Jan Chipchase: The anthropology of mobile phones

36,783 views ใƒป 2008-04-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:26
I live and work from Tokyo, Japan.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืงื™ื•, ื™ืคืŸ.
00:29
And I specialize in human behavioral research,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
00:33
and applying what we learn to think about the future in different ways,
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ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
00:39
and to design for that future.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”.
00:41
And you know, to be honest, I've been doing this for seven years,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื”, ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื,
00:45
and I haven't got a clue what the future is going to be like.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ื™ืจืื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
00:47
But I've got a pretty good idea
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
00:49
how people will behave when they get there.
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ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื.
00:53
This is my office. It's out there.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™. ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
00:56
It's not in the lab,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
00:58
and it's increasingly in places like India, China, Brazil, Africa.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
01:07
We live on a planet -- 6.3 billion people.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช -- 6.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:10
About three billion people, by the end of this year,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”,
01:12
will have cellular connectivity.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ืช.
01:15
And it'll take about another two years to connect the next billion after that.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื.
01:20
And I mention this because,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ,
01:22
if we want to design for that future,
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ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื,
01:24
we need to figure out what those people are about.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:26
And that's, kind of, where I see what my job is
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ, ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
01:28
and what our team's job is.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
01:31
Our research often starts with a very simple question.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขื ืฉืืœื” ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
01:34
So I'll give you an example. What do you carry?
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”. ืžื” ืืชื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื?
01:38
If you think of everything in your life that you own,
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
01:43
when you walk out that door,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื“ืœืช,
01:45
what do you consider to take with you?
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ืžื” ืืชื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ืชื›ื?
01:47
When you're looking around, what do you consider?
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืžื” ืืชื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื?
01:50
Of that stuff, what do you carry?
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ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžื” ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื?
01:53
And of that stuff, what do you actually use?
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ื•ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ืžื” ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื?
01:56
So this is interesting to us,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•,
01:58
because the conscious and subconscious decision process
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ืชืช ืžื•ื“ืข
02:02
implies that the stuff that you do take with you and end up using
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื™ืชื›ื ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•
02:05
has some kind of spiritual, emotional or functional value.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืจืš ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ืจื™ื’ืฉื™ ืื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.
02:08
And to put it really bluntly, you know,
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ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:11
people are willing to pay for stuff that has value, right?
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:15
So I've probably done about five years' research
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ
02:18
looking at what people carry.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื™ืชื.
02:20
I go in people's bags. I look in people's pockets, purses.
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ืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืจื ืงื™ื.
02:24
I go in their homes. And we do this worldwide,
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ืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
02:28
and we follow them around town with video cameras.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืขื ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
02:31
It's kind of like stalking with permission.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืขื ืจืฉื•ืช.
02:33
And we do all this -- and to go back to the original question,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” -- ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช,
02:37
what do people carry?
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ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื™ืชื?
02:40
And it turns out that people carry a lot of stuff.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:42
OK, that's fair enough.
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ืื•ืงื™, ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
02:44
But if you ask people what the three most important things that they carry are --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
02:49
across cultures and across gender and across contexts --
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ --
02:53
most people will say keys, money
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื›ืกืฃ
02:56
and, if they own one, a mobile phone.
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื, ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™.
02:59
And I'm not saying this is a good thing, but this is a thing, right?
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:02
I mean, I couldn't take your phones off you if I wanted to.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื›ื ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื”.
03:04
You'd probably kick me out, or something.
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ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
03:09
OK, it might seem like an obvious thing
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ
03:12
for someone who works for a mobile phone company to ask.
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ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ.
03:14
But really, the question is, why? Right?
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืœืžื”? ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:16
So why are these things so important in our lives?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•?
03:19
And it turns out, from our research, that it boils down to survival --
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช --
03:23
survival for us and survival for our loved ones.
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ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื•ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•.
03:27
So, keys provide an access to shelter and warmth --
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ืื–, ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื—ืกื” ื•ื—ื•ื --
03:32
transport as well, in the U.S. increasingly.
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ื’ื ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
03:35
Money is useful for buying food, sustenance,
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ื›ืกืฃ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื,
03:39
among all its other uses.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•.
03:40
And a mobile phone, it turns out, is a great recovery tool.
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ื•ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฆืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:46
If you prefer this kind of Maslow's hierarchy of needs,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืืกืœื•,
03:49
those three objects are very good at supporting
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื”
03:52
the lowest rungs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืืกืœื•.
03:55
Yes, they do a whole bunch of other stuff,
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:57
but they're very good at this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
03:59
And in particular, it's the mobile phone's ability
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ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“
04:03
to allow people to transcend space and time.
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ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:06
And what I mean by that is, you know,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
04:08
you can transcend space by simply making a voice call, right?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:13
And you can transcend time by sending a message at your convenience,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืคื™ ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืชื›ื,
04:16
and someone else can pick it up at their convenience.
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืชื™ ืฉื ื•ื— ืœื•.
04:19
And this is fairly universally appreciated, it turns out,
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื•ืขืจืš ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ.
04:23
which is why we have three billion plus people who have been connected.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:26
And they value that connectivity.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
04:28
But actually, you can do this kind of stuff with PCs.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
04:30
And you can do them with phone kiosks.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืขื ืงื™ื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื.
04:33
And the mobile phone, in addition, is both personal --
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ื•ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื™ืฉื™ --
04:37
and so it also gives you a degree of privacy -- and it's convenient.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช -- ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื—.
04:40
You don't need to ask permission from anyone,
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ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
04:42
you can just go ahead and do it, right?
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ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:46
However, for these things to help us survive,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
04:50
it depends on them being carried.
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื.
04:52
But -- and it's a pretty big but -- we forget.
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ืื‘ืœ -- ื•ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ -- ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื.
04:56
We're human, that's what we do. It's one of our features.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื. ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:59
I think, quite a nice feature.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉื–ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื“ื™ ื ื—ืžื“ื”.
05:01
So we forget, but we're also adaptable,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
05:06
and we adapt to situations around us pretty well.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:09
And so we have these strategies to remember,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ,
05:11
and one of them was mentioned yesterday.
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ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ืืชืžื•ืœ.
05:13
And it's, quite simply, the point of reflection.
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ื•ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉืงืคื”.
05:16
And that's that moment when you're walking out of a space,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ืืชื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื—ืœืœ,
05:19
and you turn around, and quite often you tap your pockets.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืชื ืชื•ืคื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
05:22
Even women who keep stuff in their bags tap their pockets.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืชื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื™ื”ืŸ.
05:24
And you turn around, and you look back into the space,
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ื•ืืชื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
05:27
and some people talk aloud.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ.
05:29
And pretty much everyone does it at some point.
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ื.
05:31
OK, the next thing is -- most of you, if you have a stable home life,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื -- ืจื•ื‘ื›ื, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื,
05:36
and what I mean is that you don't travel all the time, and always in hotels,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ,
05:39
but most people have what we call a center of gravity.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“.
05:42
And a center of gravity is where you keep these objects.
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ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:46
And these things don't stay in the center of gravity,
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ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“,
05:48
but over time, they gravitate there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื.
05:50
It's where you expect to find stuff.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:52
And in fact, when you're turning around,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
05:53
and you're looking inside the house,
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ื•ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
05:55
and you're looking for this stuff,
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ื•ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:57
this is where you look first, right?
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•ื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:59
OK, so when we did this research,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:03
we found the absolutely, 100 percent, guaranteed way
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช, ื‘100 ืื—ื•ื–,
06:06
to never forget anything ever, ever again.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
06:09
And that is, quite simply, to have nothing to remember.
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ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ.
06:14
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:16
OK, now, that sounds like something you get on a Chinese fortune cookie, right?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื–ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:19
But is, in fact, about the art of delegation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืืฆืœื”.
06:23
And from a design perspective,
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ื•ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช,
06:25
it's about understanding what you can delegate to technology
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ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
06:30
and what you can delegate to other people.
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ื•ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:33
And it turns out, delegation -- if you want it to be --
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืืฆืœืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช -- ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” --
06:35
can be the solution for pretty much everything,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืœ,
06:39
apart from things like bodily functions, going to the toilet.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ื.
06:42
You can't ask someone to do that on your behalf.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืฉื™ื”ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
06:44
And apart from things like entertainment,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ,
06:47
you wouldn't pay for someone to go to the cinema for you and have fun on your behalf,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ื•ืœื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื,
06:50
or, at least, not yet.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื.
06:52
Maybe sometime in the future, we will.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
06:55
So, let me give you an example of delegation in practice, right.
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ืื–, ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆืœืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
06:59
So this is -- probably the thing I'm most passionate about
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ืื– ื–ื” -- ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืœื”ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•
07:02
is the research that we've been doing on illiteracy
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืึทื ึฐืึทืœึฐืคึธื‘ึผึตื™ืชึดื™ึผื•ึผืช
07:04
and how people who are illiterate communicate.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื.
07:06
So, the U.N. estimated -- this is 2004 figures --
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ืื–, ื”ืื•"ื ืžืขืจื™ืš -- ื–ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ 2004 --
07:10
that there are almost 800 million people who can't read and write, worldwide.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ 800 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:14
So, we've been conducting a lot of research.
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ืื–, ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื ืจื—ื‘.
07:18
And one of the things we were looking at is --
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• --
07:21
if you can't read and write,
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ื”ื•ื ืื ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื• ืœืงืจื•ื,
07:23
if you want to communicate over distances,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื,
07:25
you need to be able to identify the person
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื
07:28
that you want to communicate with.
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื•.
07:30
It could be a phone number, it could be an e-mail address,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ,
07:32
it could be a postal address.
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ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื“ื•ืืจ.
07:33
Simple question: if you can't read and write,
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ืฉืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ืื ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘,
07:35
how do you manage your contact information?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื›ื?
07:37
And the fact is that millions of people do it.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
07:40
Just from a design perspective, we didn't really understand how they did it,
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ืจืง ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
07:44
and so that's just one small example
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ืื– ื–ื• ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืื—ืช
07:46
of the kind of research that we were doing.
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
07:49
And it turns out that illiterate people are masters of delegation.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืืฆืœืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
07:52
So they delegate that part of the task process to other people,
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ืื– ื”ื ืžืืฆื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:56
the stuff that they can't do themselves.
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ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
07:59
Let me give you another example of delegation.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆืœืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
08:01
This one's a little bit more sophisticated,
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ื–ื• ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช,
08:03
and this is from a study that we did in Uganda
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”
08:05
about how people who are sharing devices, use those devices.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:09
Sente is a word in Uganda that means money.
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ืกื ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื›ืกืฃ.
08:12
It has a second meaning, which is to send money as airtime. OK?
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ. ืื•ืงื™ื™?
08:17
And it works like this.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื›ื”.
08:19
So let's say, June, you're in a village, rural village.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืžื•, ื’'ื•ืŸ - ืืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœืš, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™.
08:22
I'm in Kampala and I'm the wage earner.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืงืžืคืืœื” ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช.
08:26
I'm sending money back, and it works like this.
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื— ื›ืกืฃ ื—ื–ืจื”, ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื›ื”.
08:29
So, in your village, there's one person in the village with a phone,
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ืื–, ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœืš, ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืขื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™,
08:32
and that's the phone kiosk operator.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืงื™ื•ืกืง ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
08:33
And it's quite likely that they'd have a quite simple mobile phone as a phone kiosk.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืงื™ื•ืกืง.
08:37
So what I do is, I buy a prepaid card like this.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืงื•ื ื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœืžื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
08:42
And instead of using that money to top up my own phone,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
08:45
I call up the local village operator.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืคืจ.
08:47
And I read out that number to them, and they use it to top up their phone.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื, ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
08:51
So, they're topping up the value from Kampala,
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ืื–, ื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ืžืงืžืคืืœื”,
08:53
and it's now being topped up in the village.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืžืœื ื‘ื›ืคืจ.
08:56
You take a 10 or 20 percent commission, and then you --
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ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื 10 ืื• 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืขืžืœื”, ื•ืื– ืืชื --
08:59
the kiosk operator takes 10 or 20 percent commission,
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื™ื•ืกืง ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื 10 ืื• 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืขืžืœื”,
09:02
and passes the rest over to you in cash.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืจ ืœืš ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ.
09:06
OK, there's two things I like about this.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื–ื”.
09:08
So the first is, it turns anyone who has access to a mobile phone --
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ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื --
09:13
anyone who has a mobile phone --
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ --
09:15
essentially into an ATM machine.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜.
09:17
It brings rudimentary banking services to places
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
09:20
where there's no banking infrastructure.
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ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช.
09:22
And even if they could have access to the banking infrastructure,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช,
09:25
they wouldn't necessarily be considered viable customers,
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ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
09:28
because they're not wealthy enough to have bank accounts.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืง.
09:31
There's a second thing I like about this.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื–ื”.
09:34
And that is that despite all the resources at my disposal,
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื™,
09:38
and despite all our kind of apparent sophistication,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ,
09:40
I know I could never have designed something as elegant
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™
09:44
and as totally in tune with the local conditions as this. OK?
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืชืื ืขื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
09:49
And, yes, there are things like Grameen Bank and micro-lending.
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ืง ื’ืจืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืงืจื• ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช.
09:52
But the difference between this and that
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื”
09:54
is, there's no central authority trying to control this.
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ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ื”.
09:58
This is just street-up innovation.
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ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ืจื—ื•ื‘.
10:03
So, it turns out the street is a never-ending source of
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ืื–, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื“ืœื”
10:06
inspiration for us.
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ืœื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
10:08
And OK, if you break one of these things here, you return it to the carrier.
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ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื”, ืืชื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืกืคืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
10:12
They'll give you a new one.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื›ื ืื—ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ.
10:13
They'll probably give you three new ones, right?
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ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืชื ื• ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:15
I mean, that's buy three, get one free. That kind of thing.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืงื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื‘ืœื• ืื—ื“ ื—ื™ื ื. ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข.
10:18
If you go on the streets of India and China, you see this kind of stuff.
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ืื ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืŸ ืื• ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
10:22
And this is where they take the stuff that breaks,
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ื•ืœื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืงืœืงืœื™ื,
10:24
and they fix it, and they put it back into circulation.
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ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ.
10:30
This is from a workbench in Jilin City, in China,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
10:34
and you can see people taking down a phone
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
10:36
and putting it back together.
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ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
10:38
They reverse-engineer manuals.
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ื”ื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืคืขืœื”.
10:41
This is a kind of hacker's manual,
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื”ืืงืจ,
10:44
and it's written in Chinese and English.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
10:46
They also write them in Hindi.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื™.
10:48
You can subscribe to these.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœืืœื”.
10:51
There are training institutes where they're churning out people
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ื™ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”
10:54
for fixing these things as well.
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ื’ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
10:57
But what I like about this is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื,
11:00
it boils down to someone on the street with a small, flat surface,
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขื ืžืฉื˜ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื—,
11:06
a screwdriver, a toothbrush for cleaning the contact heads --
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ืžื‘ืจื’, ืžื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื --
11:10
because they often get dust on the contact heads -- and knowledge.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ืื‘ืง -- ื•ื™ื“ืข.
11:14
And it's all about the social network of the knowledge, floating around.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข, ืฉืฆืคื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
11:18
And I like this because it challenges the way that we design stuff,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
11:22
and build stuff, and potentially distribute stuff.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื.
11:24
It challenges the norms.
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ื–ื” ืžืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช.
11:27
OK, for me the street just raises so many different questions.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
11:33
Like, this is Viagra that I bought from a backstreet sex shop in China.
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื–ื• ื•ื™ืื’ืจื” ืฉืงื ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืกืงืก ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
11:39
And China is a country where you get a lot of fakes.
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ื•ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื.
11:42
And I know what you're asking -- did I test it?
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื -- ื”ืื ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”?
11:44
I'm not going to answer that, OK.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืืขื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
11:46
But I look at something like this, and I consider the implications
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช
11:50
of trust and confidence in the purchase process.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื ื™ื”.
11:53
And we look at this and we think, well, how does that apply,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
11:55
for example, for the design of -- the lessons from this --
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ -- ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื–ื” --
11:58
apply to the design of online services, future services in these markets?
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ืชื™ื™ืฉืžื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
12:05
This is a pair of underpants from --
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ื–ื” ื–ื•ื’ ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื --
12:09
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) --
12:11
from Tibet.
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ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื˜.
12:13
And I look at something like this, and honestly, you know,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
12:16
why would someone design underpants with a pocket, right?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืชื›ื ืŸ ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื›ื™ืก, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
12:19
And I look at something like this and it makes me question,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
12:22
if we were to take all the functionality in things like this,
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ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
12:26
and redistribute them around the body
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ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืฃ
12:27
in some kind of personal area network,
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ืช,
12:29
how would we prioritize where to put stuff?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชืขื“ืคื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืœืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื?
12:31
And yes, this is quite trivial, but actually the lessons from this can apply to that
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื•ื™ืืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื
12:35
kind of personal area networks.
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ.
12:38
And what you see here is a couple of phone numbers
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ื–ื” ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
12:41
written above the shack in rural Uganda.
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ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงืชื” ื›ืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”.
12:44
This doesn't have house numbers. This has phone numbers.
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ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืชื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
12:49
So what does it mean when people's identity is mobile?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืฉื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ืช?
12:55
When those extra three billion people's identity is mobile, it isn't fixed?
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ื›ืฉื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ืช, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืขืช?
13:00
Your notion of identity is out-of-date already, OK,
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ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ, ืื•ืงื™ื™,
13:04
for those extra three billion people.
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ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
13:07
This is how it's shifting.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื–ื–.
13:09
And then I go to this picture here, which is the one that I started with.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืคื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืื™ืชื”.
13:14
And this is from Delhi.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ืœื”ื™.
13:17
It's from a study we did into illiteracy,
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ื–ื” ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืึทื ึฐืึทืœึฐืคึธื‘ึผึตื™ืชึดื™ึผื•ึผืช,
13:20
and it's a guy in a teashop.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืชื”.
13:22
You can see the chai being poured in the background.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆ'ืื™ ื ืžื–ื’ ื‘ืจืงืข.
13:24
And he's a, you know, incredibly poor teashop worker,
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ื•ื”ื•ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื—ื ื•ืช ืชื” ืขื ื™ ืžืื•ื“,
13:28
on the lowest rungs in the society.
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ื‘ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
13:30
And he, somehow, has the appreciation
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ื•ืœื•, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”
13:34
of the values of Livestrong.
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ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ Livestrong.
13:36
And it's not necessarily the same values,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืื•ืชื ืขืจื›ื™ื,
13:38
but some kind of values of Livestrong,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ Livestrong.
13:40
to actually go out and purchase them,
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ืœืœื›ืช ืžืžืฉ ื•ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื,
13:43
and actually display them.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื.
13:45
For me, this kind of personifies this connected world,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
13:47
where everything is intertwined, and the dots are --
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ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืฉืจ, ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช --
13:51
it's all about the dots joining together.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
13:54
OK, the title of this presentation is "Connections and Consequences,"
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื "ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,"
13:58
and it's really a kind of summary of five years of trying to figure out
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:03
what it's going to be like when everyone on the planet
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ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
14:06
has the ability to transcend space and time
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ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ
14:09
in a personal and convenient manner, right?
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื ื•ื—ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
14:12
When everyone's connected.
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ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
14:14
And there are four things.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
14:18
So, the first thing is the immediacy of ideas,
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ืื–, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
14:20
the speed at which ideas go around.
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
14:23
And I know TED is about big ideas,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉTED ืื•ื”ื‘ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
14:25
but actually, the benchmark for a big idea is changing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื”.
14:30
If you want a big idea, you need to embrace everyone on the planet,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
14:34
that's the first thing.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
14:36
The second thing is the immediacy of objects.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื.
14:39
And what I mean by that is, as these become smaller,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
14:43
as the functionality that you can access through this becomes greater --
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ื›ืฉื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ื ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœื” --
14:47
things like banking, identity --
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช, ื–ื”ื•ืช --
14:49
these things quite simply move very quickly around the world.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
14:54
And so the speed of the adoption of things
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
14:56
is just going to become that much more rapid,
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ืจืง ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืžืื•ื“,
14:58
in a way that we just totally cannot conceive,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜,
15:01
when you get it to 6.3 billion
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœ 6.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
15:03
and the growth in the world's population.
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
15:06
The next thing is that, however we design this stuff --
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื”, ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืš ื ืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
15:10
carefully design this stuff --
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ื ืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช --
15:11
the street will take it, and will figure out ways to innovate,
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ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ืงื— ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื™ืžืฆื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ,
15:14
as long as it meets base needs --
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื --
15:17
the ability to transcend space and time, for example.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
15:20
And it will innovate in ways that we cannot anticipate.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช.
15:25
In ways that, despite our resources, they can do it better than us.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
15:28
That's my feeling.
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื™.
15:30
And if we're smart, we'll look at this stuff that's going on,
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ื•ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื,
15:34
and we'll figure out a way to enable it to inform and infuse
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ื•ื ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื•ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข
15:39
both what we design and how we design.
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ื’ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
15:42
And the last thing is that -- actually, the direction of the conversation.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื -- ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
15:49
With another three billion people connected,
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ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
15:54
they want to be part of the conversation.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
15:56
And I think our relevance and TED's relevance
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืฉืœ TED
16:01
is really about embracing that and learning how to listen, essentially.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ.
16:07
And we need to learn how to listen.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘.
16:08
So thank you very, very much.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
16:10
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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