Benjamin Barber: Why mayors should rule the world

171,945 views ใƒป 2013-09-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Maya Dagan ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Democracy is in trouble, no question about that,
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืกืคืง
00:16
and it comes in part from a deep dilemma
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื’ืจื, ื‘ื—ืœืงื•, ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื™ืœืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื”
00:19
in which it is embedded.
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ื”ืžื•ื˜ืžืขืช ื‘ื”.
00:22
It's increasingly irrelevant to the kinds of decisions
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
00:25
we face that have to do with global pandemics,
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ืฉืื™ืชืŸ ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช,
00:29
a cross-border problem;
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ื•ืฆืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
00:31
with HIV, a transnational problem;
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ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก, ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ื•ืฆืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื
00:34
with markets and immigration,
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ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืจื”,
00:36
something that goes beyond national borders;
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:39
with terrorism, with war,
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ืขื ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืขื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช,
00:41
all now cross-border problems.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
00:44
In fact, we live in a 21st-century world
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21
00:48
of interdependence,
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ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช
00:50
and brutal interdependent problems,
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ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•
00:53
and when we look for solutions in politics and in democracy,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
00:59
we are faced with political institutions
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
01:02
designed 400 years ago,
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ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ 400 ืฉื ื™ื,
01:06
autonomous, sovereign nation-states
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
01:10
with jurisdictions and territories
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ืขื ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
01:13
separate from one another,
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ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•,
01:14
each claiming to be able to solve the problem
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
01:17
of its own people.
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ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”.
01:19
Twenty-first-century, transnational world
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ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ - ืœืื•ืžื™
01:23
of problems and challenges,
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืืชื’ืจื™ื,
01:25
17th-century world of political institutions.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”17.
01:29
In that dilemma lies the central problem of democracy.
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ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื–ื• ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
01:35
And like many others, I've been thinking about
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื™
01:37
what can one do about this, this asymmetry
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ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš, ืื™ ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื–ื•
01:40
between 21st-century challenges
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21
01:42
and archaic and increasingly dysfunctional
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ื•ื”ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ
01:46
political institutions like nation-states.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื.
01:50
And my suggestion is
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ื•ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื
01:51
that we change the subject,
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ืฉื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื,
01:55
that we stop talking about nations,
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ืฉื ืคืกื™ืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืื•ืžื™ื,
01:59
about bordered states,
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ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
02:01
and we start talking about cities.
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ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื.
02:05
Because I think you will find, when we talk about cities,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืชื’ืœื•, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื,
02:08
we are talking about the political institutions
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
02:12
in which civilization and culture were born.
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:15
We are talking about the cradle of democracy.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจืฉ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
02:18
We are talking about the venues in which
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื...
02:21
those public spaces where we come together
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ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ื
02:24
to create democracy, and at the same time
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ
02:28
protest those who would take our freedom, take place.
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ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
02:33
Think of some great names:
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื
02:35
the Place de la Bastille,
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ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื”
02:38
Zuccotti Park,
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ืคืืจืง ื–ืืงื•ื˜ื™ (ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜)
02:40
Tahrir Square,
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ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืชื—ืจื™ืจ
02:42
Taksim Square in today's headlines in Istanbul,
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ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:47
or, yes,
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ืื•, ื›ืŸ,
02:49
Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
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ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื˜ื™ืื ืžืืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’
02:52
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:53
Those are the public spaces
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
02:56
where we announce ourselves as citizens,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
03:00
as participants, as people with the right
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ื›ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช
03:03
to write our own narratives.
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ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:07
Cities are not only the oldest of institutions,
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ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:10
they're the most enduring.
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:12
If you think about it,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš
03:14
Constantinople, Istanbul, much older than Turkey.
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ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ, ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”.
03:18
Alexandria, much older than Egypt.
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ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”, ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื.
03:21
Rome, far older than Italy.
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ืจื•ืžื, ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.
03:25
Cities endure the ages.
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ืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช
03:29
They are the places where we are born,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื,
03:34
grow up, are educated, work, marry,
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ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืžืชื—ื ื›ื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื ื™ืฉืื™ื,
03:38
pray, play, get old, and in time, die.
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ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืชื™ื.
03:43
They are home.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
03:45
Very different than nation-states,
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื,
03:47
which are abstractions.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:48
We pay taxes, we vote occasionally,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื
03:52
we watch the men and women we choose rule
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื
03:56
rule more or less without us.
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ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื ื•.
03:59
Not so in those homes known as our towns
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ืœื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:03
and cities where we live.
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ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:05
Moreover, today, more than half of the world's population
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:10
live in cities.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
04:12
In the developed world, it's about 78 percent.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 78%
04:16
More than three out of four people
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื
04:18
live in urban institutions, urban places,
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื,
04:22
in cities today.
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:24
So cities are where the action is.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื.
04:27
Cities are us. Aristotle said in the ancient world,
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ื”ืขืจื™ื ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื•. ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืืžืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง
04:30
man is a political animal.
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ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
04:33
I say we are an urban animal.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
04:36
We are an urban species, at home in our cities.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•.
04:41
So to come back to the dilemma,
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ืื–, ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ื™ืœืžื”,
04:43
if the dilemma is we have old-fashioned
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ืื ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื
04:46
political nation-states unable to govern the world,
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
04:50
respond to the global challenges that we face
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ื•ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœื ื•,
04:53
like climate change,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
04:55
then maybe it's time for mayors to rule the world,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื™ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
05:01
for mayors and the citizens and the peoples they represent
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ืฉืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื
05:04
to engage in global governance.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
05:10
When I say if mayors ruled the world,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื™ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
05:12
when I first came up with that phrase,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”,
05:14
it occurred to me that actually, they already do.
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ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
05:18
There are scores of international, inter-city,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื,
05:23
cross-border institutions, networks of cities
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ื—ื•ืฆื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
05:27
in which cities are already, quite quietly,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืงื˜
05:30
below the horizon, working together
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื“ืืจ, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•
05:33
to deal with climate change, to deal with security,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ,
05:36
to deal with immigration,
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืจื”
05:37
to deal with all of those tough,
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช
05:39
interdependent problems that we face.
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ื•ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•, ืื™ืชืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
05:41
They have strange names:
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื
05:45
UCLG,
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UCLG
05:48
United Cities and Local Governments;
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ืขืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช
05:53
ICLEI,
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ICLEI
05:55
the International Council for Local Environmental Issues.
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ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
06:00
And the list goes on:
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ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื”
06:01
Citynet in Asia; City Protocol, a new organization
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Citynet ื‘ืืกื™ื”; City Protocol, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ
06:05
out of Barcelona that is using the web
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ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
06:08
to share best practices among countries.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
06:12
And then all the things we know a little better,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:13
the U.S. Conference of Mayors,
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ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
06:14
the Mexican Conference of Mayors,
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ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืกื™ืงื•
06:16
the European Conference of Mayors.
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ื”ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื.
06:20
Mayors are where this is happening.
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ืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื.
06:25
And so the question is,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื
06:27
how can we create a world
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ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื
06:29
in which mayors and the citizens they represent
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ืฉื‘ื• ืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื
06:33
play a more prominent role?
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ื™ืžืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ?
06:35
Well, to understand that,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
06:38
we need to understand why cities are special,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช,
06:42
why mayors are so different
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืจืืฉื™ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
06:44
than prime ministers and presidents,
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ืžืจืืฉื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื ืฉื™ืื™ื
06:45
because my premise is that a mayor and a prime minister
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจ ื•ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”
06:50
are at the opposite ends of a political spectrum.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
06:54
To be a prime minister or a president,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื ืฉื™ื,
06:56
you have to have an ideology,
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
06:59
you have to have a meta-narrative,
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืžื˜ื-ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘
07:01
you have to have a theory of how things work,
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
07:03
you have to belong to a party.
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืžืคืœื’ื”.
07:05
Independents, on the whole,
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ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
07:07
don't get elected to office.
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ืื™ื ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉืจื”.
07:08
But mayors are just the opposite.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ืคืš.
07:11
Mayors are pragmatists, they're problem-solvers.
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ืจืืฉื™ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืคื•ืชืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
07:15
Their job is to get things done, and if they don't,
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื ื”ื ืœื,
07:17
they're out of a job.
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ื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื”.
07:20
Mayor Nutter of Philadelphia said,
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ื ืื˜ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”, ืืžืจ
07:23
we could never get away here in Philadelphia
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ืคื” ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืœืœื ืขื•ื ืฉ
07:26
with the stuff that goes on in Washington,
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ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
07:28
the paralysis, the non-action, the inaction.
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ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืง, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืขืฉ, ื”ื‘ื˜ืœื”.
07:33
Why? Because potholes have to get filled,
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ืœืžื”? ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงื ื™ื,
07:38
because the trains have to run,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืข,
07:40
because kids have to be able to get to school.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.
07:43
And that's what we have to do,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
07:44
and to do that is about pragmatism
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื• ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช,
07:47
in that deep, American sense,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืขืžื•ืง,
07:49
reaching outcomes.
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
07:51
Washington, Beijing, Paris, as world capitals,
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ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’, ืคืจื™ื–, ื›ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช,
07:57
are anything but pragmatic,
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช,
08:00
but real city mayors have to be pragmatists.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™.
08:03
They have to get things done,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
08:05
they have to put ideology and religion and ethnicity aside
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืฆื“ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื“ืช ื•ืžื•ืฆื ืืชื ื™
08:08
and draw their cities together.
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ื•ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ืขืจื™ื”ื.
08:11
We saw this a couple of decades ago
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
08:13
when Teddy Kollek, the great mayor of Jerusalem
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœืง, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
08:16
in the '80s and the '90s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80 ื•ื” 90
08:19
was besieged one day in his office
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ื”ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื•
08:22
by religious leaders from all of the backgrounds,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื,
08:27
Christian prelates, rabbis, imams.
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ื›ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืžืืžื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื.
08:29
They were arguing with one another
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ื”ื ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื• ื‘ื™ื ื”ื
08:31
about access to the holy sites.
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื
08:33
And the squabble went on and on,
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ื•ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื”ืชืžืฉืš,
08:35
and Kollek listened and listened,
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ื•ืงื•ืœืง ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ื•ืฉืžืข
08:37
and he finally said, "Gentlemen,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืžืจ, "ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™,
08:41
spare me your sermons,
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ืชื—ืกื›ื• ืžืžื ื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
08:43
and I will fix your sewers."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื"
08:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:47
That's what mayors do.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
08:49
They fix sewers, they get the trains running.
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ื”ื ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืกืขื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
08:53
There isn't a left or a right way of doing.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืฉืžืืœื ื™ืช ืื• ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:55
Boris Johnson in London calls himself an anarcho-Tory.
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ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉืžืจืŸ ืื ืืจื›ื™ืกื˜.
09:00
Strange term, but in some ways, he is.
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ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื.
09:02
He's a libertarian. He's an anarchist.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ืจื™ืืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜.
09:04
He rides to work on a bike,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื,
09:05
but at the same time, he's in some ways a conservative.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉืžืจืŸ.
09:08
Bloomberg in New York was a Democrat,
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ื‘ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื’ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜,
09:12
then he was a Republican,
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09:12
and finally he was an Independent, and said
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ,
ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ
09:14
the party label just gets in the way.
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ื”ืžื™ืชื•ื’ ื”ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ ืจืง ืžืคืจื™ืข.
09:17
Luzhkov, 20 years mayor in Moscow,
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ืœื•ื–'ืงื•ื‘, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื”,
09:20
though he helped found a party, United Party with Putin,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืคืœื’ื”
09:23
in fact refused to be defined by the party
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื•,
09:27
and finally, in fact, lost his job not under Brezhnev,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืฉืจืชื•, ืœื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘,
09:30
not under Gorbachev, but under Putin,
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ืœื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘, ืืœื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
09:33
who wanted a more faithful party follower.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืคืœื’ื” ื ืืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:37
So mayors are pragmatists and problem-solvers.
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ืื ื›ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืชืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
09:41
They get things done.
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ื”ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
09:42
But the second thing about mayors
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืจืืฉื™ ืขื™ืจ
09:44
is they are also what I like to call homeboys,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ื "ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืžื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”"
09:48
or to include the women mayors, homies.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื.
09:51
They're from the neighborhood.
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ื”ื ืžื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”.
09:53
They're part of the neighborhood. They're known.
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ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”. ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.
09:55
Ed Koch used to wander around New York City
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ืื“ ืงื•ืฅ', ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
09:57
saying, "How am I doing?"
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ื•ืฉื•ืืœ ืื ืฉื™ื "ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœื™?"
10:00
Imagine David Cameron
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ืชืืจื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืงืžืจื•ืŸ
10:01
wandering around the United Kingdom
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ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
10:03
asking, "How am I doing?" He wouldn't like the answer.
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ื•ืฉื•ืืœ "ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœื™?" ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
10:06
Or Putin. Or any national leader.
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ืื• ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื—ืจ.
10:09
He could ask that because he knew New Yorkers
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงื™ื
10:11
and they knew him.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื•.
10:12
Mayors are usually from the places they govern.
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ืจืืฉื™ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื.
10:16
It's pretty hard to be a carpetbagger and be a mayor.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
10:19
You can run for the Senate out of a different state,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœืกื ืื˜ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช,
10:21
but it's hard to do that as a mayor.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจ.
10:24
And as a result, mayors and city councillors
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ ืขื™ืจ ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ
10:27
and local authorities
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ื•ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช
10:29
have a much higher trust level,
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ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:31
and this is the third feature about mayors,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืขื™ืจ
10:34
than national governing officials.
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ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ืžื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
10:36
In the United States, we know the pathetic figures:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืคืชื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘:
10:39
18 percent of Americans approve of Congress
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18 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
10:44
and what they do.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
10:45
And even with a relatively popular president like Obama,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื”,
10:49
the figures for the Presidency run about 40, 45,
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ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื• ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 40, 45.
10:52
sometimes 50 percent at best.
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ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, 50 ืื—ื•ื–.
10:54
The Supreme Court has fallen way down from what it used to be.
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ื’ื ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื“ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช
10:57
But when you ask, "Do you trust your city councillor,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืืœ: "ื”ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ,
11:01
do you trust your mayor?"
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ?"
11:03
the rates shoot up to 70, 75, even 80 percent,
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ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื–ื ืงื™ื ืœ 70, 75 ื•ืืคื™ืœื• 80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
11:08
because they're from the neighborhood,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”,
11:10
because the people they work with are their neighbors,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื ื”ื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
11:13
because, like Mayor Booker in Newark,
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ืžืฉื•ื, ืฉื›ืžื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžื ื™ื•ืืจืง,
11:16
a mayor is likely to get out of his car on the way to work
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ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
11:20
and go in and pull people out of a burning building --
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ื•ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื—ืœืฅ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื
11:22
that happened to Mayor Booker --
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืงืจ -
11:25
or intervene in a mugging in the street as he goes to work
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ืื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
11:28
because he sees it.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื”.
11:29
No head of state would be permitted
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ืœืฉื•ื ืจืืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ื™ืจืฉื•
11:31
by their security details to do it,
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ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
11:33
nor be in a position to do it.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
11:35
That's the difference, and the difference
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”
11:37
has to do with the character of cities themselves,
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืฆืžืŸ.
11:39
because cities are profoundly multicultural,
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ื›ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
11:46
open, participatory, democratic,
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ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช, ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช,
11:50
able to work with one another.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง.
11:53
When states face each other,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืœ ื–ื•,
11:55
China and the U.S., they face each other like this.
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ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืืจื”"ื‘, ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืœ ื–ื• ื›ื›ื”,
12:00
When cities interact, they interact like this.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืš.
12:04
China and the U.S., despite the recent
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ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืืจื”"ื‘, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
12:08
meta-meeting in California,
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
12:10
are locked in all kinds of anger, resentment, and rivalry
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืขืกื™ื, ื”ืชืžืจืžืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
12:15
for number one.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
12:16
We heard more about who will be number one.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
12:19
Cities don't worry about number one.
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ืขืจื™ื ืœื ื“ื•ืื’ื•ืช ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
12:21
They have to work together, and they do work together.
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช.
12:24
They work together in climate change, for example.
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ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ.
12:27
Organizations like the C40, like ICLEI, which I mentioned,
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ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• C40 ,ื›ืžื• ICLEI, ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื
12:31
have been working together
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“
12:33
many, many years before Copenhagen.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ.
12:35
In Copenhagen, four or five years ago,
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ื‘ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืื• ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
12:37
184 nations came together to explain to one another
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184 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ืืกืคื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•,
12:41
why their sovereignty didn't permit them
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื
12:43
to deal with the grave, grave crisis of climate change,
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ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื›ื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
12:47
but the mayor of Copenhagen had invited
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ
12:51
200 mayors to attend.
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200 ืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ.
12:52
They came, they stayed, and they found ways
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ื”ื ื‘ืื•, ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื•ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
12:55
and are still finding ways to work together,
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ,
12:58
city-to-city, and through inter-city organizations.
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ืขื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
13:02
Eighty percent of carbon emissions come from cities,
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80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืขืจื™ื.
13:06
which means cities are in a position
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืขืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
13:08
to solve the carbon problem, or most of it,
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ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืื• ืจื•ื‘ื”,
13:11
whether or not the states of which they are a part
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื
13:14
make agreements with one another.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืื•.
13:16
And they are doing it.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
13:17
Los Angeles cleaned up its port,
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ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื ื™ืงืชื” ืืช ื”ื ืžืœ ืฉืœื”,
13:19
which was 40 percent of carbon emissions,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœ 40 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ,
13:22
and as a result got rid of about 20 percent of carbon.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืž 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
13:25
New York has a program to upgrade its old buildings,
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ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
13:28
make them better insulated in the winter,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
13:32
to not leak energy in the summer,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ,
13:34
not leak air conditioning. That's having an impact.
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ื•ืœื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื–ืœื•ื’. ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”.
13:37
Bogota, where Mayor Mockus,
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ื‘ื‘ื•ื’ื•ื˜ื”, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื•ืงื•ืก
13:38
when he was mayor, he introduced a transportation system
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ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”
13:43
that saved energy, that allowed surface buses
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ืฉื—ืกื›ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉื•
13:47
to run in effect like subways,
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ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืจื›ื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
13:49
express buses with corridors.
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ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™.
13:51
It helped unemployment, because people could get across town,
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ื–ื” ืขื–ืจ ืœืื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
13:54
and it had a profound impact on climate as well as
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
13:58
many other things there.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
13:59
Singapore, as it developed its high-rises
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ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืช
14:02
and its remarkable public housing,
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื—ืกืจ ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื,
14:03
also developed an island of parks,
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ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื™ ืฉืœ ืคืืจืงื™ื
14:07
and if you go there, you'll see how much of it
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ื•ืื ืชืกืขื• ืœืฉื, ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ืžืžื ื”
14:09
is green land and park land.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืืจืงื™ื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื.
14:10
Cities are doing this, but not just one by one.
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ืขืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื•.
14:13
They are doing it together.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
14:14
They are sharing what they do,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช,
14:18
and they are making a difference by shared best practices.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
14:22
Bike shares, many of you have heard of it,
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš,
14:23
started 20 or 30 years ago in Latin America.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ 20 30 ืฉื ื”.
14:26
Now it's in hundreds of cities around the world.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:28
Pedestrian zones, congestion fees,
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ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ, ื“ืžื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช,
14:31
emission limits in cities like California cities have,
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ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
14:35
there's lots and lots that cities can do
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืขืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช
14:37
even when opaque, stubborn nations refuse to act.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืขืงืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
14:47
So what's the bottom line here?
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ืžื”ื™ ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”?
14:51
The bottom line is, we still live politically
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
14:54
in a world of borders, a world of boundaries,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
14:57
a world of walls,
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžื•ืช
14:58
a world where states refuse to act together.
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
15:04
Yet we know that the reality we experience
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช
15:08
day to day is a world without borders,
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
15:12
a world of diseases without borders
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
15:15
and doctors without borders,
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ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
15:17
maladies sans frontiรจres, Mรฉdecins Sans Frontiรจres,
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(ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช)
15:22
of economics and technology without borders,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
15:28
of education without borders,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
15:30
of terrorism and war without borders.
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ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
15:33
That is the real world, and unless we find a way
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื’ืœื” ื“ืจืš
15:36
to globalize democracy or democratize globalization,
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช,
15:42
we will increasingly not only risk
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ืœื ืจืง ื ืกืชื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:46
the failure to address all of these transnational problems,
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ื‘ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช
15:50
but we will risk losing democracy itself,
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ืืœื ื ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”,
15:54
locked up in the old nation-state box,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืœืื•ื
15:59
unable to address global problems democratically.
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ื•ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™.
16:04
So where does that leave us?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื•?
16:07
I'll tell you. The road to global democracy
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื. ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
16:10
doesn't run through states.
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ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
16:12
It runs through cities.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืขืจื™ื.
16:15
Democracy was born in the ancient polis.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
16:20
I believe it can be reborn in the global cosmopolis.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
16:25
In that journey from polis to cosmopolis,
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ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืืœ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก,
16:29
we can rediscover the power
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขuืฆืžื”
16:31
of democracy on a global level.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
16:34
We can create not a League of Nations, which failed,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื”
16:38
but a League of Cities,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื™ื’ืช ืขืจื™ื,
16:39
not a United or a dis-United Nations,
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ืœื ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช,
16:42
but United Cities of the World.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
16:44
We can create a global parliament of mayors.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื.
16:48
That's an idea. It's in my conception of the coming world,
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”.
16:52
but it's also on the table in City Halls
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ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช
16:55
in Seoul, Korea, in Amsterdam,
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ื‘ืกื™ืื•ืœ, ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื,
16:58
in Hamburg, and in New York.
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ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
17:00
Mayors are considering that idea of how you can actually
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ืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
17:03
constitute a global parliament of mayors,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื,
17:06
and I love that idea, because a parliament of mayors
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื
17:09
is a parliament of citizens
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ื”ื•ื ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
17:11
and a parliament of citizens is a parliament of us,
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ื•ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
17:15
of you and of me.
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ืฉืœืš ื•ืฉืœื™.
17:18
If ever there were citizens without borders,
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ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
17:23
I think it's the citizens of TED
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ืืœื• ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ TED
17:25
who show the promise to be those citizens without borders.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืœื• ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
17:28
I am ready to reach out and embrace
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืืžืฅ
17:33
a new global democracy,
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
17:35
to take back our democracy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
17:38
And the only question is,
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื,
17:41
are you?
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ื”ืื ืืชื?
17:43
Thank you so much, my fellow citizens.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื, ืื—ื™ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
17:45
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:56
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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