Dalia Mogahed: The attitudes that sparked Arab Spring

91,308 views ใƒป 2012-05-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Efrat Danon ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:17
My talk today is about something
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ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
00:19
maybe a couple of you have already heard about.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื•
00:21
It's called the Arab Spring.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™
00:23
Anyone heard of it?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื–ื”?
00:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:28
So in 2011, power shifted,
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ืื– ื‘-2011, ื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ืขืชืง
00:33
from the few to the many,
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ืžื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื
00:36
from oval offices to central squares,
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ืžื—ื“ืจื™ื ืกื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช
00:39
from carefully guarded airwaves
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ืžืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืจื“ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”
00:42
to open-source networks.
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ืœืจืฉืช ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ
00:45
But before Tahrir was a global symbol of liberation,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื—ืจื™ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืžืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ
00:50
there were representative surveys
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ื”ื™ื• ืกืงืจื™ื ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ื
00:52
already giving people a voice
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื• ืงื•ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
00:55
in quieter but still powerful ways.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื‘ืœ ืžืœืื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื”
00:58
I study Muslim societies around the world at Gallup.
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ืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืืค
01:03
Since 2001,
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ืžืื– 2001
01:06
we've interviewed hundreds of thousands of people --
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ืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:09
young and old, men and women,
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ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
01:11
educated and illiterate.
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ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื
01:13
My talk today draws on this research
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ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืžืื•ืชื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
01:16
to reveal why Arabs rose up
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•
01:20
and what they want now.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืขืช
01:23
Now this region's very diverse,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
01:27
and every country is unique.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
01:29
But those who revolted
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืฉื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•
01:30
shared a common set of grievances
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ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืกื“ืจื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช
01:33
and have similar demands today.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
01:36
I'm going to focus a lot of my talk on Egypt.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื
01:39
It has nothing to do with the fact that I was born there, of course.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืฉื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
01:43
But it's the largest Arab country
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:46
and it's also one with a great deal of influence.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื”
01:50
But I'm going to end by widening the lens to the entire region
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•
01:54
to look at the mundane topics
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื
01:56
of Arab views of religion and politics
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ืฉืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื“ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
01:59
and how this impacts women,
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื
02:02
revealing some surprises along the way.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš
02:06
So after analyzing mounds of data,
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ืื–, ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข
02:10
what we discovered was this:
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”
02:13
Unemployment and poverty alone
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ืฉืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืขื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื“
02:16
did not lead to the Arab revolts of 2011.
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ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 2011
02:20
If an act of desperation by a Tunisian fruit vendor
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ืื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื™ืกืื™ ืฉืคืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ
02:24
sparked these revolutions,
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ื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:25
it was the difference between what Arabs experienced
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ื•
02:29
and what they expected
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฆื™ืคื•
02:32
that provided the fuel.
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ืฉืกื™ืคืง ืืช ื”ื“ืœืง
02:34
To tell you what I mean,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช
02:35
consider this trend in Egypt.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
02:37
On paper the country was doing great.
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ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื”ื“ืจ
02:40
In fact, it attracted accolades
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชืืจื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“
02:43
from multinational organizations
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ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
02:45
because of its economic growth.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”
02:47
But under the surface was a very different reality.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื ื—ื‘ืื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™
02:50
In 2010, right before the revolution,
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ื‘-2010 ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”
02:54
even though GDP per capita
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืชืž"ื’ ืœืจืืฉ
02:56
had been growing at five percent for several years,
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ืฆืžื— ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
02:59
Egyptians had never felt worse about their lives.
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ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืจืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
03:04
Now this is very unusual,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ
03:06
because globally we find that, not surprisingly,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข
03:09
people feel better as their country gets richer.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชืขืฉืจืช
03:13
And that's because they have better job opportunities
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:16
and their state offers better social services.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:19
But it was exactly the opposite in Egypt.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
03:21
As the country got more well-off,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืขืฉืจื”
03:24
unemployment actually rose
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ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืฆืžื—ื”
03:27
and people's satisfaction
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
03:29
with things like housing and education plummeted.
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืฆื ื—
03:35
But it wasn't just anger at economic injustice.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™
03:39
It was also people's deep longing for freedom.
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ื–ืืช ื’ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ
03:47
Contrary to the clash of civilizations theory,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช
03:51
Arabs didn't despise Western liberty,
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ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ืชื™ืขื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
03:55
they desired it.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉืงื• ื‘ื”
03:57
As early as 2001,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-2001
03:59
we asked Arabs, and Muslims in general around the world,
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
04:03
what they admired most about the West.
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ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืขืจื™ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘
04:06
Among the most frequent responses
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:08
was liberty and justice.
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ืง
04:11
In their own words to an open-ended question
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ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช
04:14
we heard, "Their political system is transparent
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ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• - ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืงื•ืคื”
04:17
and it's following democracy in its true sense."
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ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื”
04:20
Another said it was "liberty and freedom
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืืžืจื• - ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ
04:22
and being open-minded with each other."
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื
04:25
Majorities as high as 90 percent and greater
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ื›ืžืขื˜ 90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:29
in Egypt, Indonesia and Iran
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ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจืŸ
04:32
told us in 2005
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ืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ื‘-2005
04:34
that if they were to write a new constitution
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ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
04:39
for a theoretical new country
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
04:42
that they would guarantee freedom of speech
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
04:44
as a fundamental right,
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ื›ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
04:47
especially in Egypt.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
04:49
Eighty-eight percent said moving toward greater democracy
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ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:53
would help Muslims progress --
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ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—
04:55
the highest percentage of any country we surveyed.
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ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืจืื™ื™ื ื•
05:00
But pressed up against these democratic aspirations
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
05:03
was a very different day-to-day experience,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช
05:06
especially in Egypt.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
05:09
While aspiring to democracy the most,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ื‘ื
05:12
they were the least likely population in the world
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืขื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
05:17
to say that they had actually voiced their opinion
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ืฉืชื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืืช ืงื•ืœื”
05:21
to a public official in the last month --
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ืœื ืฆื™ื’ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
05:23
at only four percent.
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ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
05:27
So while economic development made a few people rich,
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ืื–, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื
05:31
it left many more worse off.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:34
As people felt less and less free,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื
05:38
they also felt less and less provided for.
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ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื”ื
05:42
So rather than viewing their former regimes
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
05:45
as generous if overprotective fathers,
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ื›ืื‘ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžื’ื•ื ื ื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”
05:49
they viewed them as essentially prison wardens.
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ื”ื ืจืื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœื
05:53
So now that Egyptians have ended Mubarak's 30-year rule,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืืจืง ื‘ืŸ 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื
05:58
they potentially could be
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช
06:00
an example for the region.
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ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
06:02
If Egypt is to succeed
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ืื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชืฆืœื™ื—
06:04
at building a society based on the rule of law,
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืชืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง
06:08
it could be a model.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
06:10
If, however,
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ืื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช
06:12
the core issues that propelled the revolution aren't addressed,
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ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื•
06:16
the consequences could be catastrophic --
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืช ืืกื•ืŸ
06:20
not just for Egypt,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืžืฆืจื™ื
06:21
but for the entire region.
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ืืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
06:24
The signs don't look good, some have said.
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ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจื•
06:28
Islamists, not the young liberals that sparked the revolution,
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ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ืœื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”
06:33
won the majority in Parliament.
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ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜
06:35
The military council
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ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช
06:37
has cracked down on civil society and protests
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ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช
06:41
and the country's economy continues to suffer.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ
06:45
Evaluating Egypt on this basis alone, however,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“
06:50
ignores the real revolution.
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ืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
06:54
Because Egyptians are more optimistic
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื
06:56
than they have been in years,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื
06:59
far less divided on religious-secular lines
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ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืช ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช
07:03
than we would think
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:04
and poised for the demands of democracy.
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
07:08
Whether they support Islamists or liberals,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื
07:11
Egyptians' priorities for this government are identical,
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ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื
07:14
and they are jobs, stability and education,
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ื•ื”ื - ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
07:17
not moral policing.
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ืœื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™
07:19
But most of all,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ
07:20
for the first time in decades,
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
07:22
they expect to be active participants, not spectators,
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ื”ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ืœื ืฆื•ืคื™ื
07:25
in the affairs of their country.
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ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื
07:28
I was meeting with a group of newly-elected parliamentarians
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ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืจืง ื ื‘ื—ืจื•
07:32
from Egypt and Tunisia
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ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื”
07:33
a couple of weeks ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื
07:35
And what really struck me about them
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื
07:38
was that they weren't only optimistic,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื
07:43
but they kind of struck me as nervous,
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ืืœื ื”ื ื’ื ื ืจืื• ืœื™ ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื
07:46
for lack of a better word.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืืจ ื–ืืช
07:47
One said to me,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืืžืจ ืœื™
07:48
"Our people used to gather in cafes to watch football" --
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื™ืืกืฃ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ
07:51
or soccer, as we say in America --
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ืื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ืจื’ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”
07:54
"and now they gather to watch Parliament."
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื ืืกืคื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜
07:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:02
"They're really watching us,
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•
08:04
and we can't help but worry
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื“ืื•ื’
08:08
that we're not going to live up to their expectations."
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ืžื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื
08:11
And what really struck me
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืžืฉ ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™
08:12
is that less than 24 months ago,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-24 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
08:14
it was the people that were nervous
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื
08:17
about being watched by their government.
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ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื”ื
08:20
And the reason that they're expecting a lot
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื”
08:23
is because they have a new-found hope for the future.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
08:26
So right before the revolution
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”
08:28
we said that Egyptians had never felt worse about their lives,
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ืืžืจื ื• ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืจืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
08:31
but not only that, they thought their future would be no better.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฉืชืคืจ
08:36
What really changed after the ouster of Mubarak
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ื‘ืืจืง
08:39
wasn't that life got easier.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:41
It actually got harder.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืคื›ื• ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:43
But people's expectations for their future
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
08:46
went up significantly.
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ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ืžืื•ื“
08:48
And this hope, this optimism,
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ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
08:50
endured a year of turbulent transition.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื•ืขืจื™ื
08:55
One reason that there's this optimism
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื–ื•
08:58
is because, contrary to what many people have said,
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ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•
09:02
most Egyptians think things really have changed in many ways.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช
09:06
So while Egyptians were known
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื
09:09
for their single-digit turnout
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
09:12
in elections before the revolution,
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ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”
09:15
the last election had around 70 percent voter turnout --
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• 70 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”
09:18
men and women.
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ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
09:20
Where scarcely a quarter believed in the honesty of elections in 2010 --
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-2010
09:25
I'm surprised it was a quarter --
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืคืชืขืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ืข
09:27
90 percent thought that this last election was honest.
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ืชืฉืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ื ื•ืช
09:31
Now why this matters
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™
09:33
is because we discovered a link
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืงืฉืจ
09:36
between people's faith in their democratic process
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™
09:40
and their faith that oppressed people
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื
09:44
can change their situation
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
09:46
through peaceful means alone.
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ื“ืจืš ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“
09:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:00
Now I know what some of you are thinking.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
10:03
The Egyptian people,
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ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื
10:05
and many other Arabs who've revolted and are in transition,
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ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื• ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
10:08
have very high expectations of the government.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
10:12
They're just victims of a long-time autocracy,
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ื”ื ืจืง ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื
10:17
expecting a paternal state
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ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ืช
10:19
to solve all their problems.
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ืฉืชืคืชื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
10:21
But this conclusion would ignore
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื–ื• ืชืชืขืœื
10:25
a tectonic shift taking place in Egypt
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ืžืชื–ื•ื–ื” ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
10:28
far from the cameras in Tahrir Square.
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ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืชื—ืจื™ืจ
10:32
And that is Egyptians' elevated expectations
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื
10:36
are placed first on themselves.
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ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื
10:39
In the country once known for its passive resignation,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”
10:43
where, as bad as things got,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืจืข ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘
10:45
only four percent expressed their opinion to a public official,
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ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืœื ืฆื™ื’ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
10:48
today 90 percent tell us
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ื”ื™ื•ื 90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•
10:52
that if there's a problem in their community,
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ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื
10:54
it's up to them to fix it.
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ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืชืงืŸ ื–ืืช
10:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:04
And three-fourths
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ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื
11:06
believe they not only have the responsibility,
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
11:09
but the power to make change.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
11:12
And this empowerment
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ื•ื”ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื–ื•
11:14
also applies to women,
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ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื’ื ืœื ืฉื™ื
11:17
whose role in the revolts
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ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื–
11:19
cannot be underestimated.
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ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช
11:21
They were doctors and dissidents,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืคืื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ
11:23
artists and organizers.
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ืืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืืจื’ื ื•ืช
11:25
A full third of those who braved tanks and tear gas
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ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ืชืจื™ืกื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื– ืžื“ืžื™ืข
11:30
to ask or to demand liberty and justice in Egypt
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืื• ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
11:35
were women.
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ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื™ื
11:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:42
Now people have raised some real concerns
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
11:45
about what the rise of Islamist parties means for women.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืฉื™ื
11:49
What we've found about the role of religion in law
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง
11:53
and the role of religion in society
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ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
11:55
is that there's no female consensus.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื ืฉื™ืช
11:58
We found that women in one country
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช
12:03
look more like the men in that country
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ื“ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”
12:05
than their female counterparts across the border.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืขืžื™ืชื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ
12:09
Now what this suggests
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžืจืžื–
12:11
is that how women view religion's role in society
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ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืคืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
12:15
is shaped more by their own country's culture and context
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ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ
12:20
than one monolithic view
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืื—ื™ื“ื”
12:23
that religion is simply bad for women.
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ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจืขื” ืœื ืฉื™ื
12:25
Where women agree, however,
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื•ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช
12:29
is on their own role,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
12:31
and that it must be central and active.
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
12:33
And here is where we see the greatest gender difference within a country --
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ื•ืคื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื“ื™ื ื”
12:38
on the issue of women's rights.
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื
12:41
Now how men feel about women's rights
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื
12:44
matters to the future of this region.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
12:47
Because we discovered a link
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืงืฉืจ
12:49
between men's support for women's employment
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื
12:53
and how many women are actually employed
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
12:56
in professional fields in that country.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•
13:00
So the question becomes,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื
13:01
What drives men's support for women's rights?
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ืžื” ืžื•ืฉืš ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื?
13:05
What about men's views of religion and law?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืช ื•ื—ื•ืง?
13:12
[Does] a man's opinion
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ื”ืื ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ
13:15
of the role of religion in politics
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
13:18
shape their view of women's rights?
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ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื?
13:21
The answer is no.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื
13:23
We found absolutely no correlation,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ
13:26
no impact whatsoever,
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ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขื”
13:27
between these two variables.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
13:30
What drives men's support for women's employment
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื ืฉื™ืช
13:34
is men's employment,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช
13:37
their level of education
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ืจืžืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื
13:39
as well as a high score
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื
13:42
on their country's U.N. Human Development Index.
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ื‘ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
13:46
What this means
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื
13:47
is that human development,
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
13:50
not secularization,
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ืœื ื—ื™ืœื•ืŸ
13:52
is what's key to women's empowerment
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืขืฆืžื” ื ืฉื™ืช
13:55
in the transforming Middle East.
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”
13:59
And the transformation continues.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš
14:02
From Wall Street to Mohammed Mahmoud Street,
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ืžื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืœืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืžื—ืžื•ื“ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜
14:06
it has never been more important
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš
14:08
to understand the aspirations
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช
14:10
of ordinary people.
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
14:12
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
14:14
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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