Michael Metcalfe: We need money for aid. So let's print it.

59,454 views ใƒป 2014-02-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Thirteen years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 13 ืฉื ื”
00:15
we set ourselves a goal to end poverty.
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื˜ืจื”: ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
00:21
After some success,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
00:24
we've hit a big hurdle.
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ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
00:27
The aftermath of the financial crisis
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™
00:29
has begun to hit aid payments,
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข,
00:32
which have fallen for two consecutive years.
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ื•ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช.
00:37
My question is whether the lessons learned
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื”ืœืงื— ืฉื ืœืžื“
00:41
from saving the financial system
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ืžื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช
00:45
can be used to help us overcome that hurdle
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื–ื”
00:48
and help millions.
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื?
00:51
Can we simply print money for aid?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืกื™ื•ืข?
00:58
"Surely not."
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"ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื.".
01:00
It's a common reaction.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
01:02
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:03
It's a quick talk.
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ื–ืืช ืฉื™ื—ื” ืงืฆืจื”.
01:05
Others channel John McEnroe.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžืงื ืจื•.
01:10
"You cannot be serious!"
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"ืืชื” ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื™!"
01:12
Now, I can't do the accent, but I am serious,
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
01:17
thanks to these two children,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
01:21
who, as you'll learn, are very much at the heart
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ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื•ื•ื›ื—ื• ืœื“ืขืช, ืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™
01:25
of my talk.
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ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืชื™.
01:27
On the left, we have Pia.
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื–ืืช ืคื™ื”.
01:30
She lives in England.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
01:32
She has two loving parents,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื,
01:35
one of whom is standing right here.
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ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืืŸ.
01:40
Dorothy, on the right,
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ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
01:42
lives in rural Kenya.
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ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช.
01:45
She's one of 13,000 orphans
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืž-13,000 ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื
01:48
and vulnerable children
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื
01:49
who are assisted by a charity that I support.
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ืฉื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉืื ื™ ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื•.
01:54
I do that because I believe
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ
01:57
that Dorothy, like Pia,
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ืฉื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™, ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื”,
02:00
deserves the best life chances
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ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
02:03
that we can afford to give her.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”.
02:05
You'll all agree with me, I'm sure.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื™, ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
02:08
The U.N. agrees too.
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ื’ื ื”ืื•"ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื™.
02:11
Their overriding aim
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
02:13
for international aid
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ืœืกืคืง ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
02:15
is to strive for a life of dignity for all.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ.
02:21
But -- and here's that hurdle --
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ืื‘ืœ - ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ -
02:26
can we afford our aid aspirations?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื•?
02:30
History suggests not.
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืœื.
02:34
In 1970, governments set themselves a target
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ื‘-1970, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ืžื˜ืจื”
02:39
to increase overseas aid payments
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ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:42
to 0.7 percent
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ืœ-0.7 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
02:44
of their national income.
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ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:45
As you can see, a big gap opens up
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื ืคืขืจ ืคืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:50
between actual aid and that target.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื”.
02:54
But then come the Millennium Development Goals,
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ืืš ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื,
02:59
eight ambitious targets
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื•ืช
03:01
to be met by 2015.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ืขื“ 2015.
03:05
If I tell you that just one of those targets
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ืื ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืจืง ืื—ืช ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืœื•
03:08
is to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ื•ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
03:12
you get a sense of the ambition.
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ.
03:15
There's also been some success.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
03:18
The number of people living
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื
03:20
on less than $1.25 a day has halved.
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ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-1.25 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืคื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฆื™.
03:26
But a lot remains to be done in two years.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ืชืจื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืœืื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
03:29
One in eight remain hungry.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื‘.
03:33
In the context of this auditorium,
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ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
03:36
the front two rows aren't going to get any food.
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœื ื” ื›ืœืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
03:40
We can't settle for that,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš,
03:42
which is why the concern about the eighth goal,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช,
03:47
which relates to funding,
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ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ,
03:49
which I said at the beginning is falling,
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ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืคื•ื—ืช,
03:52
is so troubling.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื”.
03:56
So what can be done?
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ืื– ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
03:58
Well, I work in financial markets,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื,
04:01
not development.
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ืœื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
04:04
I study the behavior of investors,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื,
04:07
how they react to policy and the economy.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”.
04:12
It gives me a different angle on the aid issue.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื ื” ืœื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข.
04:17
But it took an innocent question
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืืœื” ืชืžื™ืžื”
04:19
from my then-four-year-old daughter
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืื– ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืข
04:22
to make me appreciate that.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ื”.
04:26
Pia and I were on the way to a local cafe
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ืคื™ื” ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืงืคื” ืžืงื•ืžื™
04:29
and we passed a man collecting for charity.
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืฆืŸ.
04:34
I didn't have any change to give him,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืชืช ืœื•,
04:35
and she was disappointed.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ืช.
04:38
Once in the cafe, Pia takes out her coloring book
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื”, ืคื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื”
04:42
and starts scribbling.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืงืฉืงืฉ.
04:43
After a little while, I ask her what she's doing,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
04:47
and she shows me a drawing
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจ
04:50
of a ยฃ5 note
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ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืŸ 5 ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜
04:52
to give to the man outside.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
04:54
It's so sweet,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืชื•ืง,
04:55
and more generous than Dad would have been.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื“ื™ื‘ ืžืื‘ื ืฉืœื”.
04:58
But of course I explained to her,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
05:00
"You can't do that; it's not allowed."
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"ืืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ."
05:03
To which I get the classic four-year-old response:
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ื•ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืœืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืช 4:
05:08
"Why not?"
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"ืœืžื” ืœื?"
05:10
Now I'm excited, because I actually think
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ืชื™, ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™
05:12
I can answer this time.
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ืฉื”ืคืขื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
05:14
So I launch into an explanation of how
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ืื– ืคืฆื—ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืชื™ืืจ
05:17
an unlimited supply of money
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ืื™ืš ืืกืคืงื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ
05:21
chasing a limited number of goods
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช
05:24
sends prices to the moon.
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ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืจืงื™ืข ืฉื—ืงื™ื.
05:31
Something about that exchange stuck with me,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื™ืกืงืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
05:35
not because of the look of relief
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื”ืงืœื”
05:37
on Pia's face when I finally finished,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื” ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
05:39
but because it related
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ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก
05:44
to the sanctity of the money supply,
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ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ,
05:49
a sanctity that had been challenged and questioned
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ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื” ืกืคืง ื•ืฉื”ืชืขืจืขืจื”
05:53
by the reaction of central banks
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื
05:56
to the financial crisis.
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ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
05:59
To reassure investors,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื,
06:01
central banks began buying assets
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ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื ื›ืกื™ื
06:06
to try and encourage investors to do the same.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืžื•ืชื.
06:11
They funded these purchases
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ื”ื ืžื™ืžื ื• ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื”
06:15
with money they created themselves.
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ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
06:18
The money wasn't actually physically printed.
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ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžืฉื™.
06:22
It's still sort of locked away in the banking system today.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืขื•ืœ ื•ืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
06:25
But the amount created was unprecedented.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืกืจืช-ืชืงื“ื™ื.
06:30
Together, the central banks of the U.S.,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
06:34
U.K and Japan
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ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื™ืคืŸ
06:36
increased the stock of money in their economies
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
06:39
by 3.7 trillion dollars.
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ื‘-3.7 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
06:43
That's three times, in fact that's more than three times,
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ื–ื” ืคื™ 3, ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 3,
06:47
the total physical stock of dollar notes in circulation.
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ืžื”ืžืœืื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ.
06:51
Three times!
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ืคื™ 3!
06:56
Before the crisis,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ,
06:58
this would have been utterly unthinkable,
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
07:03
yet it was accepted remarkably quickly.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ.
07:10
The price of gold,
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘,
07:12
an asset thought to protect against inflation,
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ื ื›ืก ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”,
07:15
did jump,
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ืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืง,
07:18
but investors bought other assets
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืงื ื• ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:20
that offered little protection from inflation.
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”.
07:23
They bought fixed income securities, bonds.
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ื”ื ืงื ื• ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘,
07:27
They bought equities too.
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ื”ื ืงื ื• ื’ื ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
07:29
For all the scare stories,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™ืžื”,
07:32
the actual actions of investors
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื
07:35
spoke of rapid acceptance and confidence.
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ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืืžื•ืŸ.
07:42
That confidence was based on two pillars.
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ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช:
07:47
The first was that, after years
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”, ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื
07:50
of keeping inflation under control,
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ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”,
07:53
central banks were trusted
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ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื
07:56
to take the money-printing away
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ
07:59
if inflation became a threat.
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ืื ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื™ื•ื.
08:03
Secondly, inflation simply never became a threat.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื™ื•ื.
08:09
As you can see, in the United States,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
08:11
inflation for most of this period
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ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•
08:13
remained below average.
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ื ื•ืชืจื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข.
08:16
It was the same elsewhere.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
08:20
So how does all this relate to aid?
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ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืกื™ื•ืข?
08:23
Well, this is where Dorothy
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™,
08:27
and the Mango Tree charity
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ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” "ืขืฅ ื”ืžื ื’ื•"
08:29
that supports her comes in.
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ืฉืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื”, ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
08:32
I was at one of their fundraising events
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ื ื›ื—ืชื™ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:34
earlier this year,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”,
08:35
and I was inspired to give a one-off donation
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ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ืช,
08:39
when I remembered that my firm
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ื›ืฉื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™
08:42
offers to match the charitable contributions
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ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฆื“ืงื”
08:45
its employees make.
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ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”.
08:48
So think of this:
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”:
08:50
Instead of just being able to help Dorothy
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืจืง ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™
08:53
and four of her classmates
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ื•ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื™ืชืชื”
08:55
to go through secondary school for a few years,
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
08:58
I was able to double my contribution.
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ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื™.
09:02
Brilliant.
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ืžืขื•ืœื”.
09:04
So following that conversation with my daughter,
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ืื– ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื‘ืชื™,
09:10
and seeing the absence of inflation
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ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”
09:13
in the face of money-printing,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ื›ืกืฃ,
09:15
and knowing that international aid payments
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ืฉืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ
09:18
were falling at just the wrong time,
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ืคื•ื—ืชื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข,
09:21
this made me wonder:
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืชื”ื•ืช:
09:25
Could we match
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ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช
09:27
but just on a much grander scale?
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”?
09:34
Let's call this scheme "Print Aid."
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ื ืงืจื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• "ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืกื™ื•ืข".
09:38
And here's how it might work.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“:
09:41
Provided it saw little inflation risk from doing so,
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืื ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
09:46
the central bank would be mandated
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช
09:48
to match the government's overseas aid payments
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ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
09:51
up to a certain limit.
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ืขื“ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื.
09:54
Governments have been aiming to get aid
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข
09:56
to 0.7 percent for years,
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ืขื“ 0.7%, ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื,
09:58
so let's set the limit at half of that,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื–ื”,
10:01
0.35 percent of their income.
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0.35% ืžื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
10:05
So it would work like this: If in a given year
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื›ื”: ืื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื ืชื•ื ื”
10:07
the government gave 0.2 percent of its income
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืชืจื•ื 0.2% ืžื”ื›ื ืกืชื”
10:09
to overseas aid,
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ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื•ืฅ,
10:11
the central bank would simply top it up
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
10:12
with a further 0.2 percent.
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ื‘-0.2% ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
10:15
So far so good.
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ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
10:19
How risky is this?
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ืžื” ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื–ื”?
10:22
Well, this involves the creation of money
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ
10:26
to buy goods, not assets.
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ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื ื›ืกื™ื.
10:29
It sounds more inflationary already, doesn't it.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฉืžืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:32
But there are two important mitigating factors here.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืžืชื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
10:37
The first is that by definition,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”,
10:40
this money printed would be spent overseas.
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ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื”ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื– ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.
10:45
So it's not obvious how it leads to inflation
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”
10:49
in the country doing the actual printing
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืืจืฅ ืฉืžื“ืคื™ืกื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
10:53
unless it leads to a currency depreciation of that country.
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ืืœื ืื ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื–ื•.
10:58
That is unlikely for the second reason:
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”:
11:01
the scale of the money that would be printed
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืคืก
11:04
under this scheme.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
11:07
So let's think of an example
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
11:10
where Print Aid was in place
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” "ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืกื™ื•ืข"
11:14
in the U.S., U.K. and Japan.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื™ืคืŸ.
11:18
To match the aid payments made
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข
11:20
by those governments over the last four years,
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ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘-4 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
11:23
Print Aid would have generated
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"ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืกื™ื•ืข" ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื ืคื™ืงื”
11:25
200 billion dollars' worth of extra aid.
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200 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ืกื™ื•ืข ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
11:30
What would that look like
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื”
11:32
in the context of the increase in the money stock
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ
11:36
that had already happened in those countries
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
11:38
to save the financial system?
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช?
11:40
Are you read for this?
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื?
11:43
You might struggle to see that at the back,
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ืœืืœื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชืงืฉื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
11:45
because the gap is quite small.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืคืขืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™.
11:49
So what we're saying here
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ
11:51
is that we took a $3.7 trillion gamble
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 3.7 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
11:55
to save our financial systems,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช,
11:57
and you know what, it paid off.
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ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืœื.
11:59
There was no inflation.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”.
12:02
Are we really saying that it's not worth the risk
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืฆื“ื™ืง
12:05
to print an extra 200 billion for aid?
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ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉืœ 200 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ืข?
12:10
Would the risks really be that different?
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ื”ืื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
12:12
To me, it's not that clear.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
12:14
What is clear is the impact on aid.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข.
12:17
Even though this is the printing
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืคืกื”
12:20
of just three central banks,
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ืฉืœ 3 ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
12:21
the global aid that's given
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ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืชืŸ
12:25
over this period is up by almost 40 percent.
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ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื”, ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 40%.
12:30
Aid as a proportion of national income
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ื”ืกื™ื•ืข, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
12:32
all of a sudden is at a 40-year high.
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ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืชืข ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ 40 ืฉื ื”.
12:36
Now, we don't get to 0.7 percent.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ-0.7%.
12:39
Governments are still incentivized to give.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื.
12:42
But you know what, that's the point of a matching scheme.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”.
12:46
So I think what we've learned
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ืื– ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœืžื“ื ื•
12:50
is that the risks from this money creation scheme
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ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
12:54
are quite modest,
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ื”ื ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ืœืžื“ื™,
12:57
but the benefits
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช
13:00
are potentially huge.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
13:02
Imagine what we could do with 40 percent more funding.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ 40% ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ.
13:06
We might be able to feed the front row.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
13:11
The thing that I fear, the only thing that I fear,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“,
13:13
apart from the fact that I've run out of time,
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ืคืจื˜ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื’ืžืจ ืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
13:15
is that the window of opportunity for this idea
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
13:20
is a short one.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืจ-ืžื•ืขื“.
13:23
Today, money creation by central banks
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื›ืกืฃ ืข"ื™ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื
13:27
is an accepted policy tool.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:29
That may not always be the case.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš.
13:32
Today there are universally agreed aims
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช
13:36
for international aid.
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ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
13:38
That may not always be the case.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš.
13:42
Today might be the only time
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
13:44
that these two things coincide,
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ืฉืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ,
13:47
such that we can afford the aid
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข
13:51
that we've always aspired to give.
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ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืืคื ื• ืœืกืคืง.
13:55
So, can we print money for international aid?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™?
14:03
I seriously believe the question should be,
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช:
14:07
why not?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื?
14:09
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:12
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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