Boaz Almog "levitates" a superconductor

773,658 views ใƒป 2012-07-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Orr Schlesinger ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:25
The phenomenon you saw here for a brief moment
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื›ืืŸ ืœืจื’ืข ืงืฆืจ
00:29
is called quantum levitation and quantum locking.
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ื ืงืจืืช ืจื™ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืขื™ืœื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช.
00:35
And the object that was levitating here
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ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืจื™ื—ืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
00:39
is called a superconductor.
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ื ืงืจื ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ.
00:41
Superconductivity is a quantum state of matter,
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ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ,
00:47
and it occurs only below a certain critical temperature.
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ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืจืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ื.
00:51
Now, it's quite an old phenomenon;
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ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื“ื™ื™ ื™ืฉื ื”.
00:53
it was discovered 100 years ago.
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื.
00:55
However, only recently,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
00:57
due to several technological advancements,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
01:00
we are now able to demonstrate to you
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื
01:02
quantum levitation and quantum locking.
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ืจื™ื—ื•ืฃ ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื•ื ืขื™ืœื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช.
01:06
So, a superconductor is defined by two properties.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
01:12
The first is zero electrical resistance,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืืคืก ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช,
01:15
and the second is the expulsion of a magnetic field from the interior of the superconductor.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ.
01:22
That sounds complicated, right?
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ื ืฉืžืข ืงืฆืช ืžืกื•ื‘ืš, ืœื?
01:25
But what is electrical resistance?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช?
01:28
So, electricity is the flow of electrons inside a material.
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ื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืžืจ.
01:34
And these electrons, while flowing,
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ืžื”,
01:38
they collide with the atoms, and in these collisions
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ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
01:40
they lose a certain amount of energy.
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ื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:42
And they dissipate this energy in the form of heat, and you know that effect.
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชืคื–ืจืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื, ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
01:48
However, inside a superconductor there are no collisions,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช,
01:54
so there is no energy dissipation.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:59
It's quite remarkable. Think about it.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ ืžืจืฉื™ื. ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:02
In classical physics, there is always some friction, some energy loss.
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ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš, ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื•ื.
02:07
But not here, because it is a quantum effect.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
02:11
But that's not all, because superconductors don't like magnetic fields.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™-ืขืœ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:19
So a superconductor will try to expel magnetic field from the inside,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ ื™ื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžืชื•ื›ื•,
02:24
and it has the means to do that by circulating currents.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจืžื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื™ื.
02:30
Now, the combination of both effects --
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ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• --
02:33
the expulsion of magnetic fields and zero electrical resistance --
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ื”ื”ืจื—ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืคืกื™ืช ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ --
02:39
is exactly a superconductor.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ.
02:42
But the picture isn't always perfect, as we all know,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:46
and sometimes strands of magnetic field remain inside the superconductor.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ.
02:54
Now, under proper conditions, which we have here,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ,
02:57
these strands of magnetic field can be trapped inside the superconductor.
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ.
03:02
And these strands of magnetic field inside the superconductor,
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ,
03:09
they come in discrete quantities.
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ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
03:12
Why? Because it is a quantum phenomenon. It's quantum physics.
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ืœืžื”? ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช (ืžื ืชื™ืช). ื–ื• ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช.
03:15
And it turns out that they behave like quantum particles.
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื.
03:19
In this movie here, you can see how they flow one by one discretely.
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื”.
03:25
This is strands of magnetic field. These are not particles,
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™. ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
03:28
but they behave like particles.
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ืื•ืœื ื”ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
03:33
So, this is why we call this effect quantum levitation and quantum locking.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• "ืจื™ื—ื•ืฃ ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื•ื ืขื™ืœื” ืงื•ื•ืื˜ื™ืช".
03:37
But what happens to the superconductor when we put it inside a magnetic field?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™?
03:43
Well, first there are strands of magnetic field left inside,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
03:48
but now the superconductor doesn't like them moving around,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืฉื,
03:52
because their movements dissipate energy,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
03:55
which breaks the superconductivity state.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช-ื”ืขืœ.
03:58
So what it actually does, it locks these strands,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”, ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
04:02
which are called fluxons, and it locks these fluxons in place.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื (ืคืœืงืกื•ื ื™ื), ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
04:08
And by doing that, what it actually does is locking itself in place.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืš, ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
04:15
Why? Because any movement of the superconductor will change their place,
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ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื,
04:24
will change their configuration.
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ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:26
So we get quantum locking. And let me show you how this works.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื ืขื™ืœื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช. ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
04:31
I have here a superconductor, which I wrapped up so it'd stay cold long enough.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ, ื”ื•ื ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ืงืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ.
04:37
And when I place it on top of a regular magnet,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืœ ืœืžื’ื ื˜ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
04:41
it just stays locked in midair.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื ืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
04:45
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:49
Now, this is not just levitation. It's not just repulsion.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืจื™ื—ื•ืฃ, ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”.
04:53
I can rearrange the fluxons, and it will be locked in this new configuration.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื“ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืœืงืกื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ.
04:58
Like this, or move it slightly to the right or to the left.
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ื›ื›ื”, ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ืื–ื™ื– ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื˜ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื• ืœืฉืžืืœ.
05:02
So, this is quantum locking -- actually locking -- three-dimensional locking of the superconductor.
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ื–ืืช ื ืขื™ืœื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช -- ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืขื™ืœื” -- ื ืขื™ืœื” ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ.
05:10
Of course, I can turn it upside down,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื•,
05:12
and it will remain locked.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืืจ ื ืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•.
05:15
Now, now that we understand that this so-called levitation is actually locking,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืขื™ืœื”,
05:24
Yeah, we understand that.
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ื›ืŸ.. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
05:29
You won't be surprised to hear that if I take this circular magnet,
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ืœื ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉืื ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”,
05:33
in which the magnetic field is the same all around,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื™ื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
05:37
the superconductor will be able to freely rotate around the axis of the magnet.
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ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜.
05:43
Why? Because as long as it rotates, the locking is maintained.
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ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘, ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” ื ืฉืืจืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
05:49
You see? I can adjust and I can rotate the superconductor.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื? ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ.
05:55
We have frictionless motion. It is still levitating, but can move freely all around.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืœื ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš. ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ืฃ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
06:01
So, we have quantum locking and we can levitate it on top of this magnet.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ืขื™ืœื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืจื—ืฃ ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
06:11
But how many fluxons, how many magnetic strands are there in a single disk like this?
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืคืœืงืกื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื™ืกืง ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”?
06:17
Well, we can calculate it, and it turns out, quite a lot.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
06:20
One hundred billion strands of magnetic field inside this three-inch disk.
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ืžืื” ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ืกืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ.
06:27
But that's not the amazing part yet, because there is something I haven't told you yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื.
06:32
And, yeah, the amazing part is that this superconductor that you see here
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ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
06:37
is only half a micron thick. It's extremely thin.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ. ื–ื” ื“ืง ืžืื•ื“.
06:45
And this extremely thin layer is able to levitate more than 70,000 times its own weight.
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ื•ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื“ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจื—ืฃ ืขื ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื™ 70,000 ืžื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื”.
06:54
It's a remarkable effect. It's very strong.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืคืงื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืง.
07:00
Now, I can extend this circular magnet,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”,
07:04
and make whatever track I want.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืกื™ืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”.
07:08
For example, I can make a large circular rail here.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืกื™ืœื” ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
07:12
And when I place the superconducting disk on top of this rail,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื™ืœื”,
07:19
it moves freely.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
07:23
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:33
And again, that's not all. I can adjust its position like this, and rotate,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘,
07:37
and it freely moves in this new position.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
07:44
And I can even try a new thing; let's try it for the first time.
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ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
07:48
I can take this disk and put it here,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืกืง ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืืŸ,
07:54
and while it stays here -- don't move --
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• -- ืืœ ืชื–ื•ื– --
07:57
I will try to rotate the track,
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ืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืกื™ืœื”,
08:04
and hopefully, if I did it correctly,
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
08:06
it stays suspended.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืชืœื•ื™.
08:08
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:18
You see, it's quantum locking, not levitation.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื–ืืช ื ืขื™ืœื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช, ืœื ืจื™ื—ื•ืฃ.
08:25
Now, while I'll let it circulate for a little more,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช,
08:29
let me tell you a little bit about superconductors.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™-ืขืœ.
08:32
Now -- (Laughter) --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• -- (ืฆื—ื•ืง) --
08:38
So we now know that we are able to transfer enormous amount of currents inside superconductors,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™-ืขืœ,
08:45
so we can use them to produce strong magnetic fields,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
08:50
such as needed in MRI machines, particle accelerators and so on.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ MRI, ืžืื™ืฆื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
08:55
But we can also store energy using superconductors,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™-ืขืœ,
09:00
because we have no dissipation.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
09:02
And we could also produce power cables, to transfer enormous amounts of current between power stations.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืฉื™ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื–ืจืžื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื—.
09:09
Imagine you could back up a single power station with a single superconducting cable.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื— ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ.
09:18
But what is the future of quantum levitation and quantum locking?
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ืืš ืžื”ื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืฃ ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื•ื ืขื™ืœื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช?
09:23
Well, let me answer this simple question by giving you an example.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
09:30
Imagine you would have a disk similar to the one I have here in my hand,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื“ื™ืกืง ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื“,
09:36
three-inch diameter, with a single difference.
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ, ืขื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื—ื“.
09:40
The superconducting layer, instead of being half a micron thin,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ื”ืขืœ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ,
09:45
being two millimeters thin, quite thin.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื“ื™ ื“ืง.
09:48
This two-millimeter-thin superconducting layer could hold 1,000 kilograms, a small car, in my hand.
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื 1,000 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”, ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™.
09:59
Amazing. Thank you.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
10:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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