Making sense of string theory | Brian Greene

2,827,820 views ・ 2008-04-23

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hyun Choi κ²€ν† : Park Young-Gyu
00:13
In the year 1919,
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λ•ŒλŠ” 1919λ…„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
a virtually unknown German mathematician, named Theodor Kaluza
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λ‹Ήμ‹œλ‘œμ„  거의 μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ 독일 μˆ˜ν•™μž ν…Œμ˜€λ„λ₯΄ 칼루자(Theodor Kaluza)κ°€
00:22
suggested a very bold and, in some ways, a very bizarre idea.
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λŒ€λ‹΄ν•˜κ³ λ„ κΈ°κ΄΄ν•œ 아이디어 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ‚΄μ–΄ λ†“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
He proposed that our universe
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κ·ΈλŠ” 우리의 μš°μ£Όκ°€
00:31
might actually have more than the three dimensions
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μΈμ§€ν•˜λŠ” 3차원 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:34
that we are all aware of.
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더 λ§Žμ€ μ°¨μ›μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
That is in addition to left, right, back, forth and up, down,
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μ™Όμͺ½, 였λ₯Έμͺ½, μ•ž, λ’€ 그리고 μœ„, μ•„λž˜ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:40
Kaluza proposed that there might be additional dimensions of space
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μ–΄λ–€ μ΄μœ λ‘œλ“  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ
00:45
that for some reason we don't yet see.
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차원듀이 또 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
00:48
Now, when someone makes a bold and bizarre idea,
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보톡 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λŒ€λ‹΄ν•˜κ³ λ„ κΈ°κ΄΄ν•œ 아이디어듀은
00:52
sometimes that's all it is -- bold and bizarre,
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우리 μ£Όμœ„μ˜ 세상과 직접 κ΄€λ ¨μ—†λŠ”
00:54
but it has nothing to do with the world around us.
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κ·Έμ € 아이디어 κ·Έ μžμ²΄λ‘œμ„œ λ¨Έλ¬΄λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
This particular idea, however --
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 칼루자의 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” λ‹¬λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
although we don't yet know whether it's right or wrong,
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λ¬Όλ‘  그의 아이디어가 λ§žλŠ”μ§€ ν‹€λ¦°μ§€λŠ” 아직 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
and at the end I'll discuss experiments which, in the next few years,
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ν›„λ°˜λΆ€μ— μ„€λͺ…ν• ν…Œμ§€λ§Œ, 그의 아이디어가 μ°Έμž„μ„ 보이렀면
01:05
may tell us whether it's right or wrong --
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ν–₯ν›„ μˆ˜λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ κ΄€λ ¨ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
this idea has had a major impact on physics in the last century
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , 이 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” μ§€λ‚œ μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ 물리학에 μ§€λŒ€ν•œ 영ν–₯을 λ―Έμ³€κ³ 
01:11
and continues to inform a lot of cutting-edge research.
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ν˜„λŒ€ 첨단 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 바탕이 되고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
So, I'd like to tell you something about the story of these extra dimensions.
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 이 아이디어 속에 λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” μΆ”κ°€ μ°¨μ›μ΄λž€ κ³Όμ—° λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
01:18
So where do we go?
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이제 μ‹œκ°„ 여행을 ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
01:20
To begin we need a little bit of back story. Go to 1907.
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1907λ…„μœΌλ‘œ μ’€ 더 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°€λ©΄
01:23
This is a year when Einstein is basking in the glow
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μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ΄ κ·Έ 유λͺ…ν•œ 특수 μƒλŒ€μ„± 이둠을
01:27
of having discovered the special theory of relativity
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λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 기쁨을 λ§Œλ½ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ λ•Œ,
01:30
and decides to take on a new project,
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λ˜ν•œ 포괄적인 νž˜μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 쀑λ ₯을 μ˜¨μ „νžˆ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³ μž
01:33
to try to understand fully the grand, pervasive force of gravity.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
And in that moment, there are many people around
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
01:43
who thought that that project had already been resolved.
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이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈκ°€ μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 마무리 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
01:47
Newton had given the world a theory of gravity in the late 1600s
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1600λ…„λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜μ— λ‰΄νŠΌ(Newton)이 만유인λ ₯의 법칙을 λ°œν‘œν–ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
01:50
that works well, describes the motion of planets,
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ν–‰μ„±μ˜ μ›€μ§μž„,
01:54
the motion of the moon and so forth,
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λ‹¬μ˜ μ›€μ§μž„,
01:56
the motion of apocryphal of apples falling from trees,
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사과가 λ‚˜λ¬΄μ—μ„œ
01:59
hitting people on the head.
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머리 μœ„λ‘œ λ–¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 것 λ“±
02:01
All of that could be described using Newton's work.
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λ‰΄νŠΌμ˜ 이둠으둜 이 λͺ¨λ“  ν˜„μƒμ„ 잘 μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
But Einstein realized that Newton had left something out of the story,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ€ λ‰΄νŠΌμ΄ κ°„κ³Όν•œ 뢀뢄을 μ•Œμ•„μ°¨λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
because even Newton had written
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λ‰΄νŠΌ μžμ‹ λ„ μ§€μ ν•œ 바와 같이
02:10
that although he understood how to calculate the effect of gravity,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 쀑λ ₯의 영ν–₯λ ₯을 κ³„μ‚°ν•΄λ‚΄κΈ°λŠ” ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:15
he'd been unable to figure out how it really works.
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κ·Έ λ™μž‘ 원리λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜μ§€λŠ” λͺ» ν–ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:18
How is it that the Sun, 93 million miles away,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 9천3백만 λ§ˆμΌμ΄λ‚˜ λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ μžˆλŠ” νƒœμ–‘μ΄
02:21
[that] somehow it affects the motion of the Earth?
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ μ›€μ§μž„μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€,
02:24
How does the Sun reach out across empty inert space and exert influence?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ νƒœμ–‘μ˜ 영ν–₯λ ₯이 μ € μ λ§‰ν•œ 우주 곡간을 μ§€λ‚˜ 이 곳에 닿을 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€,
02:28
And that is a task to which Einstein set himself --
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μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ€ 그것을 μ•Œκ³ μž ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
to figure out how gravity works.
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즉, 쀑λ ₯의 λ™μž‘ 원리 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
And let me show you what it is that he found.
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그럼 κ·Έκ°€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έ 것은 λ¬΄μ—‡μ΄μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:37
So Einstein found
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μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ΄ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 것은
02:38
that the medium that transmits gravity is space itself.
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쀑λ ₯을 μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” λ§€κ°œμ²΄λŠ” 곡간 κ·Έ μžμ²΄λΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
The idea goes like this:
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μžμ„Ένžˆ μ„€λͺ…해보죠.
02:44
imagine space is a substrate of all there is.
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곡간을 만물이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 기반이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
02:46
Einstein said space is nice and flat, if there's no matter present.
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ 사물도 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μš°μ£ΌλŠ” κ³ μš”ν•˜κ³  ν‰νƒ„ν•˜μ£ .
02:50
But if there is matter in the environment, such as the Sun,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νƒœμ–‘κ³Ό 같은 사물이 κ·Έ μœ„μ— 놓여지면
02:54
it causes the fabric of space to warp, to curve.
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κ·Έ 곡간은 뒀틀리고 νœ˜μ–΄μ Έ λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
And that communicates the force of gravity.
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이 λ’€ν‹€λ¦Ό ν˜„μƒμ΄ λ°”λ‘œ 쀑λ ₯을 μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” λ§€κ°œμ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
Even the Earth warps space around it.
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ 지ꡬ도 κ·Έ μ£Όμœ„μ˜ 곡간λ₯Ό λ’€ν‹€μ–΄ λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
Now look at the Moon.
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λ‹¬μ˜ μ›€μ§μž„μ„ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
03:05
The Moon is kept in orbit, according to these ideas,
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λ‹¬μ˜ 곡전은 지ꡬ가 μ£Όμœ„ 곡간을 λ’€ν‹€μ–΄μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ
03:08
because it rolls along a valley in the curved environment
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λ‘₯그런 골짜기 ꢀ적을 λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
that the Sun and the Moon and the Earth can all create by virtue of their presence.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ³¨μ§œκΈ°λŠ” νƒœμ–‘, 달, 지ꡬ 등이 곡간에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 것이죠.
03:16
We go to a full-frame view of this.
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더 큰 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 보면
03:19
The Earth itself is kept in orbit
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지ꡬ λ˜ν•œ ꢀ도λ₯Ό 따라 νƒœμ–‘μ„ κ³΅μ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
because it rolls along a valley in the environment that's curved
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λ°”λ‘œ νƒœμ–‘μ΄ κ·Έ 곳에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ
03:25
because of the Sun's presence.
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λ‘₯그런 골짜기λ₯Ό λ”°λΌμ„œ λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
03:27
That is this new idea about how gravity actually works.
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이것이 쀑λ ₯의 λ™μž‘μ›λ¦¬λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
Now, this idea was tested in 1919 through astronomical observations.
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이 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” 1919λ…„μ˜ μš°μ£Όκ΄€μΈ‘ 자료λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ
03:37
It really works. It describes the data.
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μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ κ²€μ¦λ˜κ³ 
03:40
And this gained Einstein prominence around the world.
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μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ€ 그에 λ”°λ₯Έ λͺ…성을 μ–»κ²Œ 되죠.
03:44
And that is what got Kaluza thinking.
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λ‹€μŒμ— μΉΌλ£¨μžκ°€ κ·Έ λ’€λ₯Ό μž‡κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
He, like Einstein, was in search of what we call a unified theory.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ΄ κ·Έλž¬λ“― ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ "톡합이둠"을 찾고자 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
That's one theory
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일련의 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λ‚˜ 원리 λ˜λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λŒ€ν‘œ 방정식을 톡해
03:54
that might be able to describe all of nature's forces from one set of ideas,
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λͺ¨λ“  μžμ—°μ˜ νž˜μ„ κΈ°μˆ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
03:58
one set of principles, one master equation, if you will.
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λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 이둠을 말이죠.Β₯
04:02
So Kaluza said to himself,
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μΉΌλ£¨μžλŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
Einstein has been able to describe gravity
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곡간이 뒀틀리고 νœ˜μ–΄μ§„λ‹€λŠ” κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ
04:07
in terms of warps and curves in space --
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μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ΄ 쀑λ ₯을 μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄
04:09
in fact, space and time, to be more precise.
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싀은 쒀더 μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λ©΄, μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄,
04:12
Maybe I can play the same game with the other known force,
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λ‚˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μžμ—°μ˜ νž˜μ„ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€κ³ .
04:17
which was, at that time, known as the electromagnetic force --
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λ°”λ‘œ μ „μžκΈ°λ ₯을 λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
04:20
we know of others today, but at that time
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λ¬Όλ‘  ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μžμ—°μ˜ νž˜λ“€μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:22
that was the only other one people were thinking about.
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κ·Έ μ‹œμ ˆμ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ „μžκΈ°λ ₯이 μœ μΌν•˜κ²Œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ λ‹€λ₯Έ νž˜μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
04:24
You know, the force responsible for electricity
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, μ „μžκΈ°λ ₯μ΄λž€
04:26
and magnetic attraction and so forth.
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전기와 자기적 인λ ₯κ³Ό μ²™λ ₯ 등을 ν¬κ΄„ν•˜λŠ” νž˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
So Kaluza says, maybe I can play the same game
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μΉΌλ£¨μžλŠ” λ’€ν‹€λ¦Όκ³Ό 휨 ν˜„μƒμ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
04:31
and describe electromagnetic force in terms of warps and curves.
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μ „μžκΈ°λ ₯을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
That raised a question: warps and curves in what?
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ 무엇이 뒀틀리고 νœ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΈμ§€μΈλ°μš”.
04:38
Einstein had already used up space and time,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ΄ 쀑λ ₯을 μ„€λͺ…ν•  λ•Œ
04:43
warps and curves, to describe gravity.
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μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ˜ 뒀틀림을 κ±°λ‘ ν–ˆκ³ 
04:45
There didn't seem to be anything else to warp or curve.
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κ·Έ 밖에 λ‹€λ₯Έ 뒀틀릴 λ§€κ°œμ²΄κ°€ μ—†μ–΄ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
So Kaluza said, well, maybe there are more dimensions of space.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μΉΌλ£¨μžλŠ” 곡간에 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 차원이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•  κ°€λŠ₯성을 μƒκ°ν•΄λƒˆμ£ .
04:53
He said, if I want to describe one more force,
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μ–΄λ–€ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ νž˜μ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λ €λ©΄
04:55
maybe I need one more dimension.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 차원을 ν•˜λ‚˜ 더 μΆ”κ°€ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  κ²ƒμ΄λΌλ©΄μ„œμš”.
04:57
So he imagined that the world had four dimensions of space, not three,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” 3차원이 μ•„λ‹Œ 4차원 곡간을 μƒμƒν•΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
and imagined that electromagnetism was warps and curves
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λ°”λ‘œ 이 4번째 μ°¨μ›μ˜ 뒀틀리고 νœ˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
05:05
in that fourth dimension. Now here's the thing:
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μ „μžκΈ°λ ₯을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œ 것이죠.
05:07
when he wrote down the equations describing warps and curves
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4차원 κ³΅κ°„μ—μ„œμ˜ 뒀틀리고 νœ˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμ„
05:10
in a universe with four space dimensions, not three,
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μˆ˜ν•™κ³΅μ‹μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ
05:13
he found the old equations that Einstein had already derived in three dimensions --
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ΄ 쀑λ ₯을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 이미 κΈ°μˆ ν–ˆλ˜
05:17
those were for gravity --
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였래된 곡식듀을 μž¬λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³ 
05:18
but he found one more equation because of the one more dimension.
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4번째 μΆ”κ°€ μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 곡식 λ˜ν•œ μœ λ„ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
And when he looked at that equation,
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그런데 μžμ„Ένžˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ‹ˆ
05:24
it was none other than the equation
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이 μΆ”κ°€ 곡식은 λ‹€λ¦„μ•„λ‹Œ
05:26
that scientists had long known to describe the electromagnetic force.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ˜€λžœλ™μ•ˆ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ 온 μ „μžκΈ°λ ₯ 곡식과 같은 λ‚΄μš©μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
Amazing -- it just popped out.
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μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ λ†€λΌμš΄ κ²°κ³Όμ˜€μ£ .
05:31
He was so excited by this realization
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κ·Έμ—κ²Œ 맀우 ν₯λΆ„λ˜λŠ” μˆœκ°„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
that he ran around his house screaming, "Victory!" --
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온 μ§‘μ•ˆμ„ λ›°μ–΄ λ‹€λ‹ˆλ©΄μ„œ "ν•΄λƒˆλ‹€!"κ³  μ™Έμ³€μ£ .
05:37
that he had found the unified theory.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•΄μ„œ μΉΌλ£¨μžλŠ” 톡합이둠을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
Now clearly, Kaluza was a man who took theory very seriously.
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μΉΌλ£¨μžλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μ² μ €ν•œ μ΄λ‘ κ°€μ˜€μ£ .
05:47
He, in fact --
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일화가 ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆλŠ”λ°
05:48
there is a story that when he wanted to learn how to swim,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μˆ˜μ˜μ„ 배울 λ•Œμ—
05:51
he read a book, a treatise on swimming --
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μˆ˜μ˜μ— κ΄€ν•œ λ…Όλ¬Έλ§Œμ„ 읽고 λ‚œ ν›„
05:54
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:55
-- then dove into the ocean.
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λ°”λ‘œ 바닀에 λ›°μ–΄ λ“€μ—ˆλ‹€λ”κ΅°μš”.
05:57
This is a man who would risk his life on theory.
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이둠에 λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ 맑긴 μ…ˆμ΄μ£ .
06:00
Now, but for those of us who are a little bit more practically minded,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리 같은 μ’€ 더 μ‹€μš©μ μΈ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
06:04
two questions immediately arise from his observation.
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κ·Έκ°€ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 사싀에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 두 가지 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ§€μš”.
06:07
Number one: if there are more dimensions in space, where are they?
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첫째, 곡간에 μΆ”κ°€ 차원이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 어디에 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒ?
06:11
We don't seem to see them.
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ν•œ λ²ˆλ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•œ 적이 μ—†λŠ” 것 같은데 λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
06:13
And number two: does this theory really work in detail,
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λ‘˜μ§Έ, 이 이둠을 우리 μ£Όμœ„μ˜ 세상에 μ μš©ν•˜λ € ν• λ•Œ
06:17
when you try to apply it to the world around us?
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이 이둠이 정말 μ•„μ£Ό μ„Έλ°€ν•˜κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•  것인가?
06:20
Now, the first question was answered in 1926
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1926λ…„ 였슀카 클레인(Oskar Klein)이
06:24
by a fellow named Oskar Klein.
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첫번째 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡을 μ œμ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:26
He suggested that dimensions might come in two varieties --
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κ·ΈλŠ” 차원을 두 가지 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ•λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
there might be big, easy-to-see dimensions,
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크고 잘 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 차원이 μžˆλŠ”κ°€ ν•˜λ©΄,
06:33
but there might also be tiny, curled-up dimensions,
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μ•„μ£Ό μž‘κ²Œ λ§λ €μžˆλŠ” 차원이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
06:36
curled up so small, even though they're all around us,
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μ•„μ£Ό μž‘κ²Œ λ§λ €μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 우리 μ£Όμœ„μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•¨μ—λ„
06:39
that we don't see them.
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잘 보이질 μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
Let me show you that one visually.
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μ•žμ˜ 화면을 λ΄μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
06:43
So, imagine you're looking at something
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λ§¨ν•˜νƒ„μ˜ ꡐ톡 μ‹ ν˜Έλ“±μ„ μ§€νƒ±ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
06:45
like a cable supporting a traffic light.
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쀄이 λ³΄μ΄μ§€μš”?
06:47
It's in Manhattan. You're in Central Park -- it's kind of irrelevant --
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뜬금 μ—†κΈ΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ„ΌνŠΈλŸ΄ 파크(λ―Έκ΅­ New York μ‹œμ— μžˆλŠ” λŒ€κ³΅μ›)μ—μ„œ κ·Έκ±Έ κ±΄λ„ˆλ‹€ 보고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
06:50
but the cable looks one-dimensional from a distant viewpoint,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ©€λ¦¬μ„œ 보면 κ·Έ 쀄은 1μ°¨μ›μ μœΌλ‘œ 보이겠죠.
06:54
but you and I all know that it does have some thickness.
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” λ‘κ»˜κ°€ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λ¬Όμ΄μ§€λ§Œμš”.
06:57
It's very hard to see it, though, from far away.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ 정도 거리에선 κ·Έ λ‘κ»˜κ°€ 거의 보이지 μ•Šκ² μ£ .
06:59
But if we zoom in and take the perspective of, say,
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자, 그럼 ν•œ 번 κ°€κΉŒμ΄ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
07:01
a little ant walking around --
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κ·Έ 쀄 μœ„λ₯Ό κ±Έμ–΄λ‹€λŠ” 개미 ν•œ 마리의 μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ.
07:03
little ants are so small that they can access all of the dimensions --
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이 κ°œλ―ΈλŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ μž‘μ•„μ„œ λͺ¨λ“  차원에 μ ‘κ·Όν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:06
the long dimension,
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쀄을 따라선 κΈ΄ λ°©ν–₯,
07:08
but also this clockwise, counter-clockwise direction.
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그리고 μ‹œκ³„ λ°©ν–₯, λ°˜μ‹œκ³„ λ°©ν–₯으둜 걷기도 ν•˜κ² μ£ .
07:11
And I hope you appreciate this.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 이 μž₯면에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ κ³ λ§ˆμ›Œ ν•΄μ£Όμ…¨μœΌλ©΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:13
It took so long to get these ants to do this.
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κ°œλ―Έκ°€ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 이 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ μ°λŠ”λ° μ•„μ£Ό 였랜 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ Έκ±°λ“ μš”.
07:15
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:16
But this illustrates the fact that dimensions can be of two sorts:
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이둜써 μ°¨μ›μ—λŠ” 두 μ’…λ₯˜
07:19
big and small. And the idea that maybe the big dimensions around us
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즉, 큰 것과 μž‘μ€ 것이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:23
are the ones that we can easily see,
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큰 차원은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‰½κ²Œ 인지할 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
07:25
but there might be additional dimensions curled up,
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μ‹ ν˜Έλ“± μ€„μ˜ λ‘˜λ ˆμ™€ 같이
07:28
sort of like the circular part of that cable,
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말렀 μžˆλŠ” μΆ”κ°€ 차원은
07:30
so small that they have so far remained invisible.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄λ„ μž‘μ•„μ„œ μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€ λ³Έ 적이 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ κ±°μ£ .
07:34
Let me show you what that would look like.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€κΈˆ ν™”λ©΄μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λ €λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
So, if we take a look, say, at space itself --
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이게 λ°”λ‘œ κ³΅κ°„μΈλ°μš”.
07:39
I can only show, of course, two dimensions on a screen.
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ν™”λ©΄ μƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” 2차원 밖에 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μ—†λ„€μš”.
07:43
Some of you guys will fix that one day,
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 더 쒋은 것이 κ°œλ°œλ˜κ² μ§€μš”.
07:45
but anything that's not flat on a screen is a new dimension,
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μ•„λ¬΄νŠΌ 화면상에 ν‰ν‰ν•˜κ²Œ 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 것이 λ°”λ‘œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ°¨μ›μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
goes smaller, smaller, smaller,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ’€ 더 ν™•λŒ€μ‹œμΌœλ³ΌκΉŒμš”?
07:49
and way down in the microscopic depths of space itself,
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ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
07:53
this is the idea,
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자, 이제 λ³΄μ΄λ„€μš”.
07:54
you could have additional curled up dimensions --
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μ €κ²Œ λ°”λ‘œ λ§λ €μžˆλŠ” μΆ”κ°€ μ°¨μ›λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:56
here is a little shape of a circle -- so small that we don't see them.
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μž‘μ€ 고리처럼 생긴 저건 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μž‘μ•„μ„œ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ² 보이지도 μ•Šμ£ .
07:59
But if you were a little ultra microscopic ant walking around,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ €κΈ°λ₯Ό κ±Έμ–΄λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ 개미라고 μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:03
you could walk in the big dimensions that we all know about --
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 읡히 μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 큰 차원듀을 걸어닀닐 μˆ˜λ„ 있고
08:05
that's like the grid part --
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격자 λΆ€λΆ„ 말이죠.
08:07
but you could also access the tiny curled-up dimension
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말렀 μžˆλŠ” μž‘μ€ 차원 μœ„λ„ 걸을 수 있겠죠.
08:10
that's so small that we can't see it with the naked eye
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 차원은 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μž‘μ•„μ„œ μœ‘μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ¬Όλ‘ 
08:12
or even with any of our most refined equipment.
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μ•„μ£Ό 쒋은 μΈ‘μ • μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³ μ„œλ„ λ³Ό 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:15
But deeply tucked into the fabric of space itself,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 곡간 ꡬ쑰 κ·Έ μžμ²΄μ— μ•„μ£Ό 깊게 듀어가보면,
08:18
the idea is there could be more dimensions, as we see there.
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와 같이 κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ 차원듀이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 생각이죠.
08:22
Now that's an explanation
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μš°μ£Όμ—λ„ μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것보닀
08:26
about how the universe could have more dimensions than the ones that we see.
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더 λ§Žμ€ 차원이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
But what about the second question that I asked:
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자, 이제 μ €μ˜ λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ 질문인
08:33
does the theory actually work
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이둠이 μ‹€μ œ 세상에
08:35
when you try to apply it to the real world?
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잘 μ μš©λ˜λŠ”κ°€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
08:37
Well, it turns out that Einstein and Kaluza and many others
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μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈκ³Ό 칼루자λ₯Ό λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ λ§Žμ€ ν•™μžλ“€μ΄
08:40
worked on trying to refine this framework
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이 이둠의 κΈ°λ°˜μ„ λ‹€λ“¬μ—ˆκ³ 
08:45
and apply it to the physics of the universe
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œκΉŒμ§€ μ•Œλ €μ§„ 우주의 물리적 ν˜„μƒμ— μ μš©ν•΄ λ³΄μ•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
08:48
as was understood at the time, and, in detail, it didn't work.
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μ•„μ£Ό μ„Έλ°€ν•˜κ²Œ μ μš©λ˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:52
In detail, for instance,
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ꡬ체적으둜 ν•œ 예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄,
08:53
they couldn't get the mass of the electron
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이 μ΄λ‘ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ „μžμ˜ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ„
08:55
to work out correctly in this theory.
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μ •ν™•νžˆ 계산할 수 μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
08:57
So many people worked on it, but by the '40s, certainly by the '50s,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 이 이둠을 40-50λ…„λŒ€ κΉŒμ§€ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
09:02
this strange but very compelling idea
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물리 법칙을 ν†΅ν•©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 이 μ΄μƒν•˜κ³  ν₯미둜운 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ”
09:06
of how to unify the laws of physics had gone away.
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μ—­μ‚¬μ†μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:09
Until something wonderful happened in our age.
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우리 μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ μ–΄λ–€ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 것이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€λŠ” 말이죠.
09:13
In our era, a new approach to unify the laws of physics
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우리 μ‹œλŒ€μ—λŠ” μ €λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€
09:17
is being pursued by physicists such as myself,
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그리고 μ „ 세계 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
09:19
many others around the world,
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물리법칙듀을 ν†΅ν•©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œλ„λ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:21
it's called superstring theory, as you were indicating.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 κ°€λ¦¬μΌœ 초끈이둠이라 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”λ°μš”.
09:24
And the wonderful thing is that superstring theory
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λ†€λΌμš΄ 사싀은 이 초끈 이둠은
09:28
has nothing to do at first sight with this idea of extra dimensions,
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” μΆ”κ°€ 차원 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ™€λŠ” μ „ν˜€ 상관없어 λ³΄μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜
09:32
but when we study superstring theory,
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κ³„μ†λ˜λŠ” 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό 이 이둠이
09:35
we find that it resurrects the idea in a sparkling, new form.
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μΆ”κ°€ 차원 아이디어λ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μž¬ν•΄μ„ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:38
So, let me just tell you how that goes.
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이제 이것이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λœκ²ƒμΈμ§€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
Superstring theory -- what is it?
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초끈 μ΄λ‘ μ΄λž€ λ¬΄μ—ˆμΌκΉŒμš”?
09:42
Well, it's a theory that tries to answer the question:
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초끈 μ΄λ‘ μ΄λž€ 우리 μ£Όμœ„ μ„Έμƒμ˜ λ§Œλ¬Όμ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ”
09:44
what are the basic, fundamental, indivisible, uncuttable constituents
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더 이상 μͺΌκ°œμ§€μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 기본적인 ꡬ성물이
09:49
making up everything in the world around us?
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무엇인지λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…λŠ” μ΄λ‘ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
The idea is like this.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄,
09:55
So, imagine we look at a familiar object, just a candle in a holder,
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μ΅μˆ™ν•œ 사물인 μ΄›λŒ€μ™€ κ·Έ μœ„μ˜ 초λ₯Ό 상상해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
10:00
and imagine that we want to figure out what it is made of.
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이 초의 ꡬ성물을 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄λ €λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
10:03
So we go on a journey deep inside the object and examine the constituents.
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이 물체λ₯Ό μžμ„Ένžˆ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ΄μ„œ κ·Έ ꡬ성물을 뢄석해야겠죠.
10:07
So deep inside -- we all know, you go sufficiently far down, you have atoms.
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, μ•„μ£Ό μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μ•„λž˜μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λ‚΄λ €κ°€λ©΄ μ›μžκ°€ 있겠죠.
10:11
We also all know that atoms are not the end of the story.
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그리고 이 μ›μž λ˜ν•œ 더 잘게 μͺΌκ°€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:14
They have little electrons that swarm around a central nucleus
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μ›μžλŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ μ€‘μ„±μžλ“€κ³Ό μ–‘μžλ“€λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœ μ›μžν•΅κ³Ό
10:18
with neutrons and protons.
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κ·Έ μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό μž‘μ€ μ „μžλ“€λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ£ .
10:19
Even the neutrons and protons have smaller particles inside of them known as quarks.
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그리고 μ€‘μ„±μžμ™€ μ–‘μžμ‘°μ°¨ 쿼크라 λΆˆλ¦¬μš°λŠ” 더 μž‘μ€ μž…μžλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
That is where conventional ideas stop.
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μ—¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€κ°€ 이미 λ°ν˜€μ§„ λ°”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
Here is the new idea of string theory.
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끈 이둠은 μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:29
Deep inside any of these particles, there is something else.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μž…μžλ“€ μ•ˆμ— 더 μž‘μ€ 무언가가 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμΈλ°μš”.
10:34
This something else is this dancing filament of energy.
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μΆ€μΆ”λŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 싀이 λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έκ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:37
It looks like a vibrating string --
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μ§„λ™ν•˜λŠ” μ€„μ²˜λŸΌ 보이기도 ν•˜μ£ .
10:39
that's where the idea, string theory comes from.
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이 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λ‘œ λΆ€ν„° 끈 이둠이 μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:41
And just like the vibrating strings that you just saw in a cello
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방금 보신 첼둜의 쀄이
10:44
can vibrate in different patterns,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μ§„λ™ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
10:46
these can also vibrate in different patterns.
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 싀도 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μ§„λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
They don't produce different musical notes.
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첼둜의 쀄이 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 진동이 μŒμ•…μ„ λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λ©΄
10:50
Rather, they produce the different particles making up the world around us.
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 싀이 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 진동은 우리의 세계λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μž…μžλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
10:54
So if these ideas are correct,
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λ§Œμ•½ 이 아이디어가 λ§žλ‹€λ©΄
10:55
this is what the ultra-microscopic landscape of the universe looks like.
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우주λ₯Ό ν™•λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄ λ°”λ‘œ 이렇겠죠.
11:00
It's built up of a huge number
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 주파수둜 μ§„λ™ν•˜λŠ”
11:02
of these little tiny filaments of vibrating energy,
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λ―Έμ„Έν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 싀듀이
11:06
vibrating in different frequencies.
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무수히 많이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ 말이죠.
11:08
The different frequencies produce the different particles.
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그리고 μ§„λ™ν•˜λŠ” μ£ΌνŒŒμˆ˜μ— 따라 μž…μžμ˜ μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ κ²°μ •λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:11
The different particles are responsible
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μž…μžλ“€μ΄
11:14
for all the richness in the world around us.
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우리 μ£Όμœ„μ˜ 세계λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
11:17
And there you see unification,
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이게 λ°”λ‘œ λ¬Όλ¦¬λ²•μΉ™μ˜ ν†΅ν•©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:19
because matter particles, electrons and quarks,
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이 아이디어에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ μ „μžμ™€ 쿼크 같은 μž…μžμ„± 물질과
11:22
radiation particles, photons, gravitons, are all built up from one entity.
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포톀과 κ·Έλž˜λΉ„ν†€κ³Ό 같은 νŒŒλ™μ„± 물질이 사싀 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ‹€μ²΄λ‘œ λΆ€ν„° μœ λž˜ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
11:28
So matter and the forces of nature all are put together
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곧 μžμ—°μ˜ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€κ³Ό νž˜λ“€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€
11:32
under the rubric of vibrating strings.
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μ§„λ™ν•˜λŠ” μ‹€λ‘œμ„œ ν†΅ν•©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:34
And that's what we mean by a unified theory.
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” ν†΅ν•©μ΄λ‘ μ΄μ§€μš”.
11:38
Now here is the catch.
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ν₯미둜운 사싀은,
11:40
When you study the mathematics of string theory,
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끈 이둠을 μˆ˜ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 연ꡬ해 보면
11:43
you find that it doesn't work
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3μ°¨μ›μ˜ 곡간을 κ°€μ •ν–ˆμ„ λ•ŒλŠ”
11:45
in a universe that just has three dimensions of space.
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μ‹€μ œμ— 잘 μ μš©λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
11:48
It doesn't work in a universe with four dimensions of space, nor five, nor six.
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차원을 4, 5, 6κΉŒμ§€ ν™•μž₯해도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ§€λ§Œ
11:52
Finally, you can study the equations, and show that it works
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10μ°¨μ›μ˜ 곡간에닀가
11:56
only in a universe that has 10 dimensions of space
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μΆ”κ°€λ‘œ 1μ°¨μ›μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜λ©΄
12:00
and one dimension of time.
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ μš©λœλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:02
It leads us right back to this idea of Kaluza and Klein --
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이 점이 λ°”λ‘œ 우리의 μ„Έκ³„λŠ” λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것보닀
12:07
that our world, when appropriately described,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ 차원이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ”
12:10
has more dimensions than the ones that we see.
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μΉΌλ£¨μžμ™€ 클레인의 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ£ .
12:13
Now you might think about that and say, well,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œλ„ ν•œ 번 μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
12:16
OK, you know, if you have extra dimensions, and they're really tightly curled up,
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꽉 λ§λ €μžˆλŠ” μΆ”κ°€ 차원듀이 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ μž‘μ•„μ„œ
12:19
yeah, perhaps we won't see them, if they're small enough.
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우리 λˆˆμ—λŠ” 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
12:23
But if there's a little tiny civilization of green people walking around down there,
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κ·Έ μž‘μ€ 차원듀을 μ§€λ‚˜λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” μž‘μ€ 녹색 인λ₯˜λ„
12:26
and you make them small enough, and we won't see them either. That is true.
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ 우리 λˆˆμ—λŠ” 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€κ³ μš”.
12:31
One of the other predictions of string theory --
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끈 이둠으둜 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 녹색 인λ₯˜λ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
12:34
no, that's not one of the other predictions of string theory.
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μ•„λ§ˆ 그렇진 μ•Šμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:37
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:38
But it raises the question:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ£ .
12:40
are we just trying to hide away these extra dimensions,
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μΆ”κ°€μ°¨μ›μ΄λž€ 단지 숨겨져 μžˆλŠ” 무언가일 뿐인가,
12:42
or do they tell us something about the world?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 만물의 ꡬ성 원리에 λŒ€ν•œ 해닡을 μ£ΌλŠ”κ°€?
12:45
In the remaining time, I'd like to tell you two features of them.
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이제 λΆ€ν„° 이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 두 가지에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ°μ„œ 이야기해 λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
First is, many of us believe that these extra dimensions
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첫째, λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이 μΆ”κ°€ 차원이
12:53
hold the answer to what perhaps is the deepest question
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이둠물리학을 λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ μ΄λ‘ κ³Όν•™μ˜ μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ
12:57
in theoretical physics, theoretical science.
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해닡을 μ œμ‹œν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:00
And that question is this: when we look around the world,
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그럼 이런 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•  수 있겠죠.
13:04
as scientists have done for the last hundred years,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ§€λ‚œ μˆ˜λ°±λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 세상을 κ΄€μ°°ν•œ 바에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
13:06
there appear to be about 20 numbers that really describe our universe.
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우주λ₯Ό λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” λ°λŠ” μ•½ 20개의 μˆ«μžλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
These are numbers like the mass of the particles,
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즉, μ „μžλ‚˜ 쿼크와 같은 μž…μžλ“€μ˜ μ§ˆλŸ‰,
13:13
like electrons and quarks, the strength of gravity,
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쀑λ ₯의 μ„ΈκΈ°,
13:15
the strength of the electromagnetic force --
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μ „μžκΈ°λ ₯의 μ„ΈκΈ° 등을 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ”
13:17
a list of about 20 numbers
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μ•½ 20μ—¬κ°œμ˜ μˆ«μžλ“€μ€
13:19
that have been measured with incredible precision,
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κ·Έ κ°’λ₯Ό μ•„μ£Ό μ •λ°€ν•˜κ²Œ μΈ‘μ •ν•  μˆ˜λŠ” μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
13:22
but nobody has an explanation
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μ™œ 이 μˆ«μžλ“€μ΄ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 값을 κ°€μ§€λŠ” μ§€λŠ”
13:24
for why the numbers have the particular values that they do.
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:28
Now, does string theory offer an answer?
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자, 그럼 끈 이둠은 닡을 μ œμ‹œν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
13:31
Not yet.
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μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€λŠ” μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:32
But we believe the answer for why those numbers have the values they do
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ™œ κ·Έ μˆ«μžλ“€μ΄ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 값을 κ°€μ§€λŠ” 지에 λŒ€ν•œ 해닡이
13:36
may rely on the form of the extra dimensions.
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μΆ”κ°€ 차원과 관련이 μžˆμ„κΊΌλΌκ³  κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
13:39
And the wonderful thing is, if those numbers
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ν₯미둜운 사싀은, λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έ μˆ«μžλ“€μ΄
13:41
had any other values than the known ones,
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μ•Œλ €μ§„ κ²ƒκ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 값을 가진닀면
13:44
the universe, as we know it, wouldn't exist.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” μš°μ£ΌλŠ” μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:47
This is a deep question.
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λ‹€μ‹œλ³΄λ©΄ 정말 μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ 질문인 것이죠.
13:48
Why are those numbers so finely tuned
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μ™œ κ·Έ μˆ«μžλ“€μ΄ νŠΉμ • κ°’μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μœ¨λ˜μ–΄μ„œ
13:50
to allow stars to shine and planets to form,
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별이 λΉ›λ‚˜κ³  행성이 생성될 수 μžˆλŠ” 것인지.
13:52
when we recognize that if you fiddle with those numbers --
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λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έ μˆ«μžλ“€μ„ μΌλΆ€λŸ¬ 바꾸어보면
13:55
if I had 20 dials up here
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즉, μ—¬κΈ° 20개의 μΈ‘λŸ‰κ°’μ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°
13:57
and I let you come up and fiddle with those numbers,
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κ·Έ μˆ«μžλ“€μ˜ 값을 μ‘°κΈˆμ”© ννŠΈλ €λ³΄λŠ”κ±°μ£ 
13:59
almost any fiddling makes the universe disappear.
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이런 숫자의 λ³€μ‘°λŠ” 우주λ₯Ό μ‚¬λΌμ§€κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:03
So can we explain those 20 numbers?
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그럼 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 값듀이 μ‘°μœ¨λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
14:06
And string theory suggests that those 20 numbers
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끈 이둠은 κ·Έ 20개의 μˆ«μžκ°€
14:08
have to do with the extra dimensions.
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μΆ”κ°€ 차원과 κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ„κ±°λΌκ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:10
Let me show you how.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλƒλ©΄,
14:12
So when we talk about the extra dimensions in string theory,
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끈 μ΄λ‘ μ—μ„œμ˜ μΆ”κ°€μ°¨μ›μ΄λž€
14:16
it's not one extra dimension,
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μΉΌλ£¨μžμ™€ 클레인의 μƒκ°μ²˜λŸΌ
14:18
as in the older ideas of Kaluza and Klein.
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단 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:22
This is what string theory says about the extra dimensions.
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끈 μ΄λ‘ μ—μ„œμ˜ 좔가차원듀은
14:25
They have a very rich, intertwined geometry.
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κ·Έ ν˜•νƒœκ°€ μ„œλ‘œ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ–½νžˆκ³  μ„€μΌœ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:28
This is an example of something known as a Calabi-Yau shape --
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칼라비-μ•Όμš° (Calabi-Yau) λ„ν˜•μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
14:32
name isn't all that important.
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λͺ…μΉ­ μžμ²΄κ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ.
14:34
But, as you can see,
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와 같이,
14:36
the extra dimensions fold in on themselves
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μΆ”κ°€ 차원듀은 슀슀둜λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ ‘ν˜€μžˆκ³ 
14:39
and intertwine in a very interesting shape, interesting structure.
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μ•„μ£Ό ν₯미둜운 ν˜•νƒœμ™€ ꡬ쑰둜 μ–½ν˜€μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:43
And the idea is that if this is what the extra dimensions look like,
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μΆ”κ°€ 차원듀이 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 생겼닀면,
14:48
then the microscopic landscape of our universe all around us
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우리의 μš°μ£Όλ„ ν™•λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 듀여닀보면
14:52
would look like this on the tiniest of scales.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 발견 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:54
When you swing your hand,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 손을 흔듀면 κ·Έ 손은
14:55
you'd be moving around these extra dimensions over and over again,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μΆ”κ°€ 차원듀 μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
14:58
but they're so small that we wouldn't know it.
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λ¬Όλ‘  λ„ˆλ¬΄ μž‘μ•„μ„œ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œμš”.
15:00
So what is the physical implication, though, relevant to those 20 numbers?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 이 20개의 μˆ«μžμ€ μ–΄λ–€ 물리적 μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
15:03
Consider this. If you look at the instrument, a French horn,
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ν”„λ ŒμΉ˜ 호λ₯Έ (French horn) 같은 μ•…κΈ°λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
15:06
notice that the vibrations of the airstreams
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μ•…κΈ°μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘μƒˆμ— 따라
15:09
are affected by the shape of the instrument.
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κΈ°λ₯˜μ˜ 진동 ν˜•νƒœκ°€ 정해지겠죠.
15:11
Now in string theory,
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끈 μ΄λ‘ μ—μ„œλŠ”,
15:13
all the numbers are reflections of the way strings can vibrate.
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λˆλ“€μ΄ μ§„λ™ν•˜λŠ” 방식에 따라 이 μˆ«μžλ“€μ΄ μ •ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:16
So just as those airstreams
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μ•…κΈ°μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘μƒˆμ— 따라
15:18
are affected by the twists and turns in the instrument,
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κΈ°λ₯˜κ°€ 영ν–₯을 λ°›λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ,
15:21
strings themselves will be affected
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λˆλ“€μ΄ νŠΉμ • λͺ¨μ–‘λ₯Ό 땨라 μ§„λ™ν•˜λ©΄
15:23
by the vibrational patterns in the geometry within which they are moving.
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κ·Έ λͺ¨μ–‘에 따라 λˆλ“€μ΄ 영ν–₯을 λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:27
So let me bring some strings into the story.
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이제 끈 듀을 화면에 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:29
And if you watch these little fellows vibrating around --
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μž‘μ€ λˆλ“€μ΄ μ§„λ™ν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄,
15:32
they'll be there in a second -- right there,
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금방 λ‚˜μ˜¬κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ €κΈ° λ³΄μ΄λ„€μš”.
15:34
notice that they way they vibrate is affected
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μΆ”κ°€ μ°¨μ›μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘μƒˆκ°€
15:36
by the geometry of the extra dimensions.
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λˆλ“€μ΄ μ§„λ™ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 κ²°μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:38
So, if we knew exactly what the extra dimensions look like --
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λ§Œμ•½ μΆ”κ°€ μ°¨μ›μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘μƒˆλ₯Ό μ •ν™•νžˆ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
15:41
we don't yet, but if we did --
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λ¬Όλ‘  ν˜„μž¬ 우리의 μ§€μ‹μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 아직 λͺ¨λ₯΄κΈ΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ,
15:43
we should be able to calculate the allowed notes,
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끈의 진동 μ£ΌνŒŒμˆ˜μ™€
15:46
the allowed vibrational patterns.
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진동 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 계산해 λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:48
And if we could calculate the allowed vibrational patterns,
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λ˜ν•œ 진동 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μ•ˆλ‹€λ©΄,
15:51
we should be able to calculate those 20 numbers.
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κ·Έ 20개의 μˆ«μžλ“€μ˜ 값도 계산해 λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”κ±°μ£ .
15:54
And if the answer that we get from our calculations
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이 계산값듀이
15:58
agrees with the values of those numbers
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μ •λ°€ν•œ 츑정을 톡해
16:00
that have been determined
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μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έ μΈ‘λŸ‰κ°’κ³Ό
16:02
through detailed and precise experimentation,
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μ •ν™•νžˆ μΌμΉ˜ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
16:05
this in many ways would be the first fundamental explanation
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끈 이둠은 우주의 ꡬ성 원리λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
16:10
for why the structure of the universe is the way it is.
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첫번째 이둠이 λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:15
Now, the second issue that I want to finish up with is:
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자, 이제 두 번째 μ‚¬μ•ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ§ˆλ¬΄λ¦¬μ§“μ£ .
16:18
how might we test for these extra dimensions more directly?
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이 μΆ”κ°€ 차원듀을 μ’€ 더 μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ 확인할 μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μ„κΉŒμš”?
16:23
Is this just an interesting mathematical structure
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이 이둠이 단지 μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€λŠ” ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜
16:26
that might be able to explain
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우주의 ꡬ성 원리λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•΄λ‚΄λŠ”
16:28
some previously unexplained features of the world,
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ν₯미둜운 μˆ˜ν•™μ  λ°©λ²•μΌκΉŒ,
16:33
or can we actually test for these extra dimensions?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μΆ”κ°€ μ°¨μ›μ΄λž€ 것을 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 확인할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
16:36
And we think -- and this is, I think, very exciting --
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맀우 ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ²Œλ„ ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μΆ”κ°€ μ°¨μ›μ˜ 쑴재λ₯Ό
16:38
that in the next five years or so we may be able to test
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μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ” 것이
16:42
for the existence of these extra dimensions.
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ν–₯ν›„ 5λ…„ 정도에 κ°€λŠ₯ν•  것이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:45
Here's how it goes. In CERN, Geneva, Switzerland,
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μŠ€μœ„μŠ€ μ œλ„€λ°”μ˜ CERN(유럽 μ›μžν•΅ 곡동 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œ)μ—μ„œλŠ”
16:49
a machine is being built called the Large Hadron Collider.
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λŒ€ν˜• ν•˜λ“œλ‘  μΆ©λŒν˜• 가속기라고 뢈λ₯΄μš°λŠ” μž₯λΉ„κ°€ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
16:53
It's a machine that will send particles around a tunnel,
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이 μž₯λΉ„λŠ” μž…μžλ“€μ„ 터널을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
16:56
opposite directions, near the speed of light.
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μ„œλ‘œ λ°˜λŒ€ λ°©ν–₯으둜
16:58
Every so often those particles will be aimed at each other,
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거의 λΉ›μ˜ μ†λ„λ‘œ κ°€μ†μ‹œν‚¨ ν›„,
17:02
so there's a head-on collision.
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μ„œλ‘œ μ •λ©΄μΆ©λŒ μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:04
The hope is that if the collision has enough energy,
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λ§Œμ•½ μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό 가지고 μΆ©λŒν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
17:08
it may eject some of the debris from the collision
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좩돌 μ‹œ μž”ν•΄κ°€ 우리의 μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ°¨μ›μœΌλ‘œ
17:11
from our dimensions, forcing it to enter into the other dimensions.
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λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ λ‚˜κ°ˆ 것이라고 μ˜ˆμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:16
How would we know it?
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κ·Έκ±Έ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 확인할 수 μžˆλƒλ©΄,
17:18
Well, we'll measure the amount of energy after the collision,
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좩돌 μ „κ³Ό ν›„μ˜ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ λŸ‰μ„
17:21
compare it to the amount of energy before,
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μ„œλ‘œ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:23
and if there's less energy after the collision than before,
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좩돌 ν›„ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λŸ‰μ΄ κ°μ†Œν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄,
17:27
this will be evidence that the energy has drifted away.
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총 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 쀑 일뢀가 μ–΄λ””λ‘ κ°€ 날라가 λ²„λ Έλ‹€λŠ” μ¦κ±°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:29
And if it drifts away in the right pattern that we can calculate,
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ³„μ‚°ν•œ λͺ¨μ–‘λŒ€λ‘œ λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ λ‚˜κ°„λ‹€λ©΄,
17:32
this will be evidence that the extra dimensions are there.
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이게 λ°”λ‘œ μΆ”κ°€ 차원이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 증거이죠.
17:35
Let me show you that idea visually.
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화면을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:37
So, imagine we have a certain kind of particle called a graviton --
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κ·Έλž˜λΉ„ν†€μ΄λΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬μš°λŠ” μž…μžκ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
17:40
that's the kind of debris we expect to be ejected out,
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μΆ”κ°€ 차원이 μ‹€μž¬ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
17:44
if the extra dimensions are real.
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λ°”λ‘œ 이 μž…μžκ°€ νŒŒνŽΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ λ‚˜μ˜¬κ±°λΌκ³  κΈ°λŒ€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:46
But here's how the experiment will go.
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μ‹€ν—˜ 방법은,
17:47
You take these particles. You slam them together.
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이 μž…μžλ“€μ„ μ„œλ‘œ μ„Έκ²Œ λ§žλΆ€λ”ͺμ³μ„œ
17:50
You slam them together, and if we are right,
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우리의 μƒκ°λŒ€λ‘œ
17:52
some of the energy of that collision
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좩돌 μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ˜ 일뢀가 νŒŒνŽΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ
17:54
will go into debris that flies off into these extra dimensions.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μΆ”κ°€ μ°¨μ›μœΌλ‘œ λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ λ‚˜κ°€λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:58
So this is the kind of experiment
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이게 ν–₯ν›„ 5-10λ…„ 정도에
18:00
that we'll be looking at in the next five, seven to 10 years or so.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜κ²Œ 될 μ‹€ν—˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:04
And if this experiment bears fruit,
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λ§Œμ•½ 이 μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ 의미 μžˆλŠ” μ„±κ³Όλ₯Ό κ±°λ‘”λ‹€λ©΄,
18:07
if we see that kind of particle ejected
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λ˜ν•œ 좩돌 ν›„ μ—λ‹ˆμ§€λŸ‰μ΄
18:10
by noticing that there's less energy in our dimensions
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좩돌 전보닀 κ°μ†Œν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
18:13
than when we began,
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파편이 λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
18:15
this will show that the extra dimensions are real.
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μΆ”κ°€ 차원이 μ‹€μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 증λͺ…ν•  수 있겠죠.
18:18
And to me this is a really remarkable story,
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이건 정말 ꡉμž₯ν•œ λ‚΄μš©μ΄μž 기회이죠.
18:21
and a remarkable opportunity. Going back to Newton with absolute space --
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λ˜λŒμ•„ 가보면, 뉴턴은 μ ˆλŒ€κ³΅κ°„μ΄λΌλŠ”
18:25
didn't provide anything but an arena, a stage
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우주의 μ›€μ§μž„μ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ”
18:27
in which the events of the universe take place.
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곡간을 μ œμ‹œν•˜λŠ”λ° λ¨Έλ¬Όλ €κ³ ,
18:29
Einstein comes along and says,
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κ·Έ ν›„, μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ€ μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ˜ λ’€ν‹€λ¦Ό ν˜„μƒμ΄
18:31
well, space and time can warp and curve -- that's what gravity is.
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λ°”λ‘œ 곧 쀑λ ₯이라고 μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:34
And now string theory comes along and says,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  끈 이둠은
18:38
yes, gravity, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism,
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쀑λ ₯, μ–‘μžλ ₯ 그리고 μ „μžκΈ°λ ₯을
18:41
all together in one package,
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μΆ”κ°€ 차원 이둠을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
18:43
but only if the universe has more dimensions than the ones that we see.
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ν•œκΊΌλ²ˆμ— λͺ¨λ‘ ν†΅ν•©ν•΄μ„œ μ„€λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:47
And this is an experiment that may test for them in our lifetime.
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이 사싀을 곧 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 톡해 증λͺ…ν•  κ²ƒμ΄κ³ μš”.
18:52
Amazing possibility.
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정말 κΈ°λ§‰νžŒ κΈ°νšŒκ°€ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:54
Thank you very much.
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정말 κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:56
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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