluza and many others
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืงืœื•ืฆื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
08:40
worked on trying to refine this framework
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ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืœื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื–ืืช
08:45
and apply it to the physics of the universe
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
08:48
as was understood at the time, and, in detail, it didn't work.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืขื‘ื“.
08:52
In detail, for instance,
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ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
08:53
they couldn't get the mass of the electron
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ
08:55
to work out correctly in this theory.
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ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
08:57
So many people worked on it, but by the '40s, certainly by the '50s,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื,
09:02
this strange but very compelling idea
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืืš ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื›ื ืข ื”ื–ื”
09:06
of how to unify the laws of physics had gone away.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื ืขืœื ืœื•.
09:09
Until something wonderful happened in our age.
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ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื ืคืœื ืงืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•.
09:13
In our era, a new approach to unify the laws of physics
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”
09:17
is being pursued by physicists such as myself,
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ื ื—ืงืจืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
09:19
many others around the world,
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
09:21
it's called superstring theory, as you were indicating.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขืœ-ืžื™ืชืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉื™ืขืจืชื.
09:24
And the wonderful thing is that superstring theory
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืคืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขืœ-ืžื™ืชืจ
09:28
has nothing to do at first sight with this idea of extra dimensions,
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
09:32
but when we study superstring theory,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขืœ-ืžื™ืชืจ
09:35
we find that it resurrects the idea in a sparkling, new form.
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื ื•ืฆืฅ.
09:38
So, let me just tell you how that goes.
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ืื– ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืจืง ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš.
09:40
Superstring theory -- what is it?
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ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขืœ-ืžื™ืชืจ, ืžื” ื–ื”?
09:42
Well, it's a theory that tries to answer the question:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”:
09:44
what are the basic, fundamental, indivisible, uncuttable constituents
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ืžื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ื’ื–ื™ืจื™ื
09:49
making up everything in the world around us?
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•?
09:53
The idea is like this.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”.
09:55
So, imagine we look at a familiar object, just a candle in a holder,
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ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืจืง ื ืจ ื‘ืคืžื•ื˜,
10:00
and imagine that we want to figure out what it is made of.
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™.
10:03
So we go on a journey deep inside the object and examine the constituents.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืกืข ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืคืฅ, ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื.
10:07
So deep inside -- we all know, you go sufficiently far down, you have atoms.
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ืขืžื•ืง ืคื ื™ืžื”- ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ืชืจื“ ืขืžื•ืง ืคื ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกืคืงืช, ืชืžืฆื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
10:11
We also all know that atoms are not the end of the story.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
10:14
They have little electrons that swarm around a central nucleus
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™
10:18
with neutrons and protons.
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ืขื ื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
10:19
Even the neutrons and protons have smaller particles inside of them known as quarks.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื, ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื.
10:24
That is where conventional ideas stop.
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ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื ื ืขืฆืจื™ื.
10:27
Here is the new idea of string theory.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
10:29
Deep inside any of these particles, there is something else.
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ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื™ืฉื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
10:34
This something else is this dancing filament of energy.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื‘ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืจืงื“ ื”ื–ื”.
10:37
It looks like a vibrating string --
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืชืจ ืจื•ื˜ื˜-
10:39
that's where the idea, string theory comes from.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข.
10:41
And just like the vibrating strings that you just saw in a cello
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืฆ'ืœื•
10:44
can vibrate in different patterns,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
10:46
these can also vibrate in different patterns.
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ื’ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
10:48
They don't produce different musical notes.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
10:50
Rather, they produce the different particles making up the world around us.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
10:54
So if these ideas are correct,
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ืื– ืื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
10:55
this is what the ultra-microscopic landscape of the universe looks like.
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ื›ื›ื” ื ืจืื” ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื”-ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
11:00
It's built up of a huge number
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื
11:02
of these little tiny filaments of vibrating energy,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจื•ื˜ื˜ืช,
11:06
vibrating in different frequencies.
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ืฉืจื•ื˜ื˜ืช ื‘ืชื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
11:08
The different frequencies produce the different particles.
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ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
11:11
The different particles are responsible
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื
11:14
for all the richness in the world around us.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
11:17
And there you see unification,
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ื•ืฉื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ื—ื•ื“,
11:19
because matter particles, electrons and quarks,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื,
11:22
radiation particles, photons, gravitons, are all built up from one entity.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืงืจื™ื ื”, ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืช.
11:28
So matter and the forces of nature all are put together
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ืื– ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
11:32
under the rubric of vibrating strings.
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ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื.
11:34
And that's what we mean by a unified theory.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
11:38
Now here is the catch.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“.
11:40
When you study the mathematics of string theory,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
11:43
you find that it doesn't work
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ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช
11:45
in a universe that just has three dimensions of space.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ.
11:48
It doesn't work in a universe with four dimensions of space, nor five, nor six.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื—ืœืœ, ื•ื’ื ืœื ื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืฉืฉ.
11:52
Finally, you can study the equations, and show that it works
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช, ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
11:56
only in a universe that has 10 dimensions of space
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ืจืง ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ
12:00
and one dimension of time.
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ื•ืžื™ืžื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ.
12:02
It leads us right back to this idea of Kaluza and Klein --
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืฆื” ื•ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ-
12:07
that our world, when appropriately described,
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ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื”ืœื›ื”,
12:10
has more dimensions than the ones that we see.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
12:13
Now you might think about that and say, well,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, ื˜ื•ื‘,
12:16
OK, you know, if you have extra dimensions, and they're really tightly curled up,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
12:19
yeah, perhaps we won't see them, if they're small enough.
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ืื ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
12:23
But if there's a little tiny civilization of green people walking around down there,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžืชื”ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉื,
12:26
and you make them small enough, and we won't see them either. That is true.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ืื•ืชื, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
12:31
One of the other predictions of string theory --
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ืื—ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื-
12:34
no, that's not one of the other predictions of string theory.
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ืœื, ื–ื• ืœื ืื—ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
12:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:38
But it raises the question:
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”:
12:40
are we just trying to hide away these extra dimensions,
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
12:42
or do they tell us something about the world?
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
12:45
In the remaining time, I'd like to tell you two features of them.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
12:49
First is, many of us believe that these extra dimensions
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”
12:53
hold the answer to what perhaps is the deepest question
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:57
in theoretical physics, theoretical science.
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ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ืžื“ืข ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™.
13:00
And that question is this: when we look around the world,
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื–ืืช: ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:04
as scientists have done for the last hundred years,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
13:06
there appear to be about 20 numbers that really describe our universe.
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ื ื“ืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›-20 ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:10
These are numbers like the mass of the particles,
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืกืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
13:13
like electrons and quarks, the strength of gravity,
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ื›ืžื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื, ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
13:15
the strength of the electromagnetic force --
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ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™-
13:17
a list of about 20 numbers
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ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›-20 ืžืกืคืจื™ื
13:19
that have been measured with incredible precision,
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ืฉื ืžื“ื“ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื™ืจื‘ื™,
13:22
but nobody has an explanation
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ
13:24
for why the numbers have the particular values that they do.
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ืœืžื” ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื.
13:28
Now, does string theory offer an answer?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”?
13:31
Not yet.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื.
13:32
But we believe the answer for why those numbers have the values they do
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืœืžื” ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื
13:36
may rely on the form of the extra dimensions.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
13:39
And the wonderful thing is, if those numbers
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
13:41
had any other values than the known ones,
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ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืืœื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื ื•,
13:44
the universe, as we know it, wouldn't exist.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื.
13:47
This is a deep question.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืขืžื•ืงื”.
13:48
Why are those numbers so finely tuned
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื–ื”
13:50
to allow stars to shine and planets to form,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ื— ื•ืœืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ,
13:52
when we recognize that if you fiddle with those numbers --
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•-
13:55
if I had 20 dials up here
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ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ 20 ื—ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
13:57
and I let you come up and fiddle with those numbers,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
13:59
almost any fiddling makes the universe disappear.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ืงื•ื ืœื”ืขืœื.
14:03
So can we explain those 20 numbers?
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ืื– ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื 20 ืžืกืคืจื™ื?
14:06
And string theory suggests that those 20 numbers
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ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืื•ืชื 20 ืžืกืคืจื™ื
14:08
have to do with the extra dimensions.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
14:10
Let me show you how.
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ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš.
14:12
So when we talk about the extra dimensions in string theory,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
14:16
it's not one extra dimension,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžื™ืžื“ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
14:18
as in the older ideas of Kaluza and Klein.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืฆื” ื•ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ.
14:22
This is what string theory says about the extra dimensions.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
14:25
They have a very rich, intertwined geometry.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช
14:28
This is an example of something known as a Calabi-Yau shape --
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ืงืœืื‘ื™-ื™ืื•--
14:32
name isn't all that important.
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ื”ืฉื ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉื ื”.
14:34
But, as you can see,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
14:36
the extra dimensions fold in on themselves
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ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื•ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื
14:39
and intertwine in a very interesting shape, interesting structure.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:43
And the idea is that if this is what the extra dimensions look like,
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื›ื›ื” ื ืจืื™ื ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
14:48
then the microscopic landscape of our universe all around us
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ืื– ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
14:52
would look like this on the tiniest of scales.
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ื™ืจืื” ื›ื›ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:54
When you swing your hand,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœืš,
14:55
you'd be moving around these extra dimensions over and over again,
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ื–ื– ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
14:58
but they're so small that we wouldn't know it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
15:00
So what is the physical implication, though, relevant to those 20 numbers?
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ืื– ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœ-20 ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•?
15:03
Consider this. If you look at the instrument, a French horn,
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”. ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”, ืงืจืŸ-ื™ืขืจ,
15:06
notice that the vibrations of the airstreams
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
15:09
are affected by the shape of the instrument.
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ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื™.
15:11
Now in string theory,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
15:13
all the numbers are reflections of the way strings can vibrate.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜.
15:16
So just as those airstreams
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ืื– ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืœื•
15:18
are affected by the twists and turns in the instrument,
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ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœื™,
15:21
strings themselves will be affected
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ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื
15:23
by the vibrational patterns in the geometry within which they are moving.
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ืžื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื ื ืขื™ื.
15:27
So let me bring some strings into the story.
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ืื– ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
15:29
And if you watch these little fellows vibrating around --
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื-
15:32
they'll be there in a second -- right there,
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ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข- ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื,
15:34
notice that they way they vibrate is affected
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช
15:36
by the geometry of the extra dimensions.
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ืžื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
15:38
So, if we knew exactly what the extra dimensions look like --
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืจืื™ื-
15:41
we don't yet, but if we did --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื-
15:43
we should be able to calculate the allowed notes,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
15:46
the allowed vibrational patterns.
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ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
15:48
And if we could calculate the allowed vibrational patterns,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
15:51
we should be able to calculate those 20 numbers.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืื•ืชื 20 ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
15:54
And if the answer that we get from our calculations
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ื•ืื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
15:58
agrees with the values of those numbers
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ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•
16:00
that have been determined
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ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื•
16:02
through detailed and precise experimentation,
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ื“ืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
16:05
this in many ways would be the first fundamental explanation
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ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
16:10
for why the structure of the universe is the way it is.
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ืœืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื.
16:15
Now, the second issue that I want to finish up with is:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ื”ื•ื:
16:18
how might we test for these extra dimensions more directly?
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ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ?
16:23
Is this just an interesting mathematical structure
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
16:26
that might be able to explain
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
16:28
some previously unexplained features of the world,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
16:33
or can we actually test for these extra dimensions?
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื?
16:36
And we think -- and this is, I think, very exciting --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื- ื•ื–ื”, ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ-
16:38
that in the next five years or so we may be able to test
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ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
16:42
for the existence of these extra dimensions.
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ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
16:45
Here's how it goes. In CERN, Geneva, Switzerland,
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš. ื‘ืกืจืŸ (CERN), ื’'ื ื‘ื”, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ,
16:49
a machine is being built called the Large Hadron Collider.
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ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืžืื™ืฅ LHC.
16:53
It's a machine that will send particles around a tunnel,
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ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืชืฉืœื— ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืขืœื”
16:56
opposite directions, near the speed of light.
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
16:58
Every so often those particles will be aimed at each other,
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ืื—ืช ืœื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื”ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
17:02
so there's a head-on collision.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช.
17:04
The hope is that if the collision has enough energy,
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ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
17:08
it may eject some of the debris from the collision
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช
17:11
from our dimensions, forcing it to enter into the other dimensions.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
17:16
How would we know it?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื“ืข ืืช ื–ื”?
17:18
Well, we'll measure the amount of energy after the collision,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช,
17:21
compare it to the amount of energy before,
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ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™,
17:23
and if there's less energy after the collision than before,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™,
17:27
this will be evidence that the energy has drifted away.
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ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœืคื” ื”ืœืื”.
17:29
And if it drifts away in the right pattern that we can calculate,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืœืื” ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘,
17:32
this will be evidence that the extra dimensions are there.
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ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืฉื.
17:35
Let me show you that idea visually.
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ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช.
17:37
So, imagine we have a certain kind of particle called a graviton --
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ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ-
17:40
that's the kind of debris we expect to be ejected out,
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื™ืคืœื˜ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
17:44
if the extra dimensions are real.
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ืื ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
17:46
But here's how the experiment will go.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืœืš.
17:47
You take these particles. You slam them together.
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ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื•. ืืชื” ืžื˜ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™.
17:50
You slam them together, and if we are right,
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ืืชื” ืžื˜ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™, ื•ืื ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง,
17:52
some of the energy of that collision
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช
17:54
will go into debris that flies off into these extra dimensions.
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ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืคื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
17:58
So this is the kind of experiment
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™
18:00
that we'll be looking at in the next five, seven to 10 years or so.
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ืฉื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื—ืžืฉ, ืฉื‘ืข ืขื“ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:04
And if this experiment bears fruit,
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ื•ืื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ืคืจื™,
18:07
if we see that kind of particle ejected
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ืื ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉื›ื–ื” ื ืคืœื˜
18:10
by noticing that there's less energy in our dimensions
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
18:13
than when we began,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื•,
18:15
this will show that the extra dimensions are real.
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ื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
18:18
And to me this is a really remarkable story,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ,
18:21
and a remarkable opportunity. Going back to Newton with absolute space --
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ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื ื—ืœืœ ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™-
18:25
didn't provide anything but an arena, a stage
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ืฉืœื ืกื™ืคืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืžื”
18:27
in which the events of the universe take place.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืœืง.
18:29
Einstein comes along and says,
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
18:31
well, space and time can warp and curve -- that's what gravity is.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ืœืœ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืงืœ, ื–ื• ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
18:34
And now string theory comes along and says,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ื•ืื•ืžืจืช,
18:38
yes, gravity, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism,
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ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช, ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช-
18:41
all together in one package,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื” ืื—ืช,
18:43
but only if the universe has more dimensions than the ones that we see.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืื ืœื™ืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืžืืœื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
18:47
And this is an experiment that may test for them in our lifetime.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
18:52
Amazing possibility.
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
18:54
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:56
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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