Gary Greenberg: The beautiful nano details of our world

ゲイリー・グリーンバーグ: 美しきナノの世界

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

翻訳: Wataru Terada 校正: Natsuhiko Mizutani

So I want to talk a little bit about seeing the world

世界を全く独特の視点から見ることについて

from a totally unique point of view,

少しお話しします

and this world I'm going to talk about is the micro world.

お話しするのはミクロの世界についてです

I've found, after doing this for many, many years,

長年ミクロの世界を見てきて 現実の中には

that there's a magical world behind reality.

隠された魔法の世界があることを見つけました

And that can be seen directly through a microscope,

顕微鏡で直接見える世界を

and I'm going to show you some of this today.

今日はいくつか披露します

So let's start off looking at something rather not-so-small,

まずは さほど小さくないものから

something that we can see with our naked eye,

肉眼で見えるものから行きましょう

and that's a bee. So when you look at this bee,

ミツバチです ミツバチは

it's about this size here, it's about a centimeter.

だいたいこのサイズ １cm くらいです

But to really see the details of the bee, and really

でも もっと近づくと

appreciate what it is, you have to look a little bit closer.

その正体が はっきりと見えてきます

So that's just the eye of the bee with a microscope,

顕微鏡で見たミツバチの眼です

and now all of a sudden you can see that the bee has

こうなってはじめて ミツバチは

thousands of individual eyes called ommatidia,

複眼という無数の眼を持っていると判ります

and they actually have sensory hairs in their eyes

しかも その眼には感覚毛が生えており

so they know when they're right up close to something,

この毛で近づきすぎを判断します

because they can't see in stereo.

ミツバチは距離が判らないのです

As we go smaller, here is a human hair.

もっと小さくしましょう 人の髪の毛です

A human hair is about the smallest thing that the eye can see.

髪の毛は肉眼で見える最小のものでしょう

It's about a tenth of a millimeter.

10分の１ mm の大きさです

And as we go smaller again,

もっと小さくしましょう

about ten times smaller than that, is a cell.

さらに10分の１ これは細胞です

So you could fit 10 human cells

人間の細胞10個で

across the diameter of a human hair.

人の髪の毛の直径くらいになります

So when we would look at cells, this is how I really got

私は顕微鏡で

involved in biology and science is by looking

生きた細胞を見て 生物学 自然科学に

at living cells in the microscope.

本当に引き込まれました

When I first saw living cells in a microscope, I was

初めて生きた細胞を顕微鏡で見たときは

absolutely enthralled and amazed at what they looked like.

その姿にすっかり心を奪われ 驚かされました

So if you look at the cell like that from the immune system,

免疫細胞などは

they're actually moving all over the place.

あちこち動き回っているんですよ

This cell is looking for foreign objects,

この細胞は異物やバクテリアなどを

bacteria, things that it can find.

探しているんです

And it's looking around, and when it finds something,

周りを見渡して何かを見つけ

and recognizes it being foreign,

それが異物だと判ると

it will actually engulf it and eat it.

飲み込みます

So if you look right there, it finds that little bacterium,

あそこでは免疫細胞が小さなバクテリアを探し

and it engulfs it and eats it.

飲み込み 食べています

If you take some heart cells from an animal,

動物の心臓細胞を培養皿の上に乗せて見てみると

and put it in a dish, they'll just sit there and beat.

皿の上でも脈を打っているのです

That's their job. Every cell has a mission in life,

心臓の細胞はそれが仕事です 細胞には皆 使命があり

and these cells, the mission is

心臓細胞の場合は

to move blood around our body.

私たちの体に血を送ることです

These next cells are nerve cells, and right now,

次は神経細胞です

as we see and understand what we're looking at,

いま 目に映ったものを理解するとき

our brains and our nerve cells are actually doing this

実際には脳と神経細胞が働いています

right now. They're not just static. They're moving around

彼らはじっとはしておらず あちこち動いて

making new connections, and that's what happens when we learn.

新たな接続を作ります これが学ぶということです

As you go farther down this scale here,

もっと小さな世界に行きましょう

that's a micron, or a micrometer, and we go

ミクロンやマイクロメートル

all the way down to here to a nanometer

ナノメートルよりももっと小さな世界

and an angstrom. Now, an angstrom is the size

１オングストロームです このサイズは

of the diameter of a hydrogen atom.

水素原子の直径です

That's how small that is.

小さいですね

And microscopes that we have today can actually see

今日の顕微鏡では原子を見ることができます

individual atoms. So these are some pictures

いくつか原子の写真を

of individual atoms. Each bump here is an individual atom.

お見せしましょう この突起がそれぞれ個々の原子です

This is a ring of cobalt atoms.

これはコバルト原子を並べた長円です

So this whole world, the nano world, this area in here

このサイズの世界を

is called the nano world, and the nano world,

ナノの世界と言いますが

the whole micro world that we see,

私たちが目にするミクロの世界には

there's a nano world that is wrapped up within that, and

内側にナノの世界が内包されています

the whole -- and that is the world of molecules and atoms.

ナノの世界は 分子と原子の世界です

But I want to talk about this larger world,

ですが もう少し大きな世界の話をしますね

the world of the micro world.

ミクロの世界です

So if you were a little tiny bug living in a flower,

もしも皆さんが 花の中に棲む小さな虫なら

what would that flower look like, if the flower was this big?

花はどう見えるでしょうね 花はこれくらいのサイズです

It wouldn't look or feel like anything that we see

花を見ても 私たちが知っているものとは

when we look at a flower. So if you look at this flower here,

違って見えることでしょう 皆さんが小さな虫で

and you're a little bug, if you're on that surface

花の表面から 花を見ると

of that flower, that's what the terrain would look like.

その地形はこんなふうになります

The petal of that flower looks like that, so the ant

花びらはこんな風に見えるんです

is kind of crawling over these objects, and if you look

アリがこんな中を歩き回ったりしています

a little bit closer at this stigma and the stamen here,

雄しべの柱頭に少し近づきました

this is the style of that flower, and you notice

これが雄しべの花柱です

that it's got these little -- these are like little jelly-like things

ここに小さな ゼリー状の突起がありますね

that are what are called spurs. These are nectar spurs.

これは距（きょ）というもので 中に蜜が入っています

So this little ant that's crawling here, it's like

ここは小さなアリにとって

it's in a little Willy Wonka land.

小さな 『夢のチョコレート工場』 であり

It's like a little Disneyland for them. It's not like what we see.

小さな 『ディズニーランド』 です 私たちとは見え方が違います

These are little bits of individual grain of pollen

花粉の粒がいくつか見えますね

there and there, and here is a --

そこにも ここにも

what you see as one little yellow dot of pollen,

黄色く小さな花粉は１粒に見えても

when you look in a microscope, it's actually made

顕微鏡で見ると 実は

of thousands of little grains of pollen.

小さな花粉が無数に集まっています

So this, for example, when you see bees flying around

たとえば それらの小さな惑星の中を

these little plants, and they're collecting pollen,

ミツバチは飛び回って 花粉を集め

those pollen grains that they're collecting, they pack

集めた花粉を足にくっつけて

into their legs and they take it back to the hive,

巣に持ち帰ります

and that's what makes the beehive,

花粉は巣の蜜蝋になります

the wax in the beehive. And they're also collecting nectar,

また 集めた蜜は

and that's what makes the honey that we eat.

私たちが口にする蜂蜜になるのです

Here's a close-up picture, or this is actually a regular picture

大写しになっているのは 実は普通に撮ったホテイアオイの写真です

of a water hyacinth, and if you had really, really good vision,

皆さんの目が 本当に良ければ

with your naked eye, you'd see it about that well.

肉眼でこんなふうに見えますよ

There's the stamen and the pistil. But look what the stamen

雄しべと雌しべがあります

しかし これらは 顕微鏡で見たかのようですね

and the pistil look like in a microscope. That's the stamen.

So that's thousands of little grains of pollen there,

これが雄しべ 無数の小さな花粉がそこにありますね

and there's the pistil there, and these are the little things

これが雌しべ 毛状体という小さい毛が生えています

called trichomes. And that's what makes the flower give

これが花の香りを

a fragrance, and plants actually communicate

作っており 草花は実のところ

with one another through their fragrances.

香りを使って別の個体と会話しています

I want to talk about something really ordinary,

では ごく普通の ごく平凡な砂の話を

just ordinary sand.

しようと思います

I became interested in sand about 10 years ago,

砂に興味を持ったのは10年ほど前で

when I first saw sand from Maui,

マウイ島の砂を見たときでした

and in fact, this is a little bit of sand from Maui.

これが実際のマウイの砂です

So sand is about a tenth of a millimeter in size.

砂は10分の１mmのサイズです

Each sand grain is about a tenth of a millimeter in size.

砂粒それぞれが10分の１mmくらいなのです

But when you look closer at this, look at what's there.

何があるのか 近づいて見てみましょう

It's really quite amazing. You have microshells there.

実に驚きです 小さな貝が見えますね

You have things like coral.

サンゴみたいなものが見えます

You have fragments of other shells. You have olivine.

他の貝の欠片や カンラン石が見えます

You have bits of a volcano. There's a little bit

小さな火山のようです 噴火口に棲む

of a volcano there. You have tube worms.

チューブワームです

An amazing array of incredible things exist in sand.

砂の中に 信じられないものがズラリです

And the reason that is, is because in a place like this island,

その原因は この島の場所にあります

a lot of the sand is made of biological material

砂の多くは 生物由来の物質です

because the reefs provide a place where all these

それは サンゴ礁が 微小生物から巨大生物まで

microscopic animals or macroscopic animals grow,

あらゆる生物の育つ環境を提供していて

and when they die, their shells and their teeth

死んだあとに殻や歯や骨が粉々になった砂や

and their bones break up and they make grains of sand,

サンゴのようなものが

things like coral and so forth.

残されるからです

So here's, for example, a picture of sand from Maui.

たとえば マウイの砂の写真を見てください

This is from Lahaina,

これはラハイナのもので

and when we're walking along a beach, we're actually

海岸沿いを歩くことで 実は

walking along millions of years of biological and geological history.

何百万年もの生物学的 地質学的な 歴史を歩いています

We don't realize it, but it's actually a record

見過ごしがちですが 海岸はつまり

of that entire ecology.

全生態系の記録なのです

So here we see, for example, a sponge spicule,

たとえば 海綿の骨針

two bits of coral here,

サンゴの欠片が２つ

that's a sea urchin spine. Really some amazing stuff.

これはウニのとげ 本当に面白いものばかりです

So when I first looked at this, I was -- I thought,

初めてこれを見たとき 思いました

gee, this is like a little treasure trove here.

おお これは宝の山だ 信じられない

I couldn't believe it, and I'd go around dissecting

いたるところを調べに調べて

the little bits out and making photographs of them.

片っ端から写真に収めたい と

Here's what most of the sand in our world looks like.

世界の砂の大半は こんな感じです

These are quartz crystals and feldspar,

石英の結晶と 長石です

so most sand in the world on the mainland

アメリカ大陸の砂はほとんど

is made of quartz crystal and feldspar. It's the erosion of granite rock.

石英の結晶と 長石です それらは花こう岩が侵食されて できました

So mountains are built up, and they erode away by water

山ができ 水や 雨や 氷などによって

and rain and ice and so forth,

侵食され

and they become grains of sand.

砂になります

There's some sand that's really much more colorful.

これはかなりカラフルな砂ですね

These are sand from near the Great Lakes,

グレート湖 近辺の砂です

and you can see that it's filled with minerals

鉱石がいっぱいありますね

like pink garnet and green epidote, all kinds of amazing stuff,

ピンクのガーネット 緑色の緑れん石 素晴らしいもので一杯です

and if you look at different sands from different places,

別の場所で別の砂を見ると

every single beach, every single place you look at sand,

浜辺ごとに 場所ごとに みな 砂が

it's different. Here's from Big Sur, like they're little jewels.

違っているのです これはビッグ・サーの砂ですが 宝石みたいです

There are places in Africa where they do the mining

アフリカに宝石を採掘する場所があり

of jewels, and you go to the sand where the rivers have

宝石が砂になって川に流れんで

the sand go down to the ocean, and it's like literally looking

海に出ます そうして 顕微鏡で見ると

at tiny jewels through the microscope.

まさに小さな宝石が見えるのです

So every grain of sand is unique. Every beach is different.

だから砂の粒はどれも独特です 浜辺ごとにみな違います

Every single grain is different. There are no two grains

粒ごとにみな違います 世界に同じ砂粒なんて

of sand alike in the world.

１つもありません

Every grain of sand is coming somewhere and going somewhere.

砂の粒はみな どこかで生まれ どこかに運ばれます

They're like a snapshot in time.

今たまたま ここにあるのです

Now sand is not only on Earth, but sand is

砂があるのは地球上だけでなく

ubiquitous throughout the universe. In fact, outer space

宇宙のどこにでも存在します

is filled with sand, and that sand comes together

事実 宇宙は 砂で溢れており 砂が集まって

to make our planets and the Moon.

惑星や月を造っています

And you can see those in micrometeorites.

これは微小隕石です

This is some micrometeorites that the Army gave me,

これは軍からもらった微小隕石で

and they get these out of the drinking wells in the South Pole.

軍が南極の飲み水の井戸から取ったものです

And they're quite amazing-looking, and these are the

それらは とても面白いもので

tiny constituents that make up the world that we live in --

この小さな物質が 私たちの住む惑星や月を

the planets and the Moon.

構成しているのです

So NASA wanted me to take some pictures of Moon sand,

NASAから 月の砂を撮影してほしいと

so they sent me sand from all the different landings

砂を送ってきました

of the Apollo missions that happened 40 years ago.

40年前のアポロ計画で 着陸した色々な場所の砂です

And I started taking pictures with my three-dimensional microscopes.

こうして三次元顕微鏡で写真を撮り始めました

This was the first picture I took. It was kind of amazing.

これが１枚目の写真です わりといい感じです

I thought it looked kind of a little bit like the Moon, which is sort of interesting.

なんとなく月に似ているような気がしました 興味深いです

Now, the way my microscopes work is, normally

顕微鏡で一度に合わせられる焦点は

in a microscope you can see very little at one time,

通常 実に狭いものなので

so what you have to do is you have to refocus the microscope,

ピントを何度も合わせ直し

keep taking pictures, and then I have a computer program

写真を撮るのです そうして コンピュータ・プログラムで

that puts all those pictures together

１枚の写真につなげます

into one picture so you can see actually what it looks like,

こんな風にね

and I do that in 3D. So there, you can see,

3Dにします

is a left-eye view. There's a right-eye view.

これが左目用で これが右目用

So sort of left-eye view, right-eye view.

左目用 右目用です

Now something's interesting here. This looks very different

面白いことがあるのです これまで見た地球の砂とは

than any sand on Earth that I've ever seen, and I've

ずいぶん違って見えました

seen a lot of sand on Earth, believe me. (Laughter)

地球の砂だって見たことあります 本当に（笑）

Look at this hole in the middle. That hole was caused

真ん中の穴に注目してください この穴を開けたのは

by a micrometeorite hitting the Moon.

月にぶつかった微小隕石です

Now, the Moon has no atmosphere, so micrometeorites

月に大気はありませんから 微小隕石が絶えず

come in continuously, and the whole surface of the Moon

降り注いでいます 月の表面が

is covered with powder now, because for four billion years

粉末で覆われているのは 微小隕石が

it's been bombarded by micrometeorites,

40億年間 降り注いだせいです

and when micrometeorites come in at about

微小隕石は 時速3～10万キロの

20 to 60,000 miles an hour, they vaporize on contact.

速度で衝突し 蒸発します

And you can see here that that is --

ここにあるのは

that's sort of vaporized, and that material is holding this

蒸発した際に その原石と 小さな砂粒の一塊が

little clump of little sand grains together.

合体したものです

This is a very small grain of sand, this whole thing.

これ全体は とても小さな砂の粒です

And that's called a ring agglutinate.

リング・アグルチネートというもので

And many of the grains of sand on the Moon look like that,

月の砂は大抵 このようになっていますが

and you'd never find that on Earth.

地球の砂はそうなってません

Most of the sand on the Moon,

月の砂は大抵

especially -- and you know when you look at the Moon,

特に ―月を見ると判りますが―

there's the dark areas and the light areas. The dark areas

暗いところと明るいところがありますね

are lava flows. They're basaltic lava flows,

暗いところは溶岩流です それらは玄武岩の溶岩流で

and that's what this sand looks like, very similar

その砂は マウイの火山の砂よりも

to the sand that you would see in Haleakala.

とても小さいのです

Other sands, when these micrometeorites come in,

微小隕石が衝突して溶け

they vaporize and they make these fountains,

溶岩となって噴き上がります

these microscopic fountains that go up into the --

極小の溶岩が空気中に―

I was going to say "up into the air," but there is no air --

とは言え 空気はありませんが―

goes sort of up, and these microscopic glass beads

上空に巻き上がり 顕微鏡サイズのガラス玉になり

are formed instantly, and they harden, and by the time

そのまま固まって

they fall down back to the surface of the Moon,

月の地面に落ちるのです

they have these beautiful colored glass spherules.

美しい色のガラス玉になります

And these are actually microscopic;

実際に顕微鏡で見てみましょう

you need a microscope to see these.

顕微鏡でなければ見えないんですよ

Now here's a grain of sand that is from the Moon,

これが 月の砂です

and you can see that the entire

全体の結晶構造が

crystal structure is still there.

残ったままになっていますね

This grain of sand is probably about

この砂の粒はおそらく

three and a half or four billion years old,

35～40億年前のものでしょう

and it's never eroded away like the way we have sand

地球の砂のように 侵食されていません

on Earth erodes away because of water and tumbling,

水も 空気もありませんし 転がることも

air, and so forth. All you can see is a little bit of erosion

ないからです わずかな侵食は

down here by the Sun, has these solar storms,

太陽　つまり太陽風によるもので

and that's erosion by solar radiation.

これが太陽からの放射による侵食です

So what I've been trying to tell you today is

私が今日 皆さんに伝えたいのは

things even as ordinary as a grain of sand

砂粒ような ありきたりの物でさえ

can be truly extraordinary if you look closely

近づいて 新しい視点で見てみると

and if you look from a different and a new point of view.

実に素晴らしいものになりうる ということです

I think that this was best put by William Blake when he said,

ウィリアム・ブレイクが うまく言い表した言葉があります

"To see a world in a grain of sand

「一粒の砂に世界を見る

and a heaven in a wild flower,

一輪の野花に天界を見る

hold infinity in the palm of your hand,

君の手のひらに無限をつかめ

and eternity in an hour."

一刻の中に永遠を」

Thank you. (Applause)

ありがとう（拍手）