The moral dangers of non-lethal weapons | Stephen Coleman

52,268 views ใƒป 2012-02-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Roy Freifeld ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
What I want to talk to you about today
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
00:17
is some of the problems that the military of the Western world --
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ --
ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” --
00:22
Australia, United States, the UK and so on --
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ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืจื™ืกื•ืช
00:25
face in some of the deployments that they're dealing with
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ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:28
in the modern world at this time.
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื”
00:30
If you think about the sorts of things
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00:31
we've sent Australian military personnel to in recent years,
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ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื‘ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืง ื•ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
00:35
we've got obvious things like Iraq and Afghanistan,
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00:37
but you've also got things like East Timor and the Solomon Islands,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื–ืจื— ื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ
ื•ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
00:40
and so on.
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00:41
And a lot of these deployments
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืคืจื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
00:43
that we're sending military personnel to these days
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ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•
00:46
aren't traditional wars.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
00:48
In fact, a lot of the jobs we're asking military personnel to do
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื”
00:52
in those situations
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00:53
are ones that, in their own countries -- Australia, the US and so on --
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื.
00:57
would actually be done by police officers.
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00:59
So there's a bunch of problems that come up
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืชืงืœื™ื
01:01
for military personnel in these situations,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื”,
01:03
because they're doing things they haven't really been trained for.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืื•ืžื ื• ืœืงืจืืชื,
ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:07
And they're doing things that those who do them in their own countries
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ืฉืืœื• ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
ืื•ืžื ื• ืœืงืจืืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“
01:12
are trained very differently for and equipped very differently for.
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ื•ืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื• ืœืงืจืืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
01:15
Now, there's a bunch of reasons why we send military personnel,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื
01:19
rather than police, to do these jobs.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:21
If Australia had to send 1,000 people tomorrow
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ืื ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื—ืจ ืืœืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:24
to West Papua, for example,
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ืœืคืคื•ืื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืœืฃ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืžืขืฉ
01:27
we don't have 1,000 police officers hanging around that could go tomorrow,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื—ืจ
01:30
and we do have 1,000 soldiers that could go.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืœืฃ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื—.
ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื --
01:33
So when we have to send someone, we send the military --
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื
01:36
they're there, they're available,
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01:37
and heck, they're used to going off and doing these things
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ื•ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ, ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ื•ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื
01:40
and living by themselves
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01:41
and not having all this extra support.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื–ืืช.
01:43
So they are able to do it in that sense.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื
01:46
But they aren't trained the same way police officers are,
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื.
01:49
and they're certainly not equipped the way police officers are,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ืขืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื
01:52
so this has raised a bunch of problems for them
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
01:54
when dealing with these issues.
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01:55
One particular thing that's come up that I am especially interested in,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืฆืฅ
ื•ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•
01:59
is the question of whether,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื,
02:00
when we're sending military personnel to do these sorts of jobs,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ืื—ืจืช,
02:04
we ought to be equipping them differently;
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื”
02:06
and in particular, whether we ought to be giving them access
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ืœื›ืžื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื ืฉืง ื”ืืœ-ื”ืจื’ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
02:09
to some of the nonlethal weapons that police have.
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ืื ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช,
02:11
Since they're doing some of the same jobs,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:13
maybe they should have some of those things.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
02:15
And there's a range of places you'd think those things would be really useful.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช.
02:19
For example, when you've got military checkpoints.
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02:21
If people are approaching these checkpoints
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืืœื•
ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
02:24
and the military personnel are unsure if this person's hostile or not,
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ื”ืื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื.
02:27
say this person approaching here, and they say,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืงืจื‘,
ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื, "ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืžืชืื‘ื“ ืื• ืœื?
02:30
"Is this a suicide bomber or not?
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02:31
Is something hidden under their clothes?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœื‘ื’ื“ื™ื? ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช?"
02:33
What's going to happen?"
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื.
02:34
They don't know if the person is hostile or not.
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ืื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช,
02:37
If the person doesn't follow directions, they may end up shooting them,
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•
ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
02:40
and then find out afterwards either, yes, we shot the right person,
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ืื•: ื™ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:43
or, no, this was just an innocent person
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ืื• ืฉืœื: ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืื“ื ืชืžื™ื
02:45
who didn't understand what was going on.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
02:47
So if they had nonlethal weapons, then they would say,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
02:50
"We can use them in that sort of situation.
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ืื ื™ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื™ืŸ,
02:52
If we shoot someone who wasn't hostile,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืจื’ื ื• ืื•ืชื•."
02:54
at least we haven't killed them."
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ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืื—ืจืช.
02:56
Another situation: this photo is from one of the missions
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช
02:59
in the Balkans in the late 1990s.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช.
ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช:
03:02
This situation is a little bit different,
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขื•ื™ืŸ,
03:04
where maybe they know someone is hostile;
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื”ื
03:06
they've got someone shooting at them
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03:07
or doing something else that's clearly hostile,
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ืื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ื–ื•ืจืง ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:09
throwing rocks, whatever.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื•, ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
03:11
But if they respond,
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03:12
there's a range of other people around who are innocent people,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ืžื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข --
03:15
who might also get hurt.
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03:16
It'd be collateral damage
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ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•.
03:17
that the military often doesn't want to talk about.
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03:20
So again, they'd say, "With access to nonlethal weapons,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ืฉืงื™ ืืœ-ื”ืจื’,
ืื ื–ื”ื• ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื™ืŸ,
03:23
if we've got someone we know is hostile,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื•
03:25
we can do something to deal with them,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
03:27
and know that if we hit anyone else,
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03:28
at least we're not going to kill them."
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื ื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•."
ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื”,
03:31
Another suggestion has been,
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03:32
since we're putting so many robots in the field,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘,
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ
03:35
we can see the time coming
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03:36
where they're actually going to send robots out in the field
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ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื.
03:39
that are autonomous.
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ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ ืœื ืœื™ืจื•ืช
03:40
They'll make their own decisions about who to shoot and who not to shoot,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื.
03:43
without a human in the loop.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื™ื, ืจืง ืจื’ืข,
03:45
So the suggestion is,
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03:46
if we're going to send robots out and allow them to do this,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื–ืืช,
ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:49
maybe it would be a good idea if they were armed with nonlethal weapons,
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืฉืงื™ ืืœ-ื”ืจื’
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื“ื ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:54
so if the robot makes a bad decision and shoots the wrong person,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื”ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืชื•.
03:57
again, they haven't actually killed them.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื ืฉืงื™ ืืœ-ื”ืจื’,
03:59
Now, there's a whole range of different sorts of nonlethal weapons,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
04:03
some of which are available now,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
04:04
some of which they're developing.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคืœืคืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ,
04:06
You've got traditional things like pepper spray,
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ืชืจืกื™ืก ื”ืคืœืคืœ, ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”,
04:08
OC spray up at the top there,
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ืื• ืืงื“ื— ื”ืœื ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ื›ืืŸ.
04:10
or Tasers over here.
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ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืžืกื ื•ื•ืจ
04:12
The one on the top right here is actually a dazzling laser,
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืขื•ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื–ืžื ื™ืช
04:15
intended to just blind the person momentarily
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช.
04:17
and disorient them.
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ื™ืฉ ืงืœื™ืขื™ ืืœ-ื”ืจื’ ืœืจื•ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื“
04:19
You've got nonlethal shotgun rounds
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ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™
04:21
that contain rubber pellets instead of the traditional metal ones.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
04:24
And this one in the middle here, the large truck,
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ื•ืคื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
04:27
is called the Active Denial System,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืงืจืืช "ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืงื”ืœื•ืช" --
04:29
something the US military is working on at the moment.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืจื’ืข.
04:32
It's essentially a big microwave transmitter.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื“ืจ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ-ื—ื•ื.
04:36
It's sort of your classic idea of a heat ray.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“,
04:39
It goes out to a really long distance,
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04:41
compared to any of these other sorts of things.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื ืคื’ืข ืžื–ื”
04:44
Anybody who is hit with this feels a sudden burst of heat,
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคืจืฅ ื—ื•ื ืขื–
04:47
and just wants to get out of the way.
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ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืจืง ืœื–ื•ื– ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”.
ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืžืชื ื•ืจ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ,
04:50
It is a lot more sophisticated than a microwave oven,
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04:52
but it basically is boiling the water molecules
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื” ืžืจืชื™ื— ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื
ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
04:55
in the very surface level of your skin.
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ืื– ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื ืขื–,
04:57
So you feel this massive heat,
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื–ื•ื– ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”."
04:59
and you go, "I want to get out of the way."
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ
05:01
And they think this will be really useful
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05:03
in places where we need to clear a crowd out of a particular area,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืงื”ืœ ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
ืื ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขื•ื™ืŸ.
05:07
if the crowd is being hostile.
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ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื,
05:08
If we need to keep people away from a particular place,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
05:11
we can do that with these sorts of things.
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05:13
So there's a whole range of different nonlethal weapons
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ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘
ืฉืœ ื ืฉืงื™ ืืœ-ื”ืจื’ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื
05:16
we could give military personnel,
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05:18
and there's a whole range of situations
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื
05:20
where they're looking at them and saying,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื."
05:22
"These things would be really useful."
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ืืš ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™,
05:24
But as I said,
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05:25
the military and the police are very different.
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ื–ื” ืžื–ื•.
05:28
(Laughter)
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05:29
Yes, you don't have to look very hard at this to recognize
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ืžืื“
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:32
that they might be very different.
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ื‘ืคืจื˜,
05:34
In particular,
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05:35
the attitude to the use of force
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—
05:37
and the way they're trained to use force
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžืืžื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—
05:39
is especially different.
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ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” --
05:42
The police --
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05:43
and knowing because I've actually helped to train police --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ื™ ืขื–ืจืชื™ ืœืืžืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื --
05:46
police, particularly in Western jurisdictions at least,
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
05:49
are trained to De-escalate force,
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ืžืื•ืžื ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—,
ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—
05:53
to try and avoid using force wherever possible,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ,
05:56
and to use lethal force only as an absolute last resort.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืงื˜ืœื ื™
ืจืง ื›ืžื•ืฆื ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
06:01
Military personnel are being trained for war.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืืžื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”,
06:04
So they're trained that, as soon as things go bad,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืžื™ื“ืจื“ืจ,
06:07
their first response is lethal force.
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืงื˜ืœื ื™.
06:11
The moment the fecal matter hits the rotating turbine --
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
06:14
(Laughter)
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06:15
you can start shooting at people.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
06:19
So their attitudes
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06:20
to the use of lethal force are very different,
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื“,
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™
06:23
and I think it's fairly obvious
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06:24
that their attitude to the use of nonlethal weapons
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’
06:27
would also be very different from what it is with the police.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
06:31
And since we've already had so many problems
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ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ ื‘ื ืฉืงื™ ืืœ-ื”ืจื’ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
06:33
with police use of nonlethal weapons in various ways,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:36
I thought it would be a good idea to look at some of those things
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™.
06:39
and relate it to the military context.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™ ืžืื“,
06:41
I was very surprised when I started to do this to see that, in fact,
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
06:44
even the people who advocated the use of nonlethal weapons by the military
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื• ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื ืฉืงื™ ืืœ-ื”ืจื’
ืœื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
06:48
hadn't actually done that.
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06:49
They generally seemed to think,
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ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
06:51
"Why would we care what's happened with the police?
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"ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื›ืคืช ืžื” ืงืจื” ืขื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”?
06:53
We're looking at something different,"
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ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”,"
06:55
and didn't seem to recognize
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
06:57
they were looking at pretty much the same stuff.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:59
So I started to investigate some of those issues,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื•
ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
07:02
and have a look at the way police use nonlethal weapons
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”
07:06
when they're introduced,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืฅ
07:07
and some of the problems that might arise out of those sorts of things
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
07:10
when they actually do introduce them.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
07:12
And of course, being Australian,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™,
ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
07:15
I started looking at stuff in Australia, knowing from my own experience
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื
07:19
of various times when nonlethal weapons have been introduced in Australia.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื ืฉืงื™ ืืœ-ื”ืจื’.
ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืขืžืงืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
07:23
One of the things I particularly looked at was the use of OC spray --
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคืœืคืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ,
07:26
oleoresin capsicum spray, pepper spray --
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ืชืจืกื™ืก ืื•ืœื™ืื•ืจื–ื™ืŸ ืงืคืกื™ืงื•ื, ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคืœืคืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ,
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช
07:29
by Australian police,
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืžื” ืงืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
07:31
and seeing what had happened when that had been introduced,
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ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
07:33
and those sorts of issues.
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™,
07:35
And one study that I found, a particularly interesting one,
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
07:38
was in Queensland,
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ื ืขืจืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœื ื“,
07:40
because they had a trial period for the use of pepper spray
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ื›ื™ ืขืฉื• ืฉื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคืœืคืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ
07:43
before they actually introduced it more broadly.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืžืฉ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:46
And I went and had a look at some of the figures here.
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื.
07:49
Now, when they introduced OC spray in Queensland,
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืจืกื™ืก ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœื ื“,
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื.
07:52
they were really explicit.
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07:53
The police minister's and a heap of public statements were made about it.
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ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืคื™ืจืกื ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”.
ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ
07:57
They were saying, "This is explicitly intended to give police an option
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ืœืชืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช
08:00
between shouting and shooting.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืงื•ืช ืœื™ืจื™.
ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืฉืง ื—ื
08:04
This is something they can use instead of a firearm
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08:06
in situations where they would have previously had to shoot someone."
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื•."
ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืจื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™.
08:10
So I looked at all of the police shooting figures.
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08:12
And you can't actually find them very easily
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
08:14
for individual Australian states;
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
08:16
I could only find these.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืจืง ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืืœื•.
08:18
This is from an Australian Institute of Criminology report.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ ืœืคืฉื™ืขื”.
ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”:
08:21
You can see, in the fine print at the top:
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"ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื™ืจื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™" ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ืจืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
08:23
"Police shooting deaths" means not just people shot by police,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
08:26
but people who have shot themselves in the presence of police.
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08:29
But these are the figures across the entire country,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื”.
ื”ื—ืฅ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”
08:32
and the red arrow represents the point where Queensland said,
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ื‘ื” ืืžืจื• ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœื ื“,
08:35
"Yes, this is where we're going to give
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"ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
08:37
all police officers across the entire state
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชืจืกื™ืก ืคืœืคืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ."
08:39
access to OC spray."
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08:40
So you can see there were six deaths sort of leading up to it,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ
08:43
every year for a number of years.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
08:45
There was a spike a few years before,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
08:47
but that wasn't actually Queensland.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœื ื“.
08:49
Anyone know where that was?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”? ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ ืืจืชื•ืจ, ืœื.
08:51
Wasn't Port Arthur, no.
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ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”? ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:53
Victoria? Yes, correct.
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ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
08:55
That spike was all Victoria.
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08:57
(Laughter)
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ืœื ืฉื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœื ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
08:58
So it wasn't that Queensland had a particular problem
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ืขื ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื™ืจื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
09:00
with deaths from police shootings and so on.
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09:03
So, six shootings across the whole country,
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ืื– ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืงืจื™ ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื™ ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.
09:06
fairly consistently over the years before.
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ื•ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ: 2001, 2002.
09:08
The next two years were the years they studied -- 2001, 2002.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ื—ืฉ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื,
09:11
Anyone want to take a stab at the number of times,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
09:14
given how they've introduced this,
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09:15
the number of times police in Queensland used OC spray in that period?
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ืžืก' ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืกืœื ื“ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคืœืคืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•?
ืžืื•ืช? ืžืื”, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช,
09:19
Hundreds? One? Three?
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ืืœืฃ - ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืคืจ.
09:21
A thousand is getting better.
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09:25
Explicitly introduced as an alternative to the use of lethal force --
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ
ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืงื˜ืœื ื™ --
09:29
an alternative between shouting and shooting.
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ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืงื•ืช ืœื™ืจื™.
09:32
I'm going to go out on a limb here
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ืืกืชื›ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
09:34
and say that if Queensland police didn't have OC spray,
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ืฉืื ืœืžืฉื˜ืจืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœื ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคืœืคืœ,
09:37
they wouldn't have shot 2,226 people
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘-2,226 ืื ืฉื™ื
09:40
in those two years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
09:41
(Laughter)
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื•
09:44
In fact, if you have a look at the studies they were looking at,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื•,
09:47
the material they were collecting and examining,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืืกืคื• ื•ื‘ื—ื ื•,
ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืจืง
09:51
you can see the suspects were only armed in about 15 percent of cases
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ื‘-15 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื
09:55
where OC spray was used.
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ื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคืœืคืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ.
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•,
09:58
It was routinely being used in this period,
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10:00
and, of course, still is routinely used --
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข --
10:02
because there were no complaints about it,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”,
ืœื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ --
10:05
not within the context of this study, anyway --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข
10:08
it was routinely being used to deal with people who were violent,
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ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื”,
10:12
who were potentially violent,
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10:13
and also quite frequently used
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชื›ื•ืฃ ืœืžื“ื™
ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื
10:16
to deal with people who were simply passively noncompliant.
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ืฉืจืง ื ืžื ืขื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
10:21
This person is not doing anything violent,
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื,
10:23
but they just won't do what we want them to.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื”.
10:25
They're not obeying the directions we're giving them,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื•,
ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคืœืคืœ.
10:28
so we'll give them a shot of the OC spray -- that'll speed them up.
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ื–ื” ื™ื–ืจื– ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืš.
10:31
Everything will work out better that way.
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10:33
This was something explicitly introduced
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ืก ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ
ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื ืฉืง ื—ื,
10:36
to be an alternative to firearms,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื“ืจืš-ืงื‘ืข
10:38
but it's being routinely used
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘
10:40
to deal with a whole range of other sorts of problems.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
10:43
Now one of the particular issues that comes up
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’ --
10:46
with military use of nonlethal weapons --
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10:48
and people actually say, "There might be some problems" --
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช" --
10:51
there's a couple of particular problems that get focused on.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘.
ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
10:55
One of those problems is: nonlethal weapons may be used indiscriminately.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’ ืœืœื ืื‘ื—ื ื”.
ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื—
11:00
One of the fundamental principles of military use of force
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื ื”.
11:03
is that you have to be discriminate;
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืžื™ ื™ื•ืจื™ื.
11:05
you have to be careful about who you're shooting at.
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ืื– ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’
11:08
So one of the problems suggested with nonlethal weapons
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11:10
is that they might be used indiscriminately --
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืœื ืื‘ื—ื ื” --
ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื ื’ื“ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:13
that you would use them against a whole range of people,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
11:15
because you don't have to worry so much anymore.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื—ื“
11:18
And in fact, one particular instance where I think that actually happens
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ืฉื‘ื• ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
11:21
was the Dubrovka Theater siege in Moscow in 2002,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืงื” ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื‘-2002,
11:24
which probably a lot of you, unlike most of my students at ADFA,
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื, ืฉืœื ื›ืจื•ื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช,
ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ.
11:27
are old enough to remember.
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ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
11:29
So, Chechens had come in and taken control of the theater.
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ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 700 ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื”.
11:32
They were holding something like 700 people hostage.
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ื”ื ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:35
They'd released a bunch of people,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›-700 ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื”.
11:37
but they still had about 700 people hostage.
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11:39
And the Russian military police special forces, "Spetsnaz,"
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื”,
ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื”"ืกืคืฆื ืื–",
11:44
came in and stormed the theater.
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ื ื›ื ืกื• ื•ื”ืกืชืขืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
11:46
The way they did it was to pump the whole thing full of anesthetic gas.
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ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื’ื– ื”ืจื“ืžื”.
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ
11:50
And it turned out that lots of the hostages died
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื•
11:54
as a result of inhaling the gas.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื–.
11:57
It was used indiscriminately.
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืœืœื ืื‘ื—ื ื”.
11:59
They pumped the whole theater full of the gas.
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ื”ื ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื–.
12:02
And it's no surprise that people died,
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ื•ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•,
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื’ื– ื”ื–ื”
12:05
because you don't know how much gas each person is going to inhale,
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ื™ืฉืืฃ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“,
12:08
what position they'll fall in when they become unconscious, and so on.
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ืื™ืš ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืคืœื•
ื›ืฉื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
12:12
There were, in fact, only a couple of people who got shot
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื•ืจื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื
12:15
in this episode.
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื”.
12:17
So when they had a look at it afterward,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
12:19
there were only a couple of people who'd apparently been shot,
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ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื
ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
12:22
by the hostage takers or by the police forces
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ืื• ื ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
12:25
trying to deal with the situation.
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ื›ืฉืืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื• ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘.
12:27
Virtually everybody that got killed
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื”ืจื’
12:29
got killed from inhaling the gas.
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ื ื”ืจื’ ืžืฉืื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื–.
ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื”
12:32
The final toll of hostages is a little unclear,
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ืงืฆืช ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
12:35
but it's certainly a few more than that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”,
12:37
because other people died over the next few days.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
ืื– ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ื•,
12:40
So this was one problem they talked about,
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืื‘ื—ื ื”.
12:42
that it might be used indiscriminately.
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12:43
A second problem people sometimes talk about
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’,
12:46
with military use of nonlethal weapons --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื›ื™ืžื™,
12:48
and it's actually why, in the chemical weapons convention,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื“ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช
12:51
it's very clear that you can't use riot-control agents
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ื›ื ืฉืง ื‘ืงืจื‘,
12:53
as weapons of warfare --
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืจืื”
12:55
is that it's seen that sometimes nonlethal weapons might be used
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ืฉื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื›ื•ื— ืงื˜ืœื ื™,
12:59
not as an alternative to lethal force,
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ืืœื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ --
13:01
but as a lethal force multiplier:
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13:03
that you use nonlethal weapons first,
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’
13:05
so your lethal weapons will actually be more effective.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื.
ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื
13:09
The people you'll be shooting at won't be able to get out of the way.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืงื• ื”ืืฉ.
13:12
They won't be aware of what's happening, and you can kill them better.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
13:16
And that's exactly what happened here.
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13:18
The hostage takers who had been rendered unconscious by the gas
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ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ื’ื–
ืœื ื ืœืงื—ื• ืœืžืขืฆืจ,
13:22
were not taken into custody;
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13:23
they were simply shot in the head.
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ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ืจื• ื‘ืจืืฉื.
13:26
So this nonlethal weapon was being used in this case
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ืื– ื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ื”ืจื’ ื”ื–ื”
ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”
13:30
as a lethal force multiplier,
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ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™
13:33
to make killing more effective in this particular situation.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื”ืจื’
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
13:38
Another problem I want to quickly mention
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช
ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
13:41
is that there's a whole heap of problems
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ืขื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
13:43
with the way people are actually taught to use nonlethal weapons,
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ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ื”ืืœ-ื”ืจื’
13:46
and get trained about them and then tested and so on.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืžืืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.
13:49
Because they're tested in nice, safe environments,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”
13:52
and are taught to use them in nice, safe environments --
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13:54
like this, where you can see exactly what's going on.
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื•, ื‘ื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืชืจืกื™ืก ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ื›ืคืคืช ื’ื•ืžื™
13:58
The person spraying the OC spray is wearing a rubber glove
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื–ื“ื”ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
14:01
to make sure they don't get contaminated, and so on.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ื–ื”.
14:03
But they're never used like that.
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
14:05
They're used out in the real world,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก, ื›ืืŸ.
14:07
like in Texas, like this:
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14:09
["Police Taser Great-Grandmother During Traffic Stop"]
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”
14:12
I confess, this particular case was one that piqued my interest in this.
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
14:15
It happened while I was working as a research fellow
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื›ืขื•ื–ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืฆื™ ืืจื”"ื‘.
14:18
at the US Naval Academy.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”
14:19
News reports started coming up about this situation,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื” ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ.
14:22
where this woman was arguing with a police officer.
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14:24
She wasn't violent.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืœื™ืžื”.
14:26
In fact, he was probably six inches taller than me,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืžื ื™ ื‘-15 ืก"ืž ,
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”.
14:29
and she was about this tall.
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14:31
And eventually she said to him,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื•
14:33
"Well, I'm going to get back in my car."
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"ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™."
14:35
And he says, "If you get back in your car, I'm going to tase you."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ืชื—ื–ืจื™ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš, ืื ื™ ืืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ืš ืฉื•ืงืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™."
ื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชืš". ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
14:38
And she says, "Oh, go ahead. Tase me." And so he does.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฆืœืžืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•
14:41
And it's all captured by the video camera
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ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงื™ื“ืžืช ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
14:43
running in the front of the police car.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 72,
14:47
So, she's 72.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื”.
14:50
And it's seen that this is the most appropriate way of dealing with her.
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14:53
And there are other examples of the same sorts of things,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
14:56
where you think,
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"ื”ืื ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื“ืจืš ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’?"
14:58
"Is this really an appropriate way to use nonlethal weapons?"
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"ืžืคืงื“ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื™ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ืงืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช 14."
15:01
"Police Chief Fires Taser into 14 year old Girl's Head."
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"ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื”. ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?"
15:04
"She was running away. What else was I suppose to do?"
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:06
(Laughter)
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15:08
Or Florida:
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ืื• ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”:
15:10
"Police Taser 6-year-old Boy at Elementary School."
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"ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™."
15:13
And they clearly learned a lot from it, because in the same district:
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื• ืžื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื•ื–,
15:17
"Police Review Policy After Children Shocked:
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"ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืžืœื•:
ื™ืœื“ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืงืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช."
15:20
2nd Child Shocked by Taser Stun Gun Within Weeks."
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15:22
Same police district.
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ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื•ื– ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™.
15:24
Another child within weeks of Tasering the six-year-old boy.
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ืขื•ื“ ื™ืœื“, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืฉ.
ื•ืจืง ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื
15:28
Just in case you think it's only going to happen in the United States,
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
15:31
it happened in Canada as well:
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื“ื”.
15:33
["Mounties Zap 11-year-old Boy"]
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ื•ืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™
15:35
And a colleague sent me this one from London:
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ืฉืœื— ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
15:37
["Arrested Man, 82, Shot with Taser"]
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ืืœื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช,
15:39
But my personal favorite, I have to confess, does come from the US:
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช:
15:43
"Officers Taser 86-year-old Disabled Woman in her Bed."
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"ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืžื—ืฉืžืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื ื›ื” ื‘ืช 86 ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืชื”."
15:46
(Laughter)
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ื‘ื“ืงืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”.
15:49
I checked the reports on this one.
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ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืคืชืข.
15:51
I looked at it. I was really surprised.
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15:53
Apparently, she took up a more threatening position in her bed.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืชื ื•ื—ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืชื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:57
(Laughter)
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆื•ื—ืง. ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘.
15:59
I kid you not, that's exactly what it said:
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"ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืชื ื•ื—ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืชื”."
16:01
"She took up a more threatening position in her bed."
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
16:04
OK.
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16:05
But I'd remind you --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืจืฆื”:
16:07
I'm talking about military uses of nonlethal weapons,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’.
16:09
so why is this relevant?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ?
16:11
Because police are actually more restrained in the use of force
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ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื•ืคืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—
ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื.
16:14
than the military are.
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16:15
They're trained to be more restrained in the use of force
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ื”ื ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื.
16:18
than the military are.
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ื”ื ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘.
16:19
They're trained to think more, to try and De-escalate.
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ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืขื ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉืง ืืœ-ื”ืจื’,
16:22
So if you have these problems with police officers
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16:24
with nonlethal weapons,
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ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
16:25
what on earth would make you think
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื?
16:27
it's going to be better with military personnel?
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16:30
The last thing that I would like to say:
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื
16:34
When I'm talking to the police
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16:35
about what a perfect nonlethal weapon would look like,
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ืื™ืš ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื ืฉืง ื”ืืœ-ื”ืจื’ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื,
ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
16:38
they almost inevitably say the same thing.
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื‘ื–ื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง
16:40
They say, "It's got to be something that's nasty enough
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16:42
that people don't want to be hit with this weapon.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข ืžื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื–ื”.
ื›ืš ืฉืื ืชืื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•,
16:45
So if you threaten to use it,
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16:46
people are going to comply with it.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื”,
16:49
But it's also going to be something
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
16:51
that doesn't leave any lasting effects."
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—."
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ืฉืง ื”ืืœ-ื”ืจื’ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื
16:56
In other words,
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16:57
your perfect nonlethal weapon is something that's perfect for abuse.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื”.
ืžื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
17:01
What would these guys have done if they'd had access to Tasers,
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ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
17:04
or to a manned, portable version of the Active Denial System --
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ืื• ืœื’ื™ืจืกื” ืžืื•ื™ืฉืช ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ืช
ืฉืœ "ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืงื”ืœื•ืช" --
17:08
a small heat ray that you can use on people
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ืงืจืŸ ื—ื•ื ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
17:11
and not worry about.
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ื•ืœื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”.
17:13
So I think yes,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื
17:15
there may be ways that nonlethal weapons will be great in these situations,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืง ื”ืืœ-ื”ืจื’ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
17:19
but there's also a whole heap of problems
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืœืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
17:21
that need to be considered as well.
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17:22
Thanks very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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