Gary Greenberg: The beautiful nano details of our world

106,815 views ใƒป 2012-11-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:17
So I want to talk a little bit about seeing the world
1
17057
2467
ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:19
from a totally unique point of view,
2
19524
2726
ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™,
00:22
and this world I'm going to talk about is the micro world.
3
22250
3025
ื•ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•.
00:25
I've found, after doing this for many, many years,
4
25275
2580
ืžืฆืืชื™, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื,
00:27
that there's a magical world behind reality.
5
27855
2716
ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืขื•ืœื ืงืกื•ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
00:30
And that can be seen directly through a microscope,
6
30571
3159
ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื• ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
00:33
and I'm going to show you some of this today.
7
33730
2105
ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:35
So let's start off looking at something rather not-so-small,
8
35835
3687
ืื– ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ,
00:39
something that we can see with our naked eye,
9
39522
2264
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื ืช,
00:41
and that's a bee. So when you look at this bee,
10
41786
2441
ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”. ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื–ื•,
00:44
it's about this size here, it's about a centimeter.
11
44227
2896
ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ.
00:47
But to really see the details of the bee, and really
12
47123
2288
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืืžืช
00:49
appreciate what it is, you have to look a little bit closer.
13
49411
3729
ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžื” ื–ื”, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
00:53
So that's just the eye of the bee with a microscope,
14
53140
3086
ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
00:56
and now all of a sudden you can see that the bee has
15
56226
2347
ื•ื›ืขืช, ืœืคืชืข ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ
00:58
thousands of individual eyes called ommatidia,
16
58573
2831
ืืœืคื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื™ื•ื,
01:01
and they actually have sensory hairs in their eyes
17
61404
2432
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ,
01:03
so they know when they're right up close to something,
18
63836
2369
ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืชื™ ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื”ื•,
01:06
because they can't see in stereo.
19
66205
3704
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•.
01:09
As we go smaller, here is a human hair.
20
69909
3704
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื” ืฉืขืจืช ืื“ื.
01:13
A human hair is about the smallest thing that the eye can see.
21
73613
2819
ืฉืขืจืช ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช.
01:16
It's about a tenth of a millimeter.
22
76432
2734
ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ.
01:19
And as we go smaller again,
23
79166
1176
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:20
about ten times smaller than that, is a cell.
24
80342
3406
ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื–ื”, ื–ื”ื• ืชื.
01:23
So you could fit 10 human cells
25
83748
2583
ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก 10 ืชืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
01:26
across the diameter of a human hair.
26
86331
3666
ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจืช ืื“ื.
01:29
So when we would look at cells, this is how I really got
27
89997
1586
ื›ืš, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืชืื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™
01:31
involved in biology and science is by looking
28
91583
3268
ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช
01:34
at living cells in the microscope.
29
94851
2467
ื‘ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
01:37
When I first saw living cells in a microscope, I was
30
97318
2071
ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™
01:39
absolutely enthralled and amazed at what they looked like.
31
99389
3899
ืžื•ืงืกื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื ื“ื”ื ืžื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:43
So if you look at the cell like that from the immune system,
32
103288
3316
ื›ืš ืฉืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืชื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
01:46
they're actually moving all over the place.
33
106604
1824
ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื.
01:48
This cell is looking for foreign objects,
34
108443
3750
ืชื ื–ื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื,
01:52
bacteria, things that it can find.
35
112193
2357
ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช , ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื.
01:54
And it's looking around, and when it finds something,
36
114550
2648
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉื”ื•,
01:57
and recognizes it being foreign,
37
117198
2296
ื•ืžื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ืจ,
01:59
it will actually engulf it and eat it.
38
119494
1292
ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื‘ืœืข ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
02:00
So if you look right there, it finds that little bacterium,
39
120786
4284
ื›ืš ืฉืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื™ืฉืจ ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:05
and it engulfs it and eats it.
40
125070
5622
ื‘ื•ืœืข ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื”.
02:10
If you take some heart cells from an animal,
41
130692
3181
ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ื ืœื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื”,
02:13
and put it in a dish, they'll just sit there and beat.
42
133873
2896
ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืฆืœื—ืช, ื”ื ืจืง ื™ืฉืืจื• ืฉื ื•ื™ืคืขืžื•.
02:16
That's their job. Every cell has a mission in life,
43
136769
3590
ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื. ืœื›ืœ ืชื ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:20
and these cells, the mission is
44
140359
1801
ื•ืชืื™ื ืืœื”, ืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื”ื™ื
02:22
to move blood around our body.
45
142160
3527
ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื“ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
02:25
These next cells are nerve cells, and right now,
46
145687
2784
ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘, ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ืขืช
02:28
as we see and understand what we're looking at,
47
148471
2936
ื›ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื,
02:31
our brains and our nerve cells are actually doing this
48
151407
2114
ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
02:33
right now. They're not just static. They're moving around
49
153521
2542
ืžืžืฉ ื›ืขืช. ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘
02:36
making new connections, and that's what happens when we learn.
50
156063
3502
ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื.
02:39
As you go farther down this scale here,
51
159565
2790
ื›ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกืงืืœื” ื›ืืŸ
02:42
that's a micron, or a micrometer, and we go
52
162355
2904
ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื
02:45
all the way down to here to a nanometer
53
165259
2348
ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžื˜ื” ืœื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ
02:47
and an angstrom. Now, an angstrom is the size
54
167607
2757
ื•ืœืื ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื. ื›ืขืช, ืื ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื”
02:50
of the diameter of a hydrogen atom.
55
170364
3367
ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ื ืžื™ืžืŸ.
02:53
That's how small that is.
56
173731
1633
ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ.
02:55
And microscopes that we have today can actually see
57
175364
2302
ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช
02:57
individual atoms. So these are some pictures
58
177681
3058
ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ืื– ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช
03:00
of individual atoms. Each bump here is an individual atom.
59
180739
2833
ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
03:03
This is a ring of cobalt atoms.
60
183572
2829
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืงื•ื‘ืœื˜
03:06
So this whole world, the nano world, this area in here
61
186401
2658
ืื– ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื•, ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืื ื•, ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ
03:09
is called the nano world, and the nano world,
62
189059
3195
ื ืงืจื ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืื ื•, ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืื ื•,
03:12
the whole micro world that we see,
63
192254
3134
ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื• ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
03:15
there's a nano world that is wrapped up within that, and
64
195388
3033
ื™ืฉื ื• ืขื•ืœื ื ืื ื• ืฉืขื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ื”,
03:18
the whole -- and that is the world of molecules and atoms.
65
198421
4395
ื›ื•ืœื• -- ื•ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
03:22
But I want to talk about this larger world,
66
202816
2458
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:25
the world of the micro world.
67
205274
2337
ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•.
03:27
So if you were a little tiny bug living in a flower,
68
207611
4119
ืื– ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืช ื—ืจืง ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืคืจื—,
03:31
what would that flower look like, if the flower was this big?
69
211730
3151
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคืจื— ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”?
03:34
It wouldn't look or feel like anything that we see
70
214881
2515
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื™ืจืื” ืื• ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
03:37
when we look at a flower. So if you look at this flower here,
71
217396
3294
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื— ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ,
03:40
and you're a little bug, if you're on that surface
72
220690
1832
ื•ืืชื” ื—ืจืง ืงื˜ืŸ. ืื ืืชื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื–ื”
03:42
of that flower, that's what the terrain would look like.
73
222522
4066
ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื— ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืš ื™ื™ืจืื• ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
03:46
The petal of that flower looks like that, so the ant
74
226588
2376
ืขืœื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื— ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื• ื›ืš, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืœื”
03:48
is kind of crawling over these objects, and if you look
75
228964
2681
ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื–ื•ื—ืœืช ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื•
03:51
a little bit closer at this stigma and the stamen here,
76
231645
3344
ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ื•ื‘ืื‘ืงืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ,
03:54
this is the style of that flower, and you notice
77
234989
2745
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจื— ื–ื”, ื•ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื•
03:57
that it's got these little -- these are like little jelly-like things
78
237734
4225
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” -- ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื’'ืœื™ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
04:01
that are what are called spurs. These are nectar spurs.
79
241959
4742
ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื. ืืœื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ืฆื•ืฃ.
04:06
So this little ant that's crawling here, it's like
80
246701
2617
ืื– ื ืžืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉื–ื•ื—ืœืช ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•
04:09
it's in a little Willy Wonka land.
81
249318
1826
ื–ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ "ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ ื•ื•ื ืงื”" ืงื˜ื ื”.
04:11
It's like a little Disneyland for them. It's not like what we see.
82
251144
4135
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืกื ื™ืœื ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืŸ. ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
04:15
These are little bits of individual grain of pollen
83
255279
3903
ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
04:19
there and there, and here is a --
84
259182
3446
ืฉื ื•ืฉื, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” --
04:22
what you see as one little yellow dot of pollen,
85
262628
2578
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืŸ,
04:25
when you look in a microscope, it's actually made
86
265206
1964
ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืฉื•ื™
04:27
of thousands of little grains of pollen.
87
267170
3764
ืžืืœืคื™ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื.
04:30
So this, for example, when you see bees flying around
88
270934
2235
ืื– ื–ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืคื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘
04:33
these little plants, and they're collecting pollen,
89
273169
2805
ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ืคื•ืœืŸ,
04:35
those pollen grains that they're collecting, they pack
90
275974
2423
ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืื•ืจื–ื•ืช
04:38
into their legs and they take it back to the hive,
91
278397
2433
ืœืชื•ืš ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืื™ืชืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืจืช.
04:40
and that's what makes the beehive,
92
280830
2630
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช,
04:43
the wax in the beehive. And they're also collecting nectar,
93
283460
3818
ื”ืฉืขื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืจืช. ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฆื•ืฃ,
04:47
and that's what makes the honey that we eat.
94
287278
3911
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
04:51
Here's a close-up picture, or this is actually a regular picture
95
291189
3257
ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ืช ืชืงืจื™ื‘, ืื• ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”
04:54
of a water hyacinth, and if you had really, really good vision,
96
294446
2673
ืฉืœ ื™ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
04:57
with your naked eye, you'd see it about that well.
97
297119
2561
ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืžื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
04:59
There's the stamen and the pistil. But look what the stamen
98
299680
2628
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื‘ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืขืœื™. ืื‘ืœ ืจืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ืงืŸ
05:02
and the pistil look like in a microscope. That's the stamen.
99
302308
3514
ื•ื”ืขืœื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื‘ืงืŸ.
05:05
So that's thousands of little grains of pollen there,
100
305822
2651
ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื ืืœืคื™ ื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืฉื,
05:08
and there's the pistil there, and these are the little things
101
308473
3286
ื•ื”ืขืœื™ ืฉื, ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื
05:11
called trichomes. And that's what makes the flower give
102
311759
3719
ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื™ื•ื ืงื•ืช. ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืคืจื—
05:15
a fragrance, and plants actually communicate
103
315478
3960
ืœืชืช ืจื™ื—, ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื
05:19
with one another through their fragrances.
104
319438
5394
ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื”ื.
05:24
I want to talk about something really ordinary,
105
324832
2368
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืคืฉื•ื˜,
05:27
just ordinary sand.
106
327200
1924
ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
05:29
I became interested in sand about 10 years ago,
107
329124
1930
ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
05:31
when I first saw sand from Maui,
108
331054
2561
ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืœ ืžืžืื•ื•ื™
05:33
and in fact, this is a little bit of sand from Maui.
109
333615
3147
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ืœ ืžืžืื•ื•ื™.
05:36
So sand is about a tenth of a millimeter in size.
110
336762
3031
ืื– ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ.
05:39
Each sand grain is about a tenth of a millimeter in size.
111
339793
2911
ื›ืœ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš.
05:42
But when you look closer at this, look at what's there.
112
342704
2583
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืืŸ.
05:45
It's really quite amazing. You have microshells there.
113
345287
3502
ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืฆื“ืคื™ื
05:48
You have things like coral.
114
348789
2193
ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
05:50
You have fragments of other shells. You have olivine.
115
350982
3534
ื™ืฉ ืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ืŸ.
05:54
You have bits of a volcano. There's a little bit
116
354516
2196
ื™ืฉ ืจืกื™ืกื™ ืœื‘ื”. ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜
05:56
of a volcano there. You have tube worms.
117
356712
2627
ืœื‘ื” ืฉื. ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืœืขื™-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ.
05:59
An amazing array of incredible things exist in sand.
118
359339
4726
ืžืขืจืš ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืืžื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœ.
06:04
And the reason that is, is because in a place like this island,
119
364065
2679
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ ื–ื”,
06:06
a lot of the sand is made of biological material
120
366744
2366
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
06:09
because the reefs provide a place where all these
121
369110
2997
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ
06:12
microscopic animals or macroscopic animals grow,
122
372107
3890
ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
06:15
and when they die, their shells and their teeth
123
375997
2338
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืชื™ื, ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื
06:18
and their bones break up and they make grains of sand,
124
378335
2342
ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœ,
06:20
things like coral and so forth.
125
380677
2970
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
06:23
So here's, for example, a picture of sand from Maui.
126
383647
3793
ืื– ื”ื ื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ืžืžืื•ื•ื™.
06:27
This is from Lahaina,
127
387440
2537
ื–ื” ืžืœื”ืื™ื ื”,
06:29
and when we're walking along a beach, we're actually
128
389977
1730
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”
06:31
walking along millions of years of biological and geological history.
129
391707
3454
ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
06:35
We don't realize it, but it's actually a record
130
395161
2467
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืฉื•ืžื”
06:37
of that entire ecology.
131
397628
2573
ืฉืœ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื–ื•.
06:40
So here we see, for example, a sponge spicule,
132
400201
3158
ืื– ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžื—ื˜ื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ื’ื™,
06:43
two bits of coral here,
133
403359
2586
2 ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
06:45
that's a sea urchin spine. Really some amazing stuff.
134
405945
3850
ื–ื” ืงื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคื•ื“-ื™ื . ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
06:49
So when I first looked at this, I was -- I thought,
135
409795
2377
ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ -- ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
06:52
gee, this is like a little treasure trove here.
136
412172
1749
ื•ื•ืื™, ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืืŸ.
06:53
I couldn't believe it, and I'd go around dissecting
137
413921
2166
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื‘ืชืจ
06:56
the little bits out and making photographs of them.
138
416087
3309
ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœื ืื•ืชืŸ.
06:59
Here's what most of the sand in our world looks like.
139
419396
2511
ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• .
07:01
These are quartz crystals and feldspar,
140
421907
3261
ืืœื” ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงื•ื•ืจืฅ ื•ืคืฆืœืช ื”ืฉื“ื”,
07:05
so most sand in the world on the mainland
141
425168
2461
ืื– ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช
07:07
is made of quartz crystal and feldspar. It's the erosion of granite rock.
142
427629
3750
ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื•ืคืฆืœืช ื”ืฉื“ื”. ื–ื”ื• ืกื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ืกืœืข ื’ืจื ื™ื˜.
07:11
So mountains are built up, and they erode away by water
143
431379
4351
ืื– ื”ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื ืกื—ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื
07:15
and rain and ice and so forth,
144
435730
2027
ื•ื’ืฉื ื•ืงืจื— ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
07:17
and they become grains of sand.
145
437757
1306
ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœ.
07:19
There's some sand that's really much more colorful.
146
439063
2450
ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™.
07:21
These are sand from near the Great Lakes,
147
441513
2069
ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืื’ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
07:23
and you can see that it's filled with minerals
148
443597
2011
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื
07:25
like pink garnet and green epidote, all kinds of amazing stuff,
149
445608
3492
ื›ืžื• ื’ืืจื ื˜ ื•ืจื•ื“ ื•ืืคื™ื“ื•ื˜ ื™ืจื•ืง, ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
07:29
and if you look at different sands from different places,
150
449100
2384
ื•ืขื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
07:31
every single beach, every single place you look at sand,
151
451484
3251
ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœ,
07:34
it's different. Here's from Big Sur, like they're little jewels.
152
454735
5032
ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”. ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืž"ื‘ื™ื’ ืกื•ืจ", ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื ื™ ื—ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
07:39
There are places in Africa where they do the mining
153
459767
2489
ืืœื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื
07:42
of jewels, and you go to the sand where the rivers have
154
462256
4169
ืื‘ื ื™ ื—ืŸ, ื•ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื
07:46
the sand go down to the ocean, and it's like literally looking
155
466425
2299
ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื ืฉืคืš ืœืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก, ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืจืื•ืช
07:48
at tiny jewels through the microscope.
156
468724
2863
ืื‘ื ื™ ื—ืŸ ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
07:51
So every grain of sand is unique. Every beach is different.
157
471587
3177
ืื– ื›ืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™. ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”.
07:54
Every single grain is different. There are no two grains
158
474764
3182
ื›ืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื
07:57
of sand alike in the world.
159
477946
1700
ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:59
Every grain of sand is coming somewhere and going somewhere.
160
479646
3532
ื›ืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
08:03
They're like a snapshot in time.
161
483178
3728
ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™-ื‘ื–ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
08:06
Now sand is not only on Earth, but sand is
162
486906
3423
ื›ืขืช, ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืืœื ื”ื•ื
08:10
ubiquitous throughout the universe. In fact, outer space
163
490329
2598
ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ
08:12
is filled with sand, and that sand comes together
164
492927
3664
ืžืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืื—ื“
08:16
to make our planets and the Moon.
165
496591
3197
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืจื—.
08:19
And you can see those in micrometeorites.
166
499788
1582
ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื.
08:21
This is some micrometeorites that the Army gave me,
167
501370
2543
ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื,
08:23
and they get these out of the drinking wells in the South Pole.
168
503913
3094
ื•ื”ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
08:27
And they're quite amazing-looking, and these are the
169
507007
2746
ื•ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื•ืืœื” ื”ื
08:29
tiny constituents that make up the world that we live in --
170
509753
4424
ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•.
08:34
the planets and the Moon.
171
514177
1915
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจื—.
08:36
So NASA wanted me to take some pictures of Moon sand,
172
516092
3244
ืื– ื ืืกื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื™ ืœืฆืœื ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
08:39
so they sent me sand from all the different landings
173
519336
2263
ืื– ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœ ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื
08:41
of the Apollo missions that happened 40 years ago.
174
521599
4478
ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืคื•ืœื• ืžืœืคื ื™ 40 ืฉื ื”.
08:46
And I started taking pictures with my three-dimensional microscopes.
175
526077
3640
ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฆืœื ืขื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืชืœืช ืžืžื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
08:49
This was the first picture I took. It was kind of amazing.
176
529717
2967
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
08:52
I thought it looked kind of a little bit like the Moon, which is sort of interesting.
177
532684
3783
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืจื—, ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•.
08:56
Now, the way my microscopes work is, normally
178
536467
2663
ื›ืขืช, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืฉืœื™ ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
08:59
in a microscope you can see very little at one time,
179
539130
2466
ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืช
09:01
so what you have to do is you have to refocus the microscope,
180
541596
2947
ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืžืงื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
09:04
keep taking pictures, and then I have a computer program
181
544543
3791
ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆืœื, ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘
09:08
that puts all those pictures together
182
548334
2474
ืฉืžืงื‘ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื—ื“
09:10
into one picture so you can see actually what it looks like,
183
550808
3122
ืœื›ื“ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”,
09:13
and I do that in 3D. So there, you can see,
184
553930
3235
ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘- 3D. ืื– ืฉื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
09:17
is a left-eye view. There's a right-eye view.
185
557165
2702
ืžืจืื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ. ืฉื ืžืจืื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
09:19
So sort of left-eye view, right-eye view.
186
559867
2553
ื›ืš, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืจืื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ, ืžืจืื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืŸ .
09:22
Now something's interesting here. This looks very different
187
562420
2368
ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืื“ ืฉื•ื ื”
09:24
than any sand on Earth that I've ever seen, and I've
188
564788
2378
ืžื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ื“ื™, ื•ืจืื™ืชื™
09:27
seen a lot of sand on Earth, believe me. (Laughter)
189
567166
3800
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™ (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:30
Look at this hole in the middle. That hole was caused
190
570966
2958
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข. ื—ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ
09:33
by a micrometeorite hitting the Moon.
191
573924
2339
ืžืคื’ื™ืขืช ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืจื—
09:36
Now, the Moon has no atmosphere, so micrometeorites
192
576263
2357
ื›ืขืช, ืœื™ืจื— ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืื– ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื
09:38
come in continuously, and the whole surface of the Moon
193
578620
3216
ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
09:41
is covered with powder now, because for four billion years
194
581836
2600
ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืื‘ืงื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื
09:44
it's been bombarded by micrometeorites,
195
584436
2794
ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืฆืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื,
09:47
and when micrometeorites come in at about
196
587230
2390
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
09:49
20 to 60,000 miles an hour, they vaporize on contact.
197
589620
4010
ืฉืœ ื› - 90,000 -30 ืงืž"ืฉ ื”ื ืžืชืื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข
09:53
And you can see here that that is --
198
593630
1910
ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ --
09:55
that's sort of vaporized, and that material is holding this
199
595540
2594
ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง
09:58
little clump of little sand grains together.
200
598134
2546
ืžืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“.
10:00
This is a very small grain of sand, this whole thing.
201
600680
2179
ื–ื”ื• ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ ืžืื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
10:02
And that's called a ring agglutinate.
202
602859
2160
ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืื’ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื™ืช.
10:05
And many of the grains of sand on the Moon look like that,
203
605019
3944
ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืš,
10:08
and you'd never find that on Earth.
204
608963
3457
ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืžืฆื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
10:12
Most of the sand on the Moon,
205
612420
3253
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
10:15
especially -- and you know when you look at the Moon,
206
615673
1699
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ - ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
10:17
there's the dark areas and the light areas. The dark areas
207
617372
2360
ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื”ื™ื
10:19
are lava flows. They're basaltic lava flows,
208
619732
4141
ื”ื ื–ืจืžื™ ืœื‘ื”. ืืœื” ื”ื ื–ืจืžื™ ืœื‘ื” ื‘ื–ืœืชื™ืช,
10:23
and that's what this sand looks like, very similar
209
623873
2665
ื•ื›ืš ื—ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื”, ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“
10:26
to the sand that you would see in Haleakala.
210
626538
3763
ืœื—ื•ืœ ืฉืชืจืื• ื‘"ื”ืœืืงืืœื”".
10:30
Other sands, when these micrometeorites come in,
211
630301
3423
ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื,
10:33
they vaporize and they make these fountains,
212
633724
3089
ื”ื ืžืชืื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช ืืœื•,
10:36
these microscopic fountains that go up into the --
213
636813
2623
ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœ --
10:39
I was going to say "up into the air," but there is no air --
214
639436
2364
ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ "ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ", ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ --
10:41
goes sort of up, and these microscopic glass beads
215
641800
4220
ืขื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื•ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ืืœื”
10:46
are formed instantly, and they harden, and by the time
216
646051
2513
ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื“, ื•ืžืชืงืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
10:48
they fall down back to the surface of the Moon,
217
648564
3385
ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—,
10:51
they have these beautiful colored glass spherules.
218
651949
2896
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื•.
10:54
And these are actually microscopic;
219
654845
1545
ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช:
10:56
you need a microscope to see these.
220
656390
2968
ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืชืŸ.
10:59
Now here's a grain of sand that is from the Moon,
221
659358
3437
ื›ืขืช, ื›ืืŸ ื–ื”ื• ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื—,
11:02
and you can see that the entire
222
662795
2154
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช
11:04
crystal structure is still there.
223
664949
2483
ืฉืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ.
11:07
This grain of sand is probably about
224
667432
2148
ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš
11:09
three and a half or four billion years old,
225
669580
2282
ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
11:11
and it's never eroded away like the way we have sand
226
671862
2191
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฉื—ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœ
11:14
on Earth erodes away because of water and tumbling,
227
674053
4019
ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื ืฉื—ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื—ืคื•ืช,
11:18
air, and so forth. All you can see is a little bit of erosion
228
678072
3250
ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืืจื•ื–ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื”
11:21
down here by the Sun, has these solar storms,
229
681322
4607
ื›ืืŸ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช
11:25
and that's erosion by solar radiation.
230
685929
4763
ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืจื•ื–ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช
11:30
So what I've been trying to tell you today is
231
690692
2586
ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
11:33
things even as ordinary as a grain of sand
232
693278
3569
ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื• ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ
11:36
can be truly extraordinary if you look closely
233
696847
2975
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืžืงืจื•ื‘
11:39
and if you look from a different and a new point of view.
234
699822
3305
ื•ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื—ื“ืฉื”.
11:43
I think that this was best put by William Blake when he said,
235
703127
4375
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืง ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื ืกื— ื–ืืช ื›ืฉืืžืจ,
11:47
"To see a world in a grain of sand
236
707502
2542
ื›ืœ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื,
11:50
and a heaven in a wild flower,
237
710044
2754
ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื— ืฉื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ
11:52
hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
238
712798
2333
ืื—ื•ื– ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ืš,
11:55
and eternity in an hour."
239
715131
2333
ื•ืืช ื”ื ืฆื— ื‘ืฉืขื”."
11:57
Thank you. (Applause)
240
717464
3729
ืชื•ื“ื”
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7