Paul Pholeros: How to reduce poverty? Fix homes

81,027 views ใƒป 2013-06-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: omri spiegel ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
The idea of eliminating poverty is a great goal.
1
13809
4320
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืจื” ื ืขืœื”
ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื—ืจืช.
00:19
I don't think anyone in this room would disagree.
2
19026
2780
00:22
What worries me is when politicians with money
3
22512
4524
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืขื ื›ืกืฃ
00:27
and charismatic rock stars --
4
27060
2621
ืื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืจื•ืง ื›ืจื™ื–ืžืื˜ื™ื™ื
00:29
(Laughter)
5
29705
1580
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื,
00:31
use the words,
6
31309
1317
00:32
" ... it all just sounds so, so simple."
7
32650
4169
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ
00:39
Now, I've got no bucket of money today
8
39073
3092
00:42
and I've got no policy to release,
9
42189
3191
ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ
00:45
and I certainly haven't got a guitar.
10
45404
2239
ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ืคื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”
00:47
I'll leave that to others.
11
47667
1860
ื–ืืช ืืฉืื™ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
00:50
But I do have an idea,
12
50440
1682
ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
00:52
and that idea is called Housing for Health.
13
52146
2618
ื•ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื "ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช"
00:55
Housing for Health works with poor people.
14
55344
2693
"ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช" ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื.
00:58
It works in the places where they live,
15
58061
3031
ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:01
and the work is done to improve their health.
16
61116
3102
ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื.
01:05
Over the last 28 years,
17
65049
2155
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 28 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:07
this tough, grinding, dirty work
18
67228
3428
ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื”, ื”ืฉื•ื—ืงืช ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช
01:10
has been done by literally thousands of people around Australia
19
70680
4461
ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื’ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื,
01:15
and, more recently, overseas,
20
75165
2440
01:17
and their work has proven
21
77629
2204
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืžื•ืงื“
01:19
that focused design can improve even the poorest living environments.
22
79857
5450
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ื’ื ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:25
It can improve health
23
85331
1342
ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“
01:26
and it can play a part in reducing, if not eliminating, poverty.
24
86697
4765
ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชื”, ืขื“ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื™.
01:33
I'm going to start where the story began --
25
93256
2051
ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ื‘-1985,
01:35
1985, in Central Australia.
26
95331
3845
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
ืื“ื ื•ืฉืžื• ื™ืืžื™ ืœืกื˜ืจ, ืžืžื•ืฆื ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™,
01:39
A man called Yami Lester, an Aboriginal man,
27
99200
2723
01:41
was running a health service.
28
101947
1838
ื ื™ื”ืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
01:44
Eighty percent of what walked in the door, in terms of illness,
29
104625
3950
ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื–ื”,
ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ื”ื™ื™ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช -
01:48
was infectious disease --
30
108599
2189
01:50
third world, developing world infectious disease,
31
110812
2848
ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ืžืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—
01:53
caused by a poor living environment.
32
113684
2763
ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื”.
ื™ืืžื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘'ืืœื™ืก ืกืคืจื™ื ื’ืก'.
01:59
Yami assembled a team in Alice Springs.
33
119381
3572
02:02
He got a medical doctor.
34
122977
2465
ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืœืœื” ืจื•ืคื.
02:05
He got an environmental health guy.
35
125466
2776
ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:08
And he hand-selected a team of local Aboriginal people
36
128266
4744
ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
02:13
to work on this project.
37
133034
1633
ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื”.
02:15
Yami told us at that first meeting,
38
135540
1705
ื™ืืžื™ ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘.
02:17
"There's no money," -- always a good start --
39
137269
3742
ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ื— ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘.
02:21
" ... no money, you have six months,
40
141035
3489
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:24
and I want you to start on a project --" which, in his language,
41
144548
3014
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื‘ืฉืคืช ืื™ืžื•
ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื• "ืื•ื•ื ืงืืจื” ืคืœื™ืื ืงื• ืงื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืืงื•"
02:27
he called "Uwankara Palyanku Kanyintjaku,"
42
147586
2728
02:30
which, translated, is "a plan to stop people getting sick" --
43
150338
4962
ื•ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ : "ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื"
02:35
a profound brief.
44
155324
1413
ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
02:39
That was our task.
45
159265
1562
ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื•.
02:42
First step, the medical doctor went away for about six months.
46
162279
4021
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื•ืคื ืขื–ื‘
ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
02:46
And he worked on what were to become these nine health goals --
47
166932
4431
ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื™ืžื™ื,
ืœืชืฉืข ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื›ืืœื• ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
02:51
what were we aiming at?
48
171387
1836
02:55
After six months of work, he came to my office
49
175236
2191
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™
02:57
and presented me with those nine words on a piece of paper.
50
177451
4571
ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื™ ืชืฉืข ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ.
ืชืฉืขืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื : ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื™ื, , ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช, ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืง, ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช.
03:02
[The 9 Healthy Living Practices: Washing, clothes, wastewater, nutrition, crowding,
51
182046
3996
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื”ืชืจืฉืžืชื™ ืžืื“ ืœืจืขื”.
03:06
animals, dust, temperature, injury]
52
186066
1667
ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืš.
03:07
I was very unimpressed. Big ideas need big words,
53
187757
3270
ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช
03:11
and preferably a lot of them.
54
191051
1711
ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืŸ.
03:13
This didn't fit the bill.
55
193450
1816
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืื”.
03:15
What I didn't see and what you can't see
56
195290
4366
ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ื• ื•ื’ื ืืชื ืœื
03:19
was that he'd assembled thousands of pages
57
199680
4314
ื–ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืชื™ืžืฆืช ืืœืคื™ ื“ืคื™ื
03:24
of local, national and international health research
58
204018
3766
ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
03:27
that filled out the picture as to why these were the health targets.
59
207808
4802
ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืข
ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:32
The pictures that came a bit later had a very simple reason.
60
212634
4152
ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
03:36
The Aboriginal people who were our bosses and the senior people
61
216810
3263
ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืื ืืœืคืื‘ืชื™ื,
03:40
were most commonly illiterate,
62
220097
2342
03:42
so the story had to be told in pictures
63
222463
2159
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
03:44
of what these goals were.
64
224646
1701
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:46
We worked with the community,
65
226371
2302
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
03:48
not telling them what was going to happen
66
228697
1983
ื•ืœื ืกื™ืคืจื ื• ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
03:50
in a language they didn't understand.
67
230704
1829
ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•.
03:53
So we had the goals and each one of these goals --
68
233593
3243
ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช,
03:56
and I won't go through them all --
69
236860
1861
ื•ืœื ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ,
03:58
puts at the center the person and their health issue,
70
238745
4079
ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
04:02
and it then connects them
71
242848
1952
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื™ื—ื“ ืื•ืชื
04:04
to the bits of the physical environment that are actually needed
72
244824
4485
ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื
ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื”.
04:09
to keep their health good.
73
249333
1532
04:11
And the highest priority, you see on the screen,
74
251262
2681
ื•ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
04:13
is washing people once a day, particularly children.
75
253967
3801
ื”ื•ื ืœืงืœื— ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืขื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
04:18
And I hope most of you are thinking,
76
258310
1754
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
"ืžื”? ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืคืฉื•ื˜!"
04:20
"What? That sounds simple."
77
260088
1302
04:21
Now, I'm going to ask you all a very personal question.
78
261414
4056
ื›ืขืช, ืื ื™ ืืฉืืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื” ืžืื“ ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
04:25
This morning before you came,
79
265494
1381
ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื,
04:26
who could have had a wash using a shower?
80
266899
4171
ืžื™ ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืœื—ืช?
ืื ื™ ืœื ืืฉืืœ ืžื™ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืœื—,
04:32
I'm not going to ask if you had a shower, because I'm too polite.
81
272198
3215
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื ื•ืžืก. ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
04:35
That's it.
82
275437
1151
04:36
(Laughter)
83
276612
1001
ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
04:37
All right, I think it's fair to say
84
277637
1762
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
04:39
most people here could have had a shower this morning.
85
279423
3047
ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืœื—ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
04:42
I'm going to ask you to do some more work.
86
282494
2124
ืื ื™ ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื˜ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
04:44
I want you all to select one of the houses
87
284642
2504
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื
04:47
of the 25 houses you see on the screen.
88
287170
2052
ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืš.
04:49
I want you to select one of them and note the position of that house
89
289246
3406
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘
ืžื”ื• ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช
04:52
and keep that in your head.
90
292676
1377
ื•ืชืฉืžืจื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืจืืฉื›ื.
ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื‘ื—ืจืชื ื‘ื™ืช? ื›ืขืช ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื›ื
04:54
Have you all got a house?
91
294077
1526
04:55
I'm going to ask you to live there for a few months,
92
295627
2450
ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:58
so make sure you've got it right.
93
298101
1606
ื–ื” ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืžืงื•ื ืžืื“ ืœื‘ื‘ื™.
04:59
It's in the northwest of Western Australia, very pleasant place.
94
299731
3023
05:02
OK. Let's see if your shower in that house is working.
95
302778
3212
ื˜ื•ื‘. ื›ืขืช ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ืžืงืœื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
05:07
I hear some "Aw!" and I hear some "Ah!"
96
307328
3135
ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข "ืื•ื™" ื•"ืื”ื”" ื‘ืงื”ืœ.
05:10
If you get a green tick, your shower's working.
97
310487
2780
ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง, ื”ืžืงืœื—ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
05:13
You and your kids are fine.
98
313291
1286
ืืชื ื•ื™ืœื“ื›ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื.
05:14
If you get a red cross,
99
314601
2369
ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ื,
05:16
well, I've looked carefully around the room
100
316994
2239
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ
05:19
and it's not going to make much difference to this crew.
101
319257
3176
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช.
05:22
Why? Because you're all too old.
102
322457
2524
ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™.
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื,
05:25
I know that's going to come as a shock to some of you, but you are.
103
325005
3212
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™.
05:28
And before you get offended and leave,
104
328241
1879
ื›ืขืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืขืœื‘ื• ื•ืชืขื–ื‘ื•,
05:30
I've got to say that being too old,
105
330144
1816
ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื“ื™, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”,
05:31
in this case, means that pretty much everyone in the room, I think,
106
331984
3548
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืœื ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
05:35
is over five years of age.
107
335556
1905
ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ.
05:39
We're really concerned with kids naught to five.
108
339465
2761
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืคืก ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ.
05:42
And why?
109
342250
1220
ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงืœื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
05:43
Washing is the antidote to the sort of bugs,
110
343946
4801
05:48
the common infectious diseases of the eyes, the ears,
111
348771
3223
ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื,
ื‘ื—ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืจ
05:52
the chest and the skin
112
352018
2396
05:54
that, if they occur in the first five years of life,
113
354438
2872
ื•ืื ื”ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:57
permanently damage those organs.
114
357334
3403
ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ื–ืง ืคืจืžื ื ื˜ื™ ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•.
06:01
They leave a lifelong remnant.
115
361515
2679
ื”ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืžื–ื›ืจืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขืš ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ,
06:05
That means that by the age of five,
116
365123
2102
06:07
you can't see as well for the rest of your life.
117
367249
2286
ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืš.
06:09
You can't hear as well for the rest of your life.
118
369559
2490
ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืš.
06:12
You can't breathe as well.
119
372073
1342
ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืฉื•ื ื›ืจืื•ื™. ืื™ื‘ื“ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ
06:13
You've lost a third of your lung capacity by the age of five.
120
373439
3490
ืžืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขืš ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ.
06:16
And even skin infection,
121
376953
1843
ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•
06:18
which we originally thought wasn't that big a problem,
122
378820
3556
ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช,
06:22
mild skin infections naught to five give you
123
382400
2225
ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืš
06:24
a greatly increased chance of renal failure,
124
384649
2456
ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
06:27
needing dialysis at age 40.
125
387129
2544
ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 40.
06:30
This is a big deal, so the ticks and crosses on the screen
126
390364
2895
ื•ื–ื” ื›ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš
06:33
are actually critical for young kids.
127
393283
2864
ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืงื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
06:36
Those ticks and crosses represent the 7,800 houses
128
396697
3109
ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช 7,800 ื”ื‘ืชื™ื
06:39
we've looked at nationally around Australia,
129
399830
2064
ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”
06:41
the same proportion.
130
401918
1409
ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื”.
06:43
What you see on the screen --
131
403351
1455
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš, 35% ืžืื•ืชื
06:44
35 percent of those not-so-famous houses
132
404830
3233
ื‘ืชื™ื ืœื-ื›ืœ-ื›ืš-ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื”ื 50,000 ืžื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื,
06:48
lived in by 50,000 indigenous people --
133
408087
2876
06:50
35 percent had a working shower.
134
410987
2561
ืœ-35% ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืงืœื—ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
ืœ-10% ืžืื•ืชื 7,800 ื”ื‘ืชื™ื
06:54
Ten percent of those same 7,800 houses had safe electrical systems.
135
414167
5770
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”,
ื•ืœ-58% ืžืื•ืชื ื”ื‘ืชื™ื
07:00
And 58 percent of those houses had a working toilet.
136
420520
5090
ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื.
07:07
These are by a simple, standard test.
137
427691
2742
ื•ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ :
07:10
In the case of the shower:
138
430457
2401
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืœื—ืช, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ื,
07:12
does it have hot and cold water, two taps that work,
139
432882
4508
ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจื–ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื,
07:17
a shower rose to get water onto your head or onto your body,
140
437414
4749
ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืจืืฉ
ืื• ืœื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”?
07:22
and a drain that takes the water away?
141
442187
1834
ืœื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘, ื™ืคื” ืื• ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™,
07:24
Not well-designed, not beautiful, not elegant --
142
444045
4048
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืงื™ื ื”.
07:28
just that they function.
143
448117
1167
07:29
And the same tests for the electrical system
144
449308
2223
ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
07:31
and the toilets.
145
451555
1331
07:33
Housing for Health projects aren't about measuring failure --
146
453811
2932
ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช" ืœื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
07:36
they're actually about improving houses.
147
456767
2298
ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื.
07:39
We start on day one of every project.
148
459475
3894
ืื ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื”,
07:43
We've learned -- we don't make promises, we don't do reports.
149
463393
3239
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืžืœืื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช.
07:46
We arrive in the morning with tools, tons of equipment, trades,
150
466656
5322
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคืขื ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขื ื›ืœื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื“,
ื•ืื™ืžื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
07:52
and we train up a local team on the first day to start work.
151
472002
3484
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
07:55
By the evening of the first day,
152
475510
1780
ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื
07:57
a few houses in that community are better than when we started in the morning.
153
477314
4411
ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
08:01
That work continues for six to 12 months,
154
481749
2255
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
08:04
until all the houses are improved
155
484028
1698
ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื•ืคืจื•
08:05
and we've spent our budget of 7,500 dollars total per house.
156
485750
4601
ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื–ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• - 7,500
ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช.
08:10
That's our average budget.
157
490375
1504
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœื ื•.
08:12
At the end of six months to a year, we test every house again.
158
492451
4296
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื ื• ื‘ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
08:16
It's very easy to spend money.
159
496771
2061
ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื›ืกืฃ.
08:18
It's very difficult to improve
160
498856
2318
ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“
08:21
the function of all those parts of the house.
161
501198
2405
ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
08:23
And for a whole house, the nine healthy living practices,
162
503627
2996
ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื, ืชืฉืขืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช,
08:26
we test, check and fix 250 items in every house.
163
506647
3661
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื›-250 ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช.
08:31
And these are the results we can get with our 7,500 dollars.
164
511161
4090
ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืขื 7,500 ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
08:35
We can get showers up to 86 percent working,
165
515275
2602
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืงืœื—ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘-86% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
08:37
we can get electrical systems up to 77 percent working
166
517901
3791
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ื‘-77% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
08:41
and we can get 90 percent of toilets working
167
521716
2633
ื•-90% ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืงื™ื ื”
08:44
in those 7,500 houses.
168
524373
2159
ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื 7,500 ื”ื‘ืชื™ื.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”!
08:47
(Applause)
169
527226
1181
08:48
Thank you.
170
528431
1248
08:49
(Applause)
171
529703
6294
ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืคืœืื”, ื•ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
08:56
The teams do a great job, and that's their work.
172
536021
2975
09:00
I think there's an obvious question
173
540816
2116
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฆืฆื” ืฉืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”
09:02
that I hope you're thinking about.
174
542956
1850
ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
09:05
Why do we have to do this work?
175
545593
1952
ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช?
09:08
Why are the houses in such poor condition?
176
548059
2640
ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ื–ื• ื”ื–ื ื—ื”?
09:11
Seventy percent of the work we do is due to lack of routine maintenance --
177
551271
3537
70% ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื”
09:14
the sort of things that happen in all our houses.
178
554832
2405
ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืฉื—ืงื™ื.
09:17
Things wear out, should have been done by state government or local government,
179
557261
3883
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
09:21
simply not done, the house doesn't work.
180
561168
3186
ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ืขืฉื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืชืงื™ืŸ.
09:24
Twenty-one percent of the things we fix are due to faulty construction --
181
564378
3891
21% ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื ื™ื
ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
09:28
literally things that are built upside down and back to front.
182
568293
3001
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ื, ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ืคื•ืš ืื• ืžืœืคื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
09:31
They don't work, we have to fix them.
183
571318
1849
ื”ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื.
ื•ืื ื’ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื‘-30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
09:34
And if you've lived in Australia in the last 30 years, the final cause --
184
574081
5600
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขืช ืขืœื™ื”
09:39
you will have heard always that indigenous people trash houses.
185
579705
3655
ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืžื–ื ื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
09:43
It's one of the almost rock-solid pieces of evidence
186
583384
3438
ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:46
which I've never seen evidence for,
187
586846
2015
ืฉืœื ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
09:48
that's always reeled out as "That's the problem with indigenous housing."
188
588885
3460
ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ืคืกืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื.
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, 9% ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื–ืง
09:52
Well, nine percent of what we spend is damage,
189
592369
2170
09:54
misuse or abuse of any sort.
190
594563
1671
ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
09:58
We argue strongly that the people living in the house
191
598120
3045
10:01
are simply not the problem.
192
601189
1631
ื”ื ืœื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
10:03
And we'll go a lot further than that;
193
603384
1798
ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”,
ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
10:05
the people living in the house are actually a major part of the solution.
194
605206
3813
ื—ืœืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
10:09
Seventy-five percent of our national team in Australia --
195
609749
3365
75% ืžื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
10:13
over 75 at the minute --
196
613138
2453
ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-75% ืœืžืขืฉื”,
10:15
are actually local, indigenous people from the communities we work in.
197
615615
4328
ื”ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื
ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
10:19
They do all aspects of the work.
198
619967
1754
ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
10:22
(Applause)
199
622192
5737
'ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื'
10:27
In 2010, for example, there were 831,
200
627953
3858
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ื™ื• 831,
10:31
all over Australia, and the Torres Strait Islands,
201
631835
2573
ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื•ืื™ื™ ืžื™ืฆืจื™ ื˜ื•ืจืก,
10:34
all states, working to improve the houses where they and their families live,
202
634432
4459
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื,
10:38
and that's an important thing.
203
638915
2259
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:41
Our work's always had a focus on health.
204
641198
3110
ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืชื—.
10:44
That's the key.
205
644332
1166
10:46
The developing world bug, trachoma, causes blindness.
206
646434
3460
ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื’ืจืขื ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ.
10:49
It's a developing-world illness,
207
649918
2366
ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:52
and yet, the picture you see behind
208
652308
1829
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื™
10:54
is in an Aboriginal community in the late 1990s,
209
654161
3796
ื”ื™ื ืžืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช
10:57
where 95 percent of school-aged kids had active trachoma
210
657981
4000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืœ-95% ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ืจืขื ืช ืคืขื™ืœื”
ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื ื–ืง.
11:02
in their eyes, doing damage.
211
662005
1955
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
11:05
OK, what do we do?
212
665142
1276
11:06
Well, first thing we do, we get showers working.
213
666442
3303
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืžืงืœื—ื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช.
11:09
Why? Because that flushes the bug out.
214
669769
1841
ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
11:11
We put washing facilities in the school as well,
215
671634
2341
ื”ืชืงื ื• ืžืชืงื ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ
11:13
so kids can wash their faces many times during the day.
216
673999
2737
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืคื ื™ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:16
We wash the bug out.
217
676760
1889
ื•ื‘ื›ืš, ื ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
11:18
Second, the eye doctors tell us that dust scours the eye
218
678673
3841
ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ืจื•ืคืื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืฉืื‘ืง ืฉื•ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ
11:22
and lets the bug in quick.
219
682538
1317
ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืง. ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
11:23
So what do we do?
220
683879
1209
ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืจื•ืคื ื”ืื‘ืง, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ื›ื–ื”.
11:25
We call up the doctor of dust, and there is such a person.
221
685112
3500
11:28
He was loaned to us by a mining company.
222
688636
1926
ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื•ื•ื” ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื›ืจื•ืช.
11:30
He controls dust on mining company sites.
223
690586
2670
ื”ื•ื ืžื ื˜ืจ ืื‘ืง ื‘ืืชืจื™ ืžื›ืจื•ืช,
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ
11:33
And he came out and, within a day,
224
693280
1803
11:35
it worked out that most dust in this community
225
695107
2191
ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื‘ืง ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”
11:37
was within a meter of the ground, the wind-driven dust --
226
697322
3250
ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ืื“ืžื”, ืื‘ืง ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—,
11:40
so he suggested making mounds to catch the dust
227
700596
2881
ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืœื™ื ืฉื™ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ืง
11:43
before it went into the house area and affected the eyes of kids.
228
703501
3722
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื
ื•ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
11:47
So we used dirt to stop dust.
229
707247
3543
ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื‘ืง.
11:50
We did it. He provided us dust monitors.
230
710814
2768
ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืง ืœื ื• ื‘ืงืจื™ ืื‘ืง
11:53
We tested and we reduced the dust.
231
713606
2456
ื‘ื—ื ื• ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืคื—ืชื ื• ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืื‘ืง.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™.
11:56
Then we wanted to get rid of the bug generally.
232
716086
2201
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช?
11:58
So how do we do that?
233
718311
1150
11:59
Well, we call up the doctor of flies -- and, yes, there is a doctor of flies.
234
719485
4734
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืœืจื•ืคื ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื,
ื•ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื.
12:04
As our Aboriginal mate said,
235
724728
1554
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืืžืจ,
12:06
"You white fellows ought to get out more."
236
726306
2111
"ืืชื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช"
12:08
(Laughter)
237
728441
2230
'ืฆื—ื•ืง'
12:10
And the doctor of flies very quickly determined
238
730695
3105
ื•ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
12:13
that there was one fly that carried the bug.
239
733824
4078
ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืฉื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
12:17
He could give school kids in this community
240
737926
2423
ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™
12:20
the beautiful fly trap you see above in the slide.
241
740373
3178
ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื—ืจืงื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืžืขืœื™ื™.
12:23
They could trap the flies, send them to him in Perth.
242
743575
2536
ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืจืง.
12:26
When the bug was in the gut,
243
746635
1453
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”
12:28
he'd send back by return post some dung beetles.
244
748112
2967
ืขื ื’ืœืœื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
ื’ืœืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื’ืœืœื™ ื”ื’ืžืœ
12:31
The dung beetles ate the camel dung,
245
751103
2293
ื•ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžืชื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
12:33
the flies died through lack of food,
246
753420
1746
12:35
and trachoma dropped.
247
755190
1309
ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืขื ืช ื™ืจื“.
12:36
And over the year, trachoma dropped radically in this place, and stayed low.
248
756523
5813
ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืขื ืช ืฆื ื—
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื ืžื•ืš.
12:42
We changed the environment, not just treated the eyes.
249
762360
3442
ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืœื ืจืง ืจื™ืคืื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
12:47
And finally, you get a good eye.
250
767079
2445
12:50
All these small health gains
251
770810
1895
ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
12:52
and small pieces of the puzzle make a big difference.
252
772729
3222
ื•ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืื–ืœ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™.
12:55
The New South Wales Department of Health,
253
775975
1983
ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
12:57
that radical organization,
254
777982
1277
ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
12:59
did an independent trial over three years
255
779283
3540
ืขืฉื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
13:02
to look at 10 years of the work we've been doing
256
782847
2573
ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
13:05
in these sorts of projects in New South Wales.
257
785444
2468
ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
13:07
And they found a 40 percent reduction in hospital admissions
258
787936
5544
ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• 40% ื™ืจื™ื“ื”
ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
13:13
for the illnesses that you could attribute to the poor environment --
259
793504
3730
ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื”
13:17
a 40 percent reduction.
260
797258
2370
ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 40%
13:19
(Applause)
261
799652
6964
'ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื'
13:27
Just to show that the principles we've used in Australia
262
807845
2722
ืจืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื
ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
13:30
can be used in other places,
263
810591
1338
13:31
I'm just going to go to one other place, and that's Nepal.
264
811953
2738
ืื ื™ ืจืง ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื–ื” ื ืคืืœ.
13:34
And what a beautiful place to go.
265
814715
1611
ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื ืคืœื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื•!
13:36
We were asked by a small village of 600 people
266
816350
3361
ืื ื• ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ 600 ืื ืฉื™ื
13:39
to go in and make toilets where none existed.
267
819735
4005
ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
13:43
Health was poor.
268
823764
1211
ืจืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื•ื“ื”.
13:46
We went in with no grand plan,
269
826270
1469
ืื ื• ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืœื ืชื›ื ื™ืช-ืขืœ, ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช
13:47
no grand promises of a great program,
270
827763
2127
ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช, ืจืง ืขื ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
13:49
just the offer to build two toilets for two families.
271
829914
3208
ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
13:53
It was during the design of the first toilet
272
833146
3348
13:56
that I went for lunch,
273
836518
1259
ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
13:57
invited by the family into their main room of the house.
274
837801
3049
ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
14:00
It was choking with smoke.
275
840874
2000
ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื•ืง ืžืขืฉืŸ.
14:02
People were cooking on their only fuel source, green timber.
276
842898
3575
ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืœื• ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื, ืขืฅ ื™ืจื•ืง.
14:06
The smoke coming off that timber is choking,
277
846497
2097
ื”ืขืฉืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืฅ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื ืง,
14:08
and in an enclosed house, you simply can't breathe.
278
848618
2700
ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกื’ื•ืจ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื•ื.
ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื•ืžื•ื•ืช
14:12
Later we found the leading cause of illness and death
279
852048
3890
14:15
in this particular region is through respiratory failure.
280
855962
3555
ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™.
14:19
So all of a sudden, we had two problems.
281
859541
2124
ื•ืœืคืชืข, ืขืžื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
14:21
We were there originally to look at toilets
282
861689
2064
ื”ื’ืขื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
14:23
and get human waste off the ground, that's fine.
283
863777
2298
ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื ื•ืงื• ืžื”ืื“ืžื”. ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
ืืš ืœืคืชืข, ืฆืฆื” ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื”.
14:26
But all of a sudden now there was a second problem:
284
866099
2914
ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืŸ? ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
14:29
How do we actually get the smoke down?
285
869037
1825
14:30
So two problems, and design should be about more than one thing.
286
870886
4036
ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“.
14:34
Solution: Take human waste, take animal waste,
287
874946
3570
ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ : ืชื™ืงื— ืืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื, ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื”
14:38
put it into a chamber, out of that, extract biogas,
288
878540
3358
ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ, ืžื–ื” ื ืคื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•-ื’ื–,
14:41
methane gas.
289
881922
1639
ื’ื– ืžืชืืŸ.
14:43
The gas gives three to four hours cooking a day --
290
883585
3401
ื”ื’ื– ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืœื™ื•ื -
ื ืงื™, ืœืœื ืขืฉืŸ, ื•ื—ื™ื ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”.
14:47
clean, smokeless and free for the family.
291
887010
3640
14:50
(Applause)
292
890674
5144
'ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื'
14:55
I put it to you: is this eliminating poverty?
293
895842
2884
ืื ื™ ืคื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื›ื, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™?
14:58
And the answer from the Nepali team who's working at the minute would say,
294
898750
4412
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืืœื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื•
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 'ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš'
15:03
don't be ridiculous --
295
903186
1151
15:04
we have three million more toilets to build
296
904361
2072
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
15:06
before we can even make a stab at that claim.
297
906457
2851
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื•.
15:09
And I don't pretend anything else.
298
909332
2959
ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืื—ืจืช.
15:12
But as we all sit here today,
299
912315
2658
ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื,
15:14
there are now over 100 toilets built
300
914997
1836
ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื• ืžืขืœ ืžืื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ื
15:16
in this village and a couple nearby.
301
916857
2413
ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
ืžืขืœ ืืœืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืœื•.
15:19
Well over 1,000 people use those toilets.
302
919294
3449
15:22
Yami Lama, he's a young boy.
303
922767
3175
ื™ืืžื™ ืœืืžื”, ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
15:25
He's got significantly less gut infection because he's now got toilets,
304
925966
4304
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืขืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื,
ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
15:30
and there isn't human waste on the ground.
305
930294
2360
ืงืื ื’'ื™ ืžืื™ื”, ืื ื’ืื”.
15:34
Kanji Maya, she's a mother, and a proud one.
306
934040
3317
15:37
She's probably right now cooking lunch for her family
307
937381
4443
ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื›ืขืช, ืžื‘ืฉืœืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”
15:41
on biogas, smokeless fuel.
308
941848
2445
ืžื‘ื™ื•-ื’ื–, ื“ืœืง ืœืœื ืขืฉืŸ.
15:44
Her lungs have got better,
309
944317
1246
ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ
15:45
and they'll get better as time increases,
310
945587
1976
ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ืฉืœืช ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขืฉืŸ.
15:47
because she's not cooking in the same smoke.
311
947587
2181
15:49
Surya takes the waste out of the biogas chamber
312
949792
2602
ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื’ื–
15:52
when it's shed the gas, he puts it on his crops.
313
952418
2917
ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžืžืกืš ืืช ื”ื’ื–, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื•.
15:55
He's trebled his crop income,
314
955359
2698
ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื• ืžื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ,
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื•.
15:58
more food for the family and more money for the family.
315
958081
2915
16:01
And finally Bishnu, the leader of the team,
316
961020
4754
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ื™ืฉื ื•,
ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืขืช
16:05
has now understood that not only have we built toilets,
317
965798
3163
ืฉืœื ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
16:08
we've also built a team,
318
968985
2152
ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
16:11
and that team is now working in two villages
319
971161
2632
ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ื
16:13
where they're training up the next two villages
320
973817
2473
ืฉื ื”ื ืžืืžื ื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื
16:16
to keep the work expanding.
321
976314
1830
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
16:18
And that, to me, is the key.
322
978168
1625
ื•ื–ื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™, ื”ืžืคืชื—.
16:19
(Applause)
323
979817
4667
'ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื'
16:24
People are not the problem.
324
984508
2704
ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืœื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
16:28
We've never found that.
325
988609
1587
ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื• ื–ืืช.
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” : ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื”
16:30
The problem: poor living environment,
326
990220
2695
ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
16:32
poor housing and the bugs that do people harm.
327
992939
2968
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
16:37
None of those are limited by geography, by skin color or by religion.
328
997137
5739
ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจ ืื• ื“ืช. ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื”.
16:42
None of them.
329
1002900
1378
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•
16:45
The common link between all the work we've had to do
330
1005087
2453
16:47
is one thing, and that's poverty.
331
1007564
1871
ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“, ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื ื™.
16:51
Nelson Mandela said, in the mid-2000s, not too far from here,
332
1011410
3777
ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœื” ืืžืจ, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000
ืœื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื›ืืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™
16:55
he said that like slavery and apartheid, "Poverty is not natural.
333
1015211
6281
"ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“, ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
17:01
It is man-made and can be overcome and eradicated
334
1021516
3859
ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื•
17:05
by the actions of human beings."
335
1025399
2124
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื."
17:08
I want to end by saying
336
1028864
1309
ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช
17:10
it's been the actions of thousands of ordinary human beings
337
1030197
6157
ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
17:16
doing -- I think -- extraordinary work,
338
1036378
3225
17:19
that have actually improved health,
339
1039627
2644
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”, ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
17:22
and, maybe only in a small way, reduced poverty.
340
1042295
3121
17:25
Thank you very much for your time.
341
1045440
1672
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:27
(Applause)
342
1047136
6705
'ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื'
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7