Pankaj Ghemawat: Actually, the world isn't flat

183,114 views ใƒป 2012-10-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I'm here to talk to you about how globalized we are,
1
15728
4531
ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื
00:20
how globalized we aren't,
2
20259
2508
ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ,
00:22
and why it's important to actually be accurate
3
22767
3544
ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื
00:26
in making those kinds of assessments.
4
26311
2781
ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื•.
00:29
And the leading point of view on this, whether measured
5
29092
3740
ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ื ืžื“ื“ืช
00:32
by number of books sold, mentions in media,
6
32832
4191
ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื, ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื”,
00:37
or surveys that I've run with groups ranging from
7
37023
3216
ืื• ืกืงืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ืœืชื™ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ
00:40
my students to delegates to the World Trade Organization,
8
40239
4077
ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืฆื™ืจื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
00:44
is this view that national borders
9
44316
3114
ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:47
really don't matter very much anymore,
10
47430
3553
ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืžืื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:50
cross-border integration is close to complete,
11
50983
4056
ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ื—ื•ืฆืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช
00:55
and we live in one world.
12
55039
2295
ื•ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื—ื“.
00:57
And what's interesting about this view
13
57334
2232
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื•
00:59
is, again, it's a view that's held by pro-globalizers
14
59566
3594
ื”ื•ื, ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื• ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื” ืชื•ืžื›ื™-ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
01:03
like Tom Friedman, from whose book this quote is obviously excerpted,
15
63160
4774
ื›ืžื• ืชื•ื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ืฉืžื•ื‘ืื” ื–ื• ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื” ืžืกืคืจื• ืœืœื ืกืคืง.
01:07
but it's also held by anti-globalizers, who see this giant
16
67934
3926
ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื” ื’ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช
01:11
globalization tsunami that's about to wreck all our lives
17
71860
4891
ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
01:16
if it hasn't already done so.
18
76751
2884
ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
01:19
The other thing I would add is that this is not a new view.
19
79635
4024
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
01:23
I'm a little bit of an amateur historian, so I've spent
20
83659
3711
ืื ื™ ืงืฆืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘, ืื– ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™
01:27
some time going back, trying to see the first mention
21
87370
3981
ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
01:31
of this kind of thing. And the best, earliest quote
22
91351
3719
ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:35
that I could find was one from David Livingstone,
23
95070
3844
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:38
writing in the 1850s about how the railroad, the steam ship,
24
98914
6045
ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘-1850 ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืกื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ,
01:44
and the telegraph were integrating East Africa perfectly
25
104959
4467
ื•ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ืืช ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
01:49
with the rest of the world.
26
109426
3371
ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:52
Now clearly, David Livingstone
27
112797
2180
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
01:54
was a little bit ahead of his time,
28
114977
3020
ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื–ืžื ื•.
01:57
but it does seem useful to ask ourselves,
29
117997
3543
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
02:01
"Just how global are we?"
30
121540
2096
"ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื?"
02:03
before we think about where we go from here.
31
123636
2703
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืืŸ ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ.
02:06
So the best way I've found of trying to get people
32
126339
4538
ืื– ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
02:10
to take seriously the idea that the world may not be flat,
33
130877
4649
ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื•ื—
02:15
may not even be close to flat, is with some data.
34
135526
4015
ืื™ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
02:19
So one of the things I've been doing over the last few years
35
139541
3379
ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
02:22
is really compiling data on things that could either happen
36
142920
3967
ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช
02:26
within national borders or across national borders,
37
146887
4155
ืื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:31
and I've looked at the cross-border component
38
151042
3503
ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
02:34
as a percentage of the total.
39
154545
2413
ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืฉืœื.
02:36
I'm not going to present all the data that I have here today,
40
156958
3965
ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:40
but let me just give you a few data points.
41
160923
3606
ืืš ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
02:44
I'm going to talk a little bit about one kind of information flow,
42
164529
4334
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืžื™ื“ืข,
02:48
one kind of flow of people, one kind of flow of capital,
43
168863
4868
ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื•ืŸ,
02:53
and, of course, trade in products and services.
44
173731
3481
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื.
02:57
So let's start off with plain old telephone service.
45
177212
4579
ืื– ื‘ื•ื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืง.
03:01
Of all the voice-calling minutes in the world last year,
46
181791
5093
ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
03:06
what percentage do you think were accounted for
47
186884
4648
ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก
03:11
by cross-border phone calls?
48
191532
2325
ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช?
03:13
Pick a percentage in your own mind.
49
193857
4076
ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื›ื.
03:17
The answer turns out to be two percent.
50
197933
3095
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
03:21
If you include Internet telephony, you might be able
51
201028
4138
ืื ืืชื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ
03:25
to push this number up to six or seven percent,
52
205166
3427
ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
03:28
but it's nowhere near what people tend to estimate.
53
208593
4657
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš.
03:33
Or let's turn to people moving across borders.
54
213250
3745
ืื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืคื ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
03:36
One particular thing we might look at, in terms of
55
216995
3217
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ
03:40
long-term flows of people, is what percentage
56
220212
3727
ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื–
03:43
of the world's population is accounted for
57
223939
3512
ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก
03:47
by first-generation immigrants?
58
227451
3008
ืœื“ื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื?
03:50
Again, please pick a percentage.
59
230459
4295
ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืื—ื•ื–.
03:54
Turns out to be a little bit higher.
60
234754
2425
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:57
It's actually about three percent.
61
237179
3067
ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
04:00
Or think of investment. Take all the real investment
62
240246
4871
ืื• ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื”. ืงื—ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช
04:05
that went on in the world in 2010.
63
245117
3168
ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010.
04:08
What percentage of that was accounted for
64
248285
2856
ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก
04:11
by foreign direct investment?
65
251141
3937
ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช?
04:15
Not quite ten percent.
66
255078
3367
ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
04:18
And then finally, the one statistic
67
258445
2639
ื•ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื—ืช
04:21
that I suspect many of the people in this room have seen:
68
261084
3177
ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืจืื•:
04:24
the export-to-GDP ratio.
69
264261
2728
ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืœืชืœ"ื’.
04:26
If you look at the official statistics, they typically indicate
70
266989
3769
ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
04:30
a little bit above 30 percent.
71
270758
2559
ืขืœ ืงืฆืช ืžืขืœ 30 ืื—ื•ื–.
04:33
However, there's a big problem with the official statistics,
72
273317
5089
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช,
04:38
in that if, for instance, a Japanese component supplier
73
278406
4931
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืกืคืงื™ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ืช
04:43
ships something to China to be put into an iPod,
74
283337
3612
ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืกื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืื™ื™ืคื•ื“,
04:46
and then the iPod gets shipped to the U.S.,
75
286949
2801
ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“ ื ืฉืœื— ืœืืจื”"ื‘,
04:49
that component ends up getting counted multiple times.
76
289750
3837
ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื ืกืคืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื.
04:53
So nobody knows how bad this bias
77
293587
2769
ื›ืš ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื–ื•
04:56
with the official statistics actually is, so I thought I would
78
296356
3787
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช , ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™
05:00
ask the person who's spearheading the effort
79
300143
2584
ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ
05:02
to generate data on this, Pascal Lamy,
80
302727
3265
ืœื”ืคืงืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืคืกืงืœ ืœืืžื™,
05:05
the Director of the World Trade Organization,
81
305992
2512
ืžื ื”ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
05:08
what his best guess would be
82
308504
2327
ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•
05:10
of exports as a percentage of GDP,
83
310831
3175
ืœื™ืฆื•ื ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชืœ"ื’,
05:14
without the double- and triple-counting,
84
314006
2423
ืœืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช.
05:16
and it's actually probably a bit under 20 percent, rather than
85
316429
4534
ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœ- 20 ืื—ื•ื–, ื‘ืžืงื•ื
05:20
the 30 percent-plus numbers that we're talking about.
86
320963
3769
ื”- 30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืคืœื•ืก ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
05:24
So it's very clear that if you look at these numbers
87
324732
4183
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื”
05:28
or all the other numbers that I talk about in my book,
88
328915
3568
ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™,
05:32
"World 3.0," that we're very, very far from
89
332483
4387
"ื”ืขื•ืœื-3.0," ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช
05:36
the no-border effect benchmark, which would imply
90
336870
4054
ืืžืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืฉืžืจืžื–ืช
05:40
internationalization levels of the order of 85, 90, 95 percent.
91
340924
6903
ืœืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 85, 90, 95 ืื—ื•ื–.
05:47
So clearly, apocalyptically-minded authors
92
347827
3608
ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™ืช
05:51
have overstated the case.
93
351435
2960
ื”ืคืจื™ื–ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
05:54
But it's not just the apocalyptics, as I think of them,
94
354395
4192
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื
05:58
who are prone to this kind of overstatement.
95
358587
3225
ืฉื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื–ืžื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื• .
06:01
I've also spent some time surveying audiences
96
361812
3397
ื’ื ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืงื”ืœ
06:05
in different parts of the world
97
365209
1998
ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
06:07
on what they actually guess these numbers to be.
98
367207
4060
ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
06:11
Let me share with you the results of a survey
99
371267
3069
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืกืงืจ
06:14
that Harvard Business Review was kind enough to run
100
374336
3339
ืฉืขืจืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื• "ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืก ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื•"
06:17
of its readership as to what people's guesses
101
377675
3520
ืขืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ
06:21
along these dimensions actually were.
102
381195
4415
ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:25
So a couple of observations stand out for me from this slide.
103
385610
5935
ืื– ื›ืžื” ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื–ื•.
06:31
First of all, there is a suggestion of some error.
104
391545
4915
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
06:36
Okay. (Laughter)
105
396460
2803
ื ื™ื—ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:39
Second, these are pretty large errors. For four quantities
106
399263
5473
ืฉื ื™ืช, ืืœื• ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช
06:44
whose average value is less than 10 percent,
107
404736
2979
ืฉื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 10 ืื—ื•ื–,
06:47
you have people guessing three, four times that level.
108
407715
4102
ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื—ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืžื” ื–ื•.
06:51
Even though I'm an economist, I find that
109
411817
3088
ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื–ื•
06:54
a pretty large error.
110
414905
2404
ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื“ื™.
06:57
And third, this is not just confined to the readers
111
417309
3862
ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืจืง ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื
07:01
of the Harvard Business Review.
112
421171
1960
ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ "ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืก ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื•".
07:03
I've run several dozen such surveys in different parts
113
423131
3398
ืงื™ืžืชื™ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
07:06
of the world, and in all cases except one,
114
426529
3350
ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืžืขื˜ ืื—ื“,
07:09
where a group actually underestimated
115
429879
2872
ืฉื‘ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืขื™ื˜ื”
07:12
the trade-to-GDP ratio, people have this tendency
116
432751
4312
ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืกื—ืจ-ืชืœ"ื’, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื–ื•
07:17
towards overestimation, and so I thought it important
117
437063
3159
ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช, ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:20
to give a name to this, and that's what I refer to
118
440222
3305
ืœืชืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื , ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื•
07:23
as globaloney, the difference between the dark blue bars
119
443527
4577
ื›ืืœ "ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื•ื ื™", ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื”ื”
07:28
and the light gray bars.
120
448104
3007
ื•ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืคื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ.
07:31
Especially because, I suspect, some of you may still be
121
451111
4136
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื“, ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
07:35
a little bit skeptical of the claims, I think it's important
122
455247
4192
ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืช ืกืคืงื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:39
to just spend a little bit of time thinking about
123
459439
3264
ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:42
why we might be prone to globaloney.
124
462703
3759
ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœ"ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื•ื ื™."
07:46
A couple of different reasons come to mind.
125
466462
2843
ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช.
07:49
First of all, there's a real dearth of data in the debate.
126
469305
4302
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
07:53
Let me give you an example. When I first published
127
473607
3181
ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื™ืจืกืžืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
07:56
some of these data a few years ago
128
476788
2596
ื›ืžื” ืžื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
07:59
in a magazine called Foreign Policy,
129
479384
2537
ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ",
08:01
one of the people who wrote in, not entirely in agreement,
130
481921
3570
ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืœื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื”,
08:05
was Tom Friedman. And since my article was titled
131
485491
3955
ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ.ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื”
08:09
"Why the World Isn't Flat," that wasn't too surprising. (Laughter)
132
489446
4910
"ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื•ื—," ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืžื“ื™. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:14
What was very surprising to me was Tom's critique,
133
494356
4281
ืžื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื,
08:18
which was, "Ghemawat's data are narrow."
134
498637
4938
ืฉื”ื™ืชื”, "ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื”ืžื•ื•ืื˜ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื".
08:23
And this caused me to scratch my head, because
135
503575
3019
ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืชื”ื•ืช, ื›ื™
08:26
as I went back through his several-hundred-page book,
136
506594
3137
ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื,
08:29
I couldn't find a single figure, chart, table,
137
509731
4633
ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกืคืจื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืชืจืฉื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืœื”,
08:34
reference or footnote.
138
514364
2728
ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื• ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.
08:37
So my point is, I haven't presented a lot of data here
139
517092
4607
ืื– ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื, ืœื ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
08:41
to convince you that I'm right, but I would urge you
140
521699
3392
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื›ื ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื“ื•ื—ืง ื‘ื›ื
08:45
to go away and look for your own data
141
525091
2985
ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื›ื
08:48
to try and actually assess whether some of these
142
528076
3488
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื ื—ืœืง
08:51
hand-me-down insights that we've been bombarded with
143
531564
4361
ืžืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ
08:55
actually are correct.
144
535925
1912
ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
08:57
So dearth of data in the debate is one reason.
145
537837
3532
ืœื›ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช.
09:01
A second reason has to do with peer pressure.
146
541369
3915
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
09:05
I remember, I decided to write my
147
545284
3181
ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื™, ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช
09:08
"Why the World Isn't Flat" article, because
148
548465
2625
ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ "ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื•ื—" ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
09:11
I was being interviewed on TV in Mumbai,
149
551090
3189
ืฉืจื•ืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™,
09:14
and the interviewer's first question to me was,
150
554279
3675
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืื™ื™ื ืช ืืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื”,
09:17
"Professor Ghemawat, why do you still believe
151
557954
3951
"ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื’ืžืื•ื•ืื˜, ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืžื™ืŸ
09:21
that the world is round?" And I started laughing,
152
561905
4180
ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืขื’ื•ืœ?" ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฆื—ื•ืง,
09:26
because I hadn't come across that formulation before. (Laughter)
153
566085
3773
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื›ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:29
And as I was laughing, I was thinking,
154
569858
2339
ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื—ืง, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
09:32
I really need a more coherent response, especially
155
572197
2887
ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขื™ืงื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
09:35
on national TV. I'd better write something about this. (Laughter)
156
575084
4110
ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• . (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:39
But what I can't quite capture for you
157
579194
2969
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื
09:42
was the pity and disbelief
158
582163
2600
ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ
09:44
with which the interviewer asked her question.
159
584763
3478
ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืจืื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื”.
09:48
The perspective was, here is this poor professor.
160
588241
4340
ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ืชื”, ื”ื ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืกื›ืŸ ื–ื” .
09:52
He's clearly been in a cave for the last 20,000 years.
161
592581
4686
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื” ื‘- 20,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
09:57
He really has no idea
162
597267
2648
ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’
09:59
as to what's actually going on in the world.
163
599915
2958
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
10:02
So try this out with your friends and acquaintances,
164
602873
3473
ืื– ื ืกื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
10:06
if you like. You'll find that it's very cool
165
606346
3441
ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื. ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
10:09
to talk about the world being one, etc.
166
609787
3288
ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“, ื•ื›ื• '.
10:13
If you raise questions about that formulation,
167
613075
3303
ืื ืืชื ืžืขืœื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ื–ื”,
10:16
you really are considered a bit of an antique.
168
616378
3897
ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
10:20
And then the final reason, which I mention,
169
620275
3454
ื•ืื–, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืกื›ืžืช , ืฉืื ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ,
10:23
especially to a TED audience, with some trepidation,
170
623729
3713
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ TED , ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื•ืจืขื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
10:27
has to do with what I call "techno-trances."
171
627442
3345
ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ื˜ื›ื ื•-ื˜ืจืื ืกื™ื."
10:30
If you listen to techno music for long periods of time,
172
630787
3527
ืื ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
10:34
it does things to your brainwave activity. (Laughter)
173
634314
3352
ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:37
Something similar seems to happen
174
637666
3458
ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืงื•ืจื”
10:41
with exaggerated conceptions of how technology
175
641124
5310
ืขื ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
10:46
is going to overpower in the very immediate run
176
646434
4169
ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžืื•ื“
10:50
all cultural barriers, all political barriers,
177
650603
3333
ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
10:53
all geographic barriers, because at this point
178
653936
3593
ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”
10:57
I know you aren't allowed to ask me questions,
179
657529
2584
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
11:00
but when I get to this point in my lecture with my students,
180
660113
2973
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
11:03
hands go up, and people ask me,
181
663086
2764
ืžื•ืจืžื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™,
11:05
"Yeah, but what about Facebook?"
182
665850
3479
"ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง?"
11:09
And I got this question often enough that I thought
183
669329
2613
ื•ืื ื™ ื ืฉืืœืชื™ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™
11:11
I'd better do some research on Facebook.
184
671942
2748
ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืืขืฉื” ืงืฆืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
11:14
Because, in some sense, it's the ideal kind of technology
185
674690
3720
ื›ื™, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
11:18
to think about. Theoretically, it makes it
186
678410
3669
ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”. ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื”
11:22
as easy to form friendships halfway around the world
187
682079
3378
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
11:25
as opposed to right next door.
188
685457
3002
ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ืœืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื”.
11:28
What percentage of people's friends on Facebook
189
688459
6086
ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง
11:34
are actually located in countries other than where
190
694545
3120
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืืœื”
11:37
people we're analyzing are based?
191
697665
3273
ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ?
11:40
The answer is probably somewhere between
192
700938
3350
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ
11:44
10 to 15 percent.
193
704288
2873
10 ืขื“ 15 ืื—ื•ื–.
11:47
Non-negligible, so we don't live in an entirely local
194
707161
3811
ืœื-ื–ื ื™ื—, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
11:50
or national world, but very, very far from the 95 percent level
195
710972
5007
ืื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืจืžื” ืฉืœ 95 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
11:55
that you would expect, and the reason's very simple.
196
715979
3406
ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื , ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“.
11:59
We don't, or I hope we don't, form friendships at random
197
719385
3992
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื, ืื• ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™
12:03
on Facebook. The technology is overlaid
198
723377
4822
ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื—ืช
12:08
on a pre-existing matrix of relationships that we have,
199
728199
4735
ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืจืืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
12:12
and those relationships are what the technology
200
732934
3068
ื•ืงืฉืจื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
12:16
doesn't quite displace. Those relationships are why
201
736002
3231
ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื—ืœื™ืคื”. ืงืฉืจื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš
12:19
we get far fewer than 95 percent of our friends
202
739233
4044
ืฉืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื
12:23
being located in countries other than where we are.
203
743277
3808
ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืž-95%.
12:27
So does all this matter? Or is globaloney
204
747085
5481
ืื– ื”ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘? ืื• ืฉืžื "ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื•ื ื™" ื”ื™ื
12:32
just a harmless way of getting people to pay more attention
205
752566
5412
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘
12:37
to globalization-related issues?
206
757978
2712
ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”?
12:40
I want to suggest that actually,
207
760690
2207
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
12:42
globaloney can be very harmful to your health.
208
762897
4570
"ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื•ื ื™" ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
12:47
First of all, recognizing that the glass
209
767467
3152
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื•ืก
12:50
is only 10 to 20 percent full is critical to seeing
210
770619
4456
ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืขืฉืจื” ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืœืื” ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช
12:55
that there might be potential for additional gains
211
775075
3384
ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
12:58
from additional integration,
212
778459
2031
ืžืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
13:00
whereas if we thought we were already there,
213
780490
2844
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื,
13:03
there would be no particular point to pushing harder.
214
783334
3424
ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:06
It's a little bit like, we wouldn't be having a conference
215
786758
3212
ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืงืฆืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื›ื ืก
13:09
on radical openness if we already thought we were totally open
216
789970
4181
ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™
13:14
to all the kinds of influences that are being talked about
217
794151
3332
ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
13:17
at this conference.
218
797483
1415
ื‘ื›ื ืก ื–ื”.
13:18
So being accurate about how limited globalization levels are
219
798898
4790
ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
13:23
is critical to even being able to notice
220
803688
3059
ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
13:26
that there might be room for something more,
221
806747
3679
ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ,
13:30
something that would contribute further to global welfare.
222
810426
3968
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืชืจื•ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
13:34
Which brings me to my second point.
223
814394
2832
ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™.
13:37
Avoiding overstatement is also very helpful
224
817226
4223
ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ื–ื ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“
13:41
because it reduces and in some cases even reverses
225
821449
4795
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื‘ื˜ืœ
13:46
some of the fears that people have about globalization.
226
826244
4805
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
13:51
So I actually spend most of my "World 3.0" book
227
831049
3385
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™-"ืขื•ืœื-3.0"
13:54
working through a litany of market failures and fears
228
834434
4544
ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ ืฉื•ืง ื•ืคื—ื“ื™ื
13:58
that people have that they worry globalization is going to exacerbate.
229
838978
5140
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืชืœืš ื•ืชื—ืžื™ืจ.
14:04
I'm obviously not going to be able to do that for you today,
230
844118
3668
ืื ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ืื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
14:07
so let me just present to you two headlines
231
847786
3268
ืื– ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช
14:11
as an illustration of what I have in mind.
232
851054
3281
ื›ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
14:14
Think of France and the current debate about immigration.
233
854335
4316
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”.
14:18
When you ask people in France what percentage
234
858651
3232
ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฉื•ืืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื–
14:21
of the French population is immigrants,
235
861883
2213
ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื,
14:24
the answer is about 24 percent. That's their guess.
236
864096
4500
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 24 ืื—ื•ื–. ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื.
14:28
Maybe realizing that the number is just eight percent
237
868596
4630
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
14:33
might help cool some of the superheated rhetoric
238
873226
4414
ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฆื ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช
14:37
that we see around the immigration issue.
239
877640
3338
ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”.
14:40
Or to take an even more striking example,
240
880978
4144
ืื• ืื ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:45
when the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations
241
885122
2177
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื—ื•ืฅ
14:47
did a survey of Americans, asking them to guess
242
887299
3347
ืขืฉืชื” ืกืงืจ ืขืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื ื—ืฉ
14:50
what percentage of the federal budget went to foreign aid,
243
890646
4227
ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื”ืœืš ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื–ืจ,
14:54
the guess was 30 percent, which is
244
894873
3681
ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” 30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืฉื–ื”
14:58
slightly in excess of the actual level โ€” ("actually about ... 1%") (Laughter) โ€”
245
898554
5360
ืžืขื˜ ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ โ€” ("ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›... 1% ") (ืฆื—ื•ืง) โ€”
15:03
of U.S. governmental commitments to federal aid.
246
903914
3374
ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืคื“ืจืœื™.
15:07
The reassuring thing about this particular survey was,
247
907288
3407
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืกืงืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”,
15:10
when it was pointed out to people how far
248
910695
2681
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื•
15:13
their estimates were from the actual data,
249
913376
3209
ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ,
15:16
some of them โ€” not all of them โ€” seemed to become
250
916585
3095
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื โ€” ืœื ื›ื•ืœื โ€” ื ืจืื” ืฉื ืขืฉื•
15:19
more willing to consider increases in foreign aid.
251
919680
3987
ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ.
15:23
So foreign aid is actually a great way
252
923667
3124
ืื– ืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช
15:26
of sort of wrapping up here, because
253
926791
3194
ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ืจืช ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ืžืื—ืจ
15:29
if you think about it, what I've been talking about today
254
929985
3088
ืฉืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
15:33
is this notion -- very uncontroversial amongst economists --
255
933073
4089
ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” -- ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื --
15:37
that most things are very home-biased.
256
937162
2982
ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืื“ ืžื•ื˜ื™-ื‘ื™ืช.
15:40
"Foreign aid is the most aid to poor people,"
257
940144
3225
"ืกื™ื•ืข ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืขื ื™ื™ื"
15:43
is about the most home-biased thing you can find.
258
943369
3723
ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื”-ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื.
15:47
If you look at the OECD countries and how much
259
947092
3038
ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”-OECD ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื”
15:50
they spend per domestic poor person,
260
950130
3142
ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ื ืขื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื™,
15:53
and compare it with how much they spend
261
953272
2252
ื•ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื
15:55
per poor person in poor countries,
262
955524
4172
ืขืœ ืื“ื ืขื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช
15:59
the ratio โ€” Branko Milanovic at the World Bank did the calculations โ€”
263
959696
4272
ื”ื™ื—ืก -- ื‘ืจืื ืงื• ืžื™ืœื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื --
16:03
turns out to be about 30,000 to one.
264
963968
4676
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 30,000 ืœืื—ื“.
16:08
Now of course, some of us, if we truly are cosmopolitan,
265
968644
6196
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื ื™ื,
16:14
would like to see that ratio being brought down
266
974840
3169
ื™ืจืฆื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“
16:18
to one-is-to-one.
267
978009
2232
ืœืื—ื“-ื”ื•ื-ืœ-ืื—ื“.
16:20
I'd like to make the suggestion that we don't need to aim
268
980241
3391
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ
16:23
for that to make substantial progress from where we are.
269
983632
4161
ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืงื“ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
16:27
If we simply brought that ratio down to 15,000 to one,
270
987793
5067
ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ืก ื–ื” ืขื“ 15,000 ืœืื—ื“,
16:32
we would be meeting those aid targets that were agreed
271
992860
3370
ื ืขื ื” ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืกื›ื
16:36
at the Rio Summit 20 years ago that the summit
272
996230
3517
ื‘ืคืกื’ืช ืจื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ืคืกื’ื”
16:39
that ended last week made no further progress on.
273
999747
3862
ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืจืืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช.
16:43
So in summary, while radical openness is great,
274
1003609
3805
ื›ืš ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ื” ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
16:47
given how closed we are,
275
1007414
2013
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
16:49
even incremental openness could make things
276
1009427
2974
ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
16:52
dramatically better. Thank you very much. (Applause)
277
1012401
3631
ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:56
(Applause)
278
1016032
2771
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7