Lisa Margonelli: The political chemistry of oil

19,063 views ใƒป 2010-08-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Eran Givoni ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
So I'm going to talk to you about you about the political chemistry of oil spills
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคื˜.
00:18
and why this is an incredibly important,
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ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
00:21
long, oily, hot summer,
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ื•ืืจื•ืš, ื•ืžืœื ื‘ื ืคื˜, ื•ื—ื,
00:23
and why we need to keep ourselves from getting distracted.
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ื•ืœืžื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืชืช ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื•.
00:26
But before I talk about the political chemistry,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
00:28
I actually need to talk about the chemistry of oil.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜.
00:31
This is a photograph from when I visited
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื™
00:33
Prudhoe Bay in Alaska in 2002
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ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืคืจื•ื“ื• ื‘ืืœืืกืงื” ื‘-2002
00:36
to watch the Minerals Management Service
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ื‘ืขืช ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™
00:38
testing their ability
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ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื
00:40
to burn oil spills in ice.
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ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืจื—.
00:42
And what you see here is, you see a little bit of crude oil,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ ื’ื•ืœืžื™,
00:44
you see some ice cubes,
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ืงืฆืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื—,
00:46
and you see two sandwich baggies of napalm.
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ื•ืฉืชื™ ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื ืคืืœื.
00:49
The napalm is burning there quite nicely.
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ื”ื ืคืืœื ื ืฉืจืฃ ื›ืืŸ.
00:51
And the thing is, is that
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื,
00:53
oil is really an abstraction for us as the American consumer.
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ืฉื ืคื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜.
00:56
We're four percent of the world's population;
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ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื;
00:58
we use 25 percent of the world's oil production.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘-25 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
01:01
And we don't really understand what oil is,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ื ืคื˜,
01:04
until you check out its molecules,
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ืขื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
01:06
And you don't really understand that until you see this stuff burn.
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืฉืจืฃ.
01:09
So this is what happens as that burn gets going.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื ืคื˜ ื ืฉืจืฃ.
01:11
It takes off. It's a big woosh.
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ื”ืœื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉืจืคืช ื•ืžืžืจื™ืื” ืืœ ืขืœ.
01:13
I highly recommend that you get a chance to see crude oil burn someday,
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ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉืชืฆืคื• ืคืขื ื‘ื ืคื˜ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื ืฉืจืฃ,
01:16
because you will never need to hear another poli sci lecture
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืฆืื”
01:19
on the geopolitics of oil again.
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜.
01:22
It'll just bake your retinas.
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ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืคื•.
01:24
So there it is; the retinas are baking.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื–ื” - ื”ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืจืคื•ืช.
01:26
Let me tell you a little bit about this chemistry of oil.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜.
01:29
Oil is a stew of hydrocarbon molecules.
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ื ืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
01:32
It starts of with the very small ones,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:34
which are one carbon, four hydrogen --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืื—ื“ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืžืŸ -
01:36
that's methane -- it just floats off.
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ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืžืชืืŸ - ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจื—ืฃ ืœื•.
01:38
Then there's all sorts of intermediate ones with middle amounts of carbon.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืขื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ.
01:41
You've probably heard of benzene rings; they're very carcinogenic.
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ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกืจื˜ื ื•ืช.
01:44
And it goes all the way over
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ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
01:46
to these big, thick, galumphy ones that have hundreds of carbons,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืช, ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
01:48
and they have thousands of hydrogens,
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ื•ืืœืคื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ,
01:50
and they have vanadium and heavy metals and sulfur
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื, ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช
01:52
and all kinds of craziness hanging off the sides of them.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:54
Those are called the asphaltenes; they're an ingredient in asphalt.
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ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืืกืคืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืœื˜.
01:57
They're very important in oil spills.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคื˜.
01:59
Let me tell you a little bit about
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜
02:01
the chemistry of oil in water.
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ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื.
02:04
It is this chemistry that makes oil so disastrous.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจืกื ื™.
02:07
Oil doesn't sink, it floats.
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ื ืคื˜ ืœื ืฉื•ืงืข, ื”ื•ื ืฆืฃ.
02:09
If it sank, it would be a whole different story as far as an oil spill.
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ืื ื ืคื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืงืข, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคื˜.
02:12
And the other thing it does is it spreads out the moment it hits the water.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืคื˜ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื™ื.
02:15
It spreads out to be really thin,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื“ืง,
02:17
so you have a hard time corralling it.
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:19
The next thing that happens
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืงื•ืจื”
02:21
is the light ends evaporate,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืงื™ื ืžืชืื“ื™ื
02:24
and some of the toxic things float into the water column
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื
02:27
and kill fish eggs
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื
02:29
and smaller fish and things like that, and shrimp.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื.
02:32
And then the asphaltenes -- and this is the crucial thing --
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ื•ืื– ืงื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™
02:34
the asphaltenes get whipped by the waves
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืžืงืฆื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืืกืคืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื
02:37
into a frothy emulsion, something like mayonnaise.
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ืœืžื™ืŸ ืชื—ืœื™ื‘ ืžื•ืงืฆืฃ ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื•ื ื–.
02:39
It triples the amount
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืคื™ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”
02:41
of oily, messy goo that you have in the water,
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ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื,
02:44
and it makes it very hard to handle.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
02:46
It also makes it very viscous.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
02:48
When the Prestige sank off the coast of Spain,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื“ืœืง "ืคืจืกื˜ื™ื’'" ืฉืงืขื” ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืกืคืจื“,
02:51
there were big, floating cushions the size of sofa cushions
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ื”ื™ื• "ื›ืจื™ื•ืช" ื ืคื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืฆืคื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื
02:54
of emulsified oil,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืกืคื”,
02:56
with the consistency, or the viscosity, of chewing gum.
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ืขื ืžืจืงื ื•ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื˜ื™ืง.
02:58
It's incredibly hard to clean up.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืงื•ืช.
03:00
And every single oil is different when it hits water.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื ืคื˜ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื™ื.
03:03
When the chemistry of the oil and water
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื ืคื˜
03:05
also hits our politics,
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ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
03:07
it's absolutely explosive.
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ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข.
03:09
For the first time, American consumers
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื
03:11
will kind of see the oil supply chain in front of themselves.
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ื™ืจืื• ืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžื•ืœื.
03:15
They have a "eureka!" moment,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื”,
03:17
when we suddenly understand oil in a different context.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืœืคืชืข ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:20
So I'm going to talk just a little bit about the origin of these politics,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
03:23
because it's really crucial to understanding
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื”
03:25
why this summer is so important, why we need to stay focused.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœืžื” ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื.
03:28
Nobody gets up in the morning and thinks,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื•:
03:30
"Wow! I'm going to go buy
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"ื•ืื•ื•! ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ืงืฆืช
03:32
some three-carbon-to-12-carbon molecules to put in my tank
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืขื“ 12 ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื“ืœืง
03:34
and drive happily to work."
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”."
03:36
No, they think, "Ugh. I have to go buy gas.
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ืœื. ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื:" ืื•ืฃ, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชื“ืœืง.
03:38
I'm so angry about it. The oil companies are ripping me off.
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ืื™ื–ื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœื™.
03:40
They set the prices, and I don't even know.
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ื”ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ืœื”ืŸ, ื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’.
03:42
I am helpless over this."
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ."
03:44
And this is what happens to us at the gas pump --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื• ืœื™ื“ ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ื“ืœืง.
03:46
and actually, gas pumps are specifically designed
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:48
to diffuse that anger.
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ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื”ืœืœื•.
03:50
You might notice that many gas pumps, including this one,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื“ืœืง, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ืืช ืคื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”,
03:52
are designed to look like ATMs.
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ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืžื• ืœื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜ื™ื.
03:54
I've talked to engineers. That's specifically to diffuse our anger,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ืฉืœื ื•,
03:57
because supposedly we feel good about ATMs.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืขืฆืžื ื•.
03:59
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
04:01
That shows you how bad it is.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข.
04:03
But actually, I mean, this feeling of helplessness
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืชื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื
04:05
comes in because most Americans actually feel
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ื ื’ืจืžืช ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
04:08
that oil prices are the result of a conspiracy,
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ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”,
04:11
not of the vicissitudes of the world oil market.
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ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
04:14
And the thing is, too,
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
04:16
is that we also feel very helpless about the amount that we consume,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืื•ืชื” ืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื,
04:18
which is somewhat reasonable,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
04:20
because in fact, we have designed this system
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ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ื”,
04:23
where, if you want to get a job,
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ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”,
04:26
it's much more important to have a car that runs,
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืจื›ื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ,
04:29
to have a job and keep a job, than to have a GED.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
04:32
And that's actually very perverse.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”.
04:34
Now there's another perverse thing about the way we buy gas,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื“ืœืง,
04:36
which is that we'd rather be doing anything else.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
04:38
This is BP's gas station
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ื–ืืช ืชื—ื ืช ื“ืœืง ืฉืœ BP
04:40
in downtown Los Angeles.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก.
04:42
It is green. It is a shrine to greenishness.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ืจื•ืง.
04:45
"Now," you think, "why would something so lame
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ื•ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฆืžืš:"ืœืžื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ืคืฉื™
04:48
work on people so smart?"
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ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื›ืžื™ื?"
04:50
Well, the reason is, is because, when we're buying gas,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ื ื™ื ื“ืœืง,
04:53
we're very invested in this sort of cognitive dissonance.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
04:56
I mean, we're angry at the one hand and we want to be somewhere else.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
04:59
We don't want to be buying oil;
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื“ืœืง.
05:01
we want to be doing something green.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• "ื™ืจื•ืง".
05:03
And we get kind of in on our own con.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
05:06
I mean -- and this is funny,
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืฆื—ื™ืง.
05:08
it looks funny here.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง.
05:10
But in fact, that's why the slogan "beyond petroleum" worked.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” "ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืœืง" ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
05:13
But it's an inherent part of our energy policy,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
05:16
which is we don't talk about
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ืฉื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื
05:18
reducing the amount of oil that we use.
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ืขืœ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื.
05:20
We talk about energy independence. We talk about hydrogen cars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ.
05:23
We talk about biofuels that haven't been invented yet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื•.
05:25
And so, cognitive dissonance
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ื•ื›ืš, ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™
05:28
is part and parcel of the way that we deal with oil,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื ืคื˜,
05:31
and it's really important to dealing with this oil spill.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคื˜.
05:33
Okay, so the politics of oil
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜
05:36
are very moral in the United States.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
05:38
The oil industry is like a huge, gigantic octopus
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง
05:41
of engineering and finance
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื
05:43
and everything else,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:45
but we actually see it in very moral terms.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
05:47
This is an early-on photograph -- you can see, we had these gushers.
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜.
05:50
Early journalists looked at these spills,
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
05:52
and they said, "This is a filthy industry."
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ื•ืืžืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื:"ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช."
05:54
But they also saw in it
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืจืื• ื’ื
05:56
that people were getting rich for doing nothing.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
05:58
They weren't farmers, they were just getting rich for stuff coming out of the ground.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ื”ื ื”ืชืขืฉืจื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืกืชื ื™ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
06:01
It's the "Beverly Hillbillies," basically.
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ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” "ื‘ื•ื•ืจืœื™ ื”ื™ืœื‘ื™ืœื™ืก".
06:03
But in the beginning, this was seen as a very morally problematic thing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
06:06
long before it became funny.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง.
06:08
And then, of course, there was John D. Rockefeller.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื ื’'ื•ืŸ ื“. ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ.
06:11
And the thing about John D. is that
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ื•ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื• ื”ื•ื
06:13
he went into this chaotic wild-east
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื™ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ืช ื ืคื˜
06:15
of oil industry,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ืข,
06:17
and he rationalized it
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
06:19
into a vertically integrated company, a multinational.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช, ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
06:22
It was terrifying; you think Walmart is a terrifying business model now,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“. ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืœ-ืžืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขืกืงื™ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื,
06:25
imagine what this looked like in the 1860s or 1870s.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช.
06:28
And it also the kind of root
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ื•ืคื” ื’ื ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ
06:31
of how we see oil as a conspiracy.
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ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื˜.
06:34
But what's really amazing is that
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื
06:36
Ida Tarbell, the journalist,
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ืื™ื“ื” ื˜ืืจื‘ืœ,
06:39
went in and did a big exposรฉ of Rockefeller
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ืฉื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ
06:42
and actually got the whole antitrust laws
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ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืงืงื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
06:44
put in place.
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื.
06:46
But in many ways,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
06:48
that image of the conspiracy still sticks with us.
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ืื•ืชื” ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจืช ืืฆืœื™ื ื•.
06:50
And here's one of the things
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื”
06:52
that Ida Tarbell said --
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ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื“ื” ื˜ืืจื‘ืœ:
06:54
she said, "He has a thin nose like a thorn.
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืฃ ืฆืจ ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืฅ.
06:57
There were no lips.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื.
06:59
There were puffs under the little colorless eyes
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ 'ืฉืงื™ื•ืช' ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื™ื ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข
07:01
with creases running from them."
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ืขื ืงืžื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ."
07:03
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
07:05
Okay, so that guy is actually still with us.
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ื ื•, ืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื•.
07:07
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
07:09
I mean, this is a very pervasive -- this is part of our DNA.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ - ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”-DNA ืฉืœื ื•.
07:12
And then there's this guy, okay.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
07:15
So, you might be wondering why it is that,
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ื•ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชื”ื•ืช
07:17
every time we have high oil prices or an oil spill,
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ืœืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืœื™ืคืช ื ืคื˜,
07:19
we call these CEOs down to Washington,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžื ื›"ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
07:22
and we sort of pepper them with questions in public and we try to shame them.
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ื•ื™ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™, ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืš ืื•ืชื.
07:25
And this is something that we've been doing since 1974,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืื– 1974,
07:28
when we first asked them, "Why are there these obscene profits?"
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:"ืžืื™ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•?"
07:31
And we've sort of personalized the whole oil industry
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ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื’ื•ืœืžืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•,
07:33
into these CEOs.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื ืžื ื›"ืœื™ื.
07:35
And we take it as, you know --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื
07:38
we look at it on a moral level,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
07:40
rather than looking at it on a legal and financial level.
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
07:43
And so I'm not saying these guys aren't liable to answer questions --
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
07:46
I'm just saying that, when you focus on
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื–ื” ืฉืื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:48
whether they are or are not a bunch of greedy bastards,
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ื‘ืื ื”ืžื ื›"ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžืžื–ืจื™ื ื—ืžื“ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื,
07:51
you don't actually get around to the point
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ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:53
of making laws that are either going to either change the way they operate,
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ืฉืœ ืœื—ื•ืงืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื
07:56
or you're going to get around
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ืื• ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
07:58
to really reducing the amount of oil
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ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื
08:00
and reducing our dependence on oil.
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ื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ืคื˜.
08:02
So I'm saying this is kind of a distraction.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืคื” ื‘ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช.
08:04
But it makes for good theater,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื“ืจ,
08:06
and it's powerfully cathartic as you probably saw last week.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืชืจื˜ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
08:10
So the thing about water oil spills
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ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื
08:12
is that they are very politically galvanizing.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ.
08:15
I mean, these pictures -- this is from the Santa Barbara spill.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” - ื–ืืช ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื“ืœื™ืคื” ื‘ืกื ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื”.
08:18
You have these pictures of birds.
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืคื˜.
08:20
They really influence people.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
08:22
When the Santa Barbara spill happened in 1969,
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ื›ืฉื“ืœื™ืคืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืงืจืชื” ื‘ืกื ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ื‘-1969,
08:25
it formed the environmental movement in its modern form.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
08:27
It started Earth Day.
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"ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ" ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœื”.
08:29
It also put in place the National Environmental Policy Act,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ืจื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ืงื•ืง ื—ื•ืง ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
08:32
the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act.
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ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ืงื™ ื•ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื.
08:35
Everything that we are really stemmed from this period.
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ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.
08:38
I think it's important to kind of look at these pictures of the birds
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
08:41
and understand what happens to us.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื•.
08:43
Here we are normally;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ
08:45
we're standing at the gas pump, and we're feeling kind of helpless.
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ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ื“ืœืง, ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืงืฆืช ื—ืกืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื.
08:47
We look at these pictures
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
08:49
and we understand, for the first time, our role in this supply chain.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื–ื•.
08:52
We connect the dots in the supply chain.
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ืื—ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช.
08:54
And we have this kind of --
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ื•ืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื,
08:56
as voters, we have kind of a "eureka!" moment.
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ื›ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื, ืžื™ืŸ ืจื’ืข ื”ืืจื”.
08:59
This is why these moments of these oil spills
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜
09:01
are so important.
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ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
09:03
But it's also really important that we don't get distracted
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื ืชื•ืกื—
09:06
by the theater or the morals of it.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื–ื”.
09:08
We actually need to go in
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืฉื™ืœ ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื
09:10
and work on the roots of the problem.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
09:12
One of the things that happened with the two previous oil spills
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ื‘ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื”
09:15
was that we really worked on some of the symptoms.
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
09:18
We were very reactive, as opposed to being proactive
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ื”ื’ื‘ื ื• ืœืชืงืœื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ
09:20
about what happened.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ืงืจื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
09:22
And so what we did was, actually,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”
09:24
we made moratoriums on the east and west coasts on drilling.
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ืืกืจื ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
09:27
We stopped drilling in ANWR,
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ื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืœืงื“ื•ื— ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืœืกืงื”,
09:30
but we didn't actually reduce the amount of oil that we consumed.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืงื˜ื ื• ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื.
09:33
In fact, it's continued to increase.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืจืง ื’ื“ืœื”.
09:35
The only thing that really reduces the amount of oil that we consume
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื
09:38
is much higher prices.
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ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
09:40
As you can see, our own production has fallen off
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืจื“
09:42
as our reservoirs have gotten old and expensive to drill out.
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ื•ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื• ื•ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ื‘ื”ื ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:44
We only have two percent of the world's oil reserves;
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื• ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช.
09:47
65 percent of them are in the Persian Gulf.
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65 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืคืจืกื™.
09:50
One of the things that's happened because of this
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ืžืื– ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”,
09:52
is that, since 1969,
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ืžืื– 1969,
09:55
the country of Nigeria, or the part of Nigeria that pumps oil,
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ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ ื ืคื˜,
09:58
which is the delta -- which is two times the size of Maryland --
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืชื, ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžืจื™ืœื ื“,
10:01
has had thousands of oil spills a year.
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ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
10:03
I mean, we've essentially been exporting oil spills
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœืžื™ื™ืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคื˜
10:05
when we import oil from places
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ื‘ืื™ื ื ืคื˜ ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
10:07
without tight environmental regulations.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื”.
10:09
That has been the equivalent of an Exxon Valdez spill
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ืœื™ืคืช ื ืคื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืœืืงืกื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ื–
10:12
every year since 1969.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžืื– 1969.
10:15
And we can wrap our heads around the spills,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
10:17
because that's what we see here,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
10:19
but in fact, these guys actually live in a war zone.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืคื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
10:21
There's a thousand battle-related deaths a year
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืืœืคื™ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”
10:24
in this area twice the size of Maryland,
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืžืžืจื™ืœื ื“,
10:26
and it's all related to the oil.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ืคื˜.
10:28
And these guys, I mean, if they were in the U.S.,
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
10:30
they might be actually here in this room.
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.
10:32
They have degrees in political science, degrees in business --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื.
10:34
they're entrepreneurs. They don't actually want to be doing what they're doing.
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ื”ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื. ื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
10:38
And it's sort of one of the other groups of people
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ื•ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
10:41
who pay a price for us.
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ืฉืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
10:43
The other thing that we've done,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•,
10:45
as we've continued to increase demand,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื’ื“ืœ,
10:47
is that we kind of play a shell game with the costs.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืฆืช ืžืจืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
10:50
One of the places we put in a big oil project
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ ื ืคื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
10:53
in Chad, with Exxon.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืฆ'ืื“, ืขื ืืงืกื•ืŸ.
10:55
So the U.S. taxpayer paid for it;
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ื•ืžืฉืœื ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืžืฉืœื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
10:57
the World Bank, Exxon paid for it.
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื•ืืงืกื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
10:59
We put it in. There was a tremendous banditry problem.
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ื•ืžืื– ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ื–ื”, ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ.
11:02
I was there in 2003.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื‘-2003.
11:04
We were driving along this dark, dark road,
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ื ืกืขื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืืจื•ืš ื•ื—ืฉื•ืš,
11:06
and the guy in the green stepped out,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง, ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื ื•,
11:08
and I was just like, "Ahhh! This is it."
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™:"ื–ื”ื•, ื”ืœืš ืขืœื™ื ื•."
11:11
And then the guy in the Exxon uniform stepped out,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืงืกื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื ื•,
11:14
and we realized it was okay.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
11:16
They have their own private sort of army around them at the oil fields.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืŸ ืฆื‘ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืฉืœื”ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜.
11:18
But at the same time,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
11:20
Chad has become much more unstable,
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆ'ืื“ ื”ืชืขืจืขืจื”,
11:22
and we are not paying for that price at the pump.
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื”.
11:25
We pay for it in our taxes on April 15th.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘-15 ืœืืคืจื™ืœ.
11:28
We do the same thing
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ
11:30
with the price of policing the Persian Gulf
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ืขื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืคืจืกื™
11:32
and keeping the shipping lanes open.
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ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื.
11:34
This is 1988 --
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืž-1988.
11:36
we actually bombed two Iranian oil platforms that year.
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ื”ืคืฆืฆื ื• ืื– ืฉืชื™ ืืกื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ืื™ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
11:39
That was the beginning of an escalating U.S. involvement there
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืฉืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ
11:41
that we do not pay for at the pump.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื”.
11:43
We pay for it on April 15th,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘-15 ืœืืคืจื™ืœ,
11:45
and we can't even calculate the cost of this involvement.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
11:48
The other place that is sort of supporting our dependence on oil
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉื“ื™ ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ืคื˜
11:51
and our increased consumption
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ื•ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•
11:54
is the Gulf of Mexico,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
11:56
which was not part of the moratoriums.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ื.
11:58
Now what's happened in the Gulf of Mexico -- as you can see,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
12:00
this is the Minerals Management diagram
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ื–ื” ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื
12:02
of wells for gas and oil.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื•ื’ื–,
12:04
It's become this intense industrialized zone.
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ื•ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืชื•ืขืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:06
It doesn't have the same resonance for us
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•
12:08
that the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge has,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืœืกืงื”,
12:10
but it should, I mean, it's a bird sanctuary.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืคืœื˜ ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
12:13
Also, every time you buy gasoline in the United States,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื“ืœืง ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
12:15
half of it is actually being refined along the coast,
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžืžื ื• ืžื–ื•ืงืง ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
12:18
because the Gulf actually has
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืง
12:20
about 50 percent of our refining capacity
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ื‘ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
12:22
and a lot of our marine terminals as well.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:24
So the people of the Gulf have essentially been subsidizing the rest of us
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื‘ืกื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•
12:27
through a less-clean environment.
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ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืงื™ื”.
12:30
And finally, American families also pay a price for oil.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ื’ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื ืคื˜.
12:33
Now on the one hand, the price at the pump is not really very high
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”
12:36
when you consider the actual cost of the oil,
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ืื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜,
12:38
but on the other hand,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
12:40
the fact that people have no other transit options
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื—ืจื•ืช,
12:43
means that they pay a large amount of their income
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ื”ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื
12:46
into just getting back and forth to work,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืžื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
12:48
generally in a fairly crummy car.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
12:50
If you look at people who make $50,000 a year, they have two kids,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื 50,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”,
12:53
they might have three jobs or more,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:55
and then they have to really commute.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
12:57
They're actually spending more on their car and fuel
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื“ืœืง ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
13:00
than they are on taxes or on health care.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืกื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช.
13:02
And the same thing happens
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื”
13:04
at the 50th percentile, around 80,000.
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ื‘ืžืื™ื•ืŸ ื”-50, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 80,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
13:07
Gasoline costs are a tremendous drain
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ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืŸ ื›ืื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื—ื™ื™ื
13:09
on the American economy,
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ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช,
13:11
but they're also a drain on individual families
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
13:14
and it's kind of terrifying to think about what happens when prices get higher.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื.
13:17
So, what I'm going to talk to you about now is:
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ:
13:20
what do we have to do this time?
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ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืขื?
13:22
What are the laws? What do we have to do to keep ourselves focused?
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ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื•ืงืง? ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืžืงื“?
13:25
One thing is -- we need to stay away from the theater.
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:27
We need to stay away from the moratoriums.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื.
13:29
We need to focus really back again
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ืฉื•ื‘
13:31
on the molecules.
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ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
13:33
The moratoriums are fine, but we do need to focus
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ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื›ื–
13:36
on the molecules on the oil.
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ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜.
13:38
One of the things that we also need to do,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:40
is we need to try to not kind of fool ourselves
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•
13:42
into thinking that you can have a green world,
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื "ื™ืจื•ืง",
13:45
before you reduce the amount of oil that we use.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื.
13:47
We need to focus on reducing the oil.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื ืคื˜.
13:49
What you see in this top drawing is a schematic
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ื–ื” ืชืจืฉื™ื
13:52
of how petroleum gets used in the U.S. economy.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืœืง ื ืฆืจืš ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘.
13:54
It comes in on the side -- the useful stuff is the dark gray,
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ื”ื ืคื˜ ื ื›ื ืก ืžื”ืฆื“, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืืคื•ืจ,
13:57
and the un-useful stuff,
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื,
13:59
which is called the rejected energy -- the waste,
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื ื ืงืจื "ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื“ื—ื•ื™ื”", ืคืกื•ืœืช,
14:02
goes up to the top.
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ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืœืžืขืœื”.
14:04
Now you can see that the waste far outweighs
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืขื•ืœื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื•ื ื™ื
14:06
the actually useful amount.
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
14:08
And one of the things that we need to do
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื,
14:10
is, not only fix the fuel efficiency of our vehicles
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
14:12
and make them much more efficient,
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื,
14:14
but we also need to fix the economy in general.
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ืืœื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื›ื•ืœื”.
14:16
We need to remove the perverse incentives to use more fuel.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืชื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืง,
14:19
For example, we have an insurance system
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
14:21
where the person who drives 20,000 miles a year
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉื ื•ืกืข ืžืขืœ ืœ-32,000 ืง"ืž ื‘ืฉื ื”
14:24
pays the same insurance as somebody who drives 3,000.
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ืžืฉืœื ืื•ืชื” ืคืจืžื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-5,000 ืง"ืž ื‘ืฉื ื”.
14:27
We actually encourage people to drive more.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:29
We have policies that reward sprawl -- we have all kinds of policies.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื’ืžืœืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื”.
14:32
We need to have more mobility choices.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
14:34
We need to make the gas price
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื“ืœืง
14:36
better reflect the real cost of oil.
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ื™ืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜.
14:38
And we need to shift subsidies from the oil industry,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื˜,
14:41
which is at least 10 billion dollars a year,
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ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›-10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”,
14:44
into something that allows middle-class people to find better ways to commute.
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ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื•ืข ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื.
14:47
Whether that's getting a much more efficient car
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ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื
14:50
and also kind of building markets
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื
14:52
for new cars and new fuels down the road,
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ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ืœืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
14:54
this is where we need to be.
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ืœืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
14:56
We need to kind of rationalize this whole thing,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืง,
14:58
and you can find more about this policy.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
15:00
It's called STRONG, which is "Secure Transportation
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื’ื STRONG, ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ
15:02
Reducing Oil Needs Gradually,"
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"ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื ืคื˜ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”."
15:04
and the idea is instead of being helpless, we need to be more strong.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื—ืกืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
15:07
They're up at NewAmerica.net.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
15:09
What's important about these
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”,
15:11
is that we try to move
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืื ืฉื™ื
15:13
from feeling helpless at the pump,
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ืžื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื”,
15:15
to actually being active
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื
15:17
and to really sort of thinking about who we are,
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ื•ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื,
15:20
having kind of that special moment,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื”,
15:22
where we connect the dots actually at the pump.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืง ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
15:25
Now supposedly, oil taxes
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ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืขื ืฃ ื”ื ืคื˜
15:28
are the third rail of American politics -- the no-fly zone.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื›ื“ ื”ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช - ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ื™ืก.
15:31
I actually -- I agree that a dollar a gallon on oil
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ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืฉืžืก ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื’ืืœื•ืŸ (3.7 ืœื™ื˜ืจ) ื“ืœืง
15:33
is probably too much,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™,
15:35
but I think that if we started this year
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”
15:37
with three cents a gallon on gasoline,
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ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื ื˜ ืœื’ืืœื•ืŸ,
15:40
and upped it to six cents next year, nine cents the following year,
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ื•ื ืขืœื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฉื™ืฉื” ืกื ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื•ืชืฉืขื” ืกื ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
15:43
all the way up to 30 cents by 2020,
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ื ื’ื™ืข ืœ-30 ืกื ื˜ ื‘-2020,
15:46
that we could actually significantly reduce our gasoline consumption,
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ื•ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื ื•,
15:49
and at the same time we would give people time to prepare,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ,
15:52
time to respond,
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ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘,
15:54
and we would be raising money and raising consciousness at the same time.
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
15:57
Let me give you a little sense of how this would work.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
16:00
This is a gas receipt, hypothetically, for a year from now.
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ื–ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืžืชื—ื ืช ื“ืœืง, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื ื” ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
16:03
The first thing that you have on the tax is --
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืžืก ื”ื•ื
16:05
you have a tax for a stronger America -- 33 cents.
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"ืžืก ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื—ื–ืงื”" ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 33 ืกื ื˜.
16:08
So you're not helpless at the pump.
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ืื– ืืชื ืœื ื—ืกืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื”.
16:10
And the second thing that you have is a kind of warning sign,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืŸ ืชื•ื™ืช ืื–ื”ืจื”,
16:13
very similar to what you would find
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ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื
16:15
on a cigarette pack.
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ืขืœ ื—ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช.
16:17
And what it says is, "The National Academy of Sciences
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช: "ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื
16:20
estimates that every gallon of gas you burn in your car
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ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื’ืืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชืš ืฆื•ืจื›ืช
16:23
creates 29 cents in health care costs."
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ื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื™ืžื• 29 ืกื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช."
16:25
That's a lot.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
16:27
And so this -- you can see that you're paying considerably less
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ื•ื›ืš ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช
16:29
than the health care costs on the tax.
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ืžืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืก.
16:32
And also, the hope is that
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ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื
16:35
you start to be connected to the whole greater system.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื”.
16:38
And at the same time, you have a number that you can call
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ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื•
16:40
to get more information on commuting,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”,
16:43
or a low-interest loan on a different kind of car,
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ืื• ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ,
16:46
or whatever it is you're going to need
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ืื• ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
16:48
to actually reduce your gasoline dependence.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื ืคื˜.
16:52
With this whole sort of suite of policies,
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ืขื ืื•ืชื• ืกื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
16:54
we could actually reduce our gasoline consumption --
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื ื•,
16:56
or our oil consumption --
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœื ื•
16:58
by 20 percent by 2020.
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ื‘ื›-20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื“ 2020.
17:01
So, three million barrels a day.
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3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื.
17:04
But in order to do this,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
17:06
one of the things we really need to do, is we need to remember
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
17:08
we are people of the hydrocarbon.
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื.
17:10
We need to keep or minds on the molecules
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
17:12
and not get distracted by the theater,
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ื•ืœื ืœืชืช ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจ,
17:15
not get distracted by the cognitive dissonance
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ืœื ืœืชืช ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื—ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™
17:17
of the green possibilities that are out there.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”"ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช" ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื.
17:19
We need to kind of get down and do the gritty work
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืฉื™ืœ ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื”
17:21
of reducing our dependence upon this fuel and these molecules.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช - ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
17:24
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:26
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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