Edith Widder: Glowing life in an underwater world

88,512 views ใƒป 2010-04-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
In the spirit of Jacques Cousteau, who said,
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ื‘ืจื•ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื–'ืืง ืงื•ืกื˜ื•, ืฉืืžืจ,
00:18
"People protect what they love,"
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"ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื",
00:20
I want to share with you today what I love most in the ocean,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
00:23
and that's the incredible number and variety
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืกื™ื
00:26
of animals in it that make light.
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ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
00:29
My addiction began with this strange looking diving suit called Wasp;
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ื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ืขื ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื•ื•ืืกืค.
00:32
that's not an acronym -- just somebody thought it looked like the insect.
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ืืœื” ืœื ืจืืฉื™-ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช -- ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืจืง.
00:35
It was actually developed for use by the offshore oil industry
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื™ืžื™ืช
00:38
for diving on oil rigs down to a depth of 2,000 feet.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ ืงื“ื™ื—ื” ืขื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 2,000 ืจื’ืœ.
00:41
Right after I completed my Ph.D.,
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ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™,
00:43
I was lucky enough to be included with a group of scientists
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ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™ ื•ื›ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
00:46
that was using it for the first time
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
00:48
as a tool for ocean exploration.
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ื›ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
00:50
We trained in a tank in Port Hueneme,
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื•ืื ื™ืžื™.
00:52
and then my first open ocean dive
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—
00:54
was in Santa Barbara Channel.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชืขืœืช ืกื ื˜ื”-ื‘ืจื‘ืจื”.
00:56
It was an evening dive.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืœื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘.
00:58
I went down to a depth of 880 feet
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ืฆืœืœืชื™ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 880 ืจื’ืœ
01:01
and turned out the lights.
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ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช.
01:03
And the reason I turned out the lights is because I knew I would see
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืืจืื”
01:05
this phenomenon of animals making light
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ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจ
01:07
called bioluminescence.
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ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
01:09
But I was totally unprepared
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ
01:11
for how much there was
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ืœื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื
01:13
and how spectacular it was.
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ื•ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื”.
01:16
I saw chains of jellyfish called siphonophores
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ื ื•ืคื•ืจืก
01:19
that were longer than this room,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
01:21
pumping out so much light
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ืฉืคืœื˜ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืจ
01:23
that I could read the dials and gauges
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ื ื™ื
01:25
inside the suit without a flashlight;
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืœืœื ื”ืคื ืกื™ื,
01:27
and puffs and billows
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ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืœื™ื
01:29
of what looked like luminous blue smoke;
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืขืฉืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื–ื•ื”ืจ
01:32
and explosions of sparks
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ื•ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช
01:34
that would swirl up out of the thrusters --
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ื”ืžืกืชื—ืจืจื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืคืœื˜ื ืžื”ืคืชื—ื™ื
01:36
just like when you throw a log on a campfire and the embers swirl up off the campfire,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ื‘ื•ืœ-ืขืฅ ืœืžื“ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื—ืœื™ื ืžืกืชื—ืจืจื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื”,
01:39
but these were icy, blue embers.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงืคื•ืื™ื.
01:41
It was breathtaking.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
01:43
Now, usually if people are familiar with bioluminescence at all,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ, ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
01:46
it's these guys; it's fireflies.
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ื–ื” ืืœื”, ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
01:48
And there are a few other land-dwellers that can make light --
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจ,
01:50
some insects, earthworms, fungi --
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ื›ืžื” ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืชื•ืœืขื•ืช ืื“ืžื”, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:52
but in general, on land, it's really rare.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื–ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
01:55
In the ocean, it's the rule
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ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœืœ,
01:57
rather than the exception.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’.
01:59
If I go out in the open ocean environment,
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ืื ืืœืš ืœื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
02:01
virtually anywhere in the world,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:03
and I drag a net from 3,000 feet to the surface,
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ื•ืืคืจื•ืฉ ืจืฉืช ืžืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 3,000 (ืจื’ืœ) ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™-ื”ื™ื,
02:06
most of the animals --
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื,
02:08
in fact, in many places, 80 to 90 percent
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ืœืžืขืฉื” 80 ืขื“ 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื
02:10
of the animals that I bring up in that net --
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ืฉืืขืœื” ื‘ืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
02:13
make light.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืื•ืจ.
02:15
This makes for some pretty spectacular light shows.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ืžื” ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื” ื“ื™ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
02:17
Now I want to share with you a little video
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ื›ืขืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ
02:20
that I shot from a submersible.
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ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืžืชื ืฆืœื™ืœื”.
02:22
I first developed this technique working from a little
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™
02:24
single-person submersible called Deep Rover
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ื‘ืชื ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื—ื“-ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื Deep Rover
02:27
and then adapted it for use on the Johnson Sea-Link,
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ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ืชืืžืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-Johnson Sea-Link,
02:29
which you see here.
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ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
02:31
So, mounted in front of the observation sphere,
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ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช,
02:33
there's a a three-foot diameter hoop
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื—ื™ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ 3 ืจื’ืœ
02:36
with a screen stretched across it.
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ืขื ืืงืจืŸ ืžืชื•ื— ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ื•.
02:38
And inside the sphere with me is an intensified camera
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฆืœืžื” ื—ื–ืงื”
02:40
that's about as sensitive as a fully dark-adapted human eye,
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ืฉืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืŸ-ืื“ื ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ืžืœื,
02:43
albeit a little fuzzy.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช.
02:45
So you turn on the camera, turn out the lights.
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ืื– ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”, ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื”.
02:47
That sparkle you're seeing is not luminescence,
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ื”ื ืฆื ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ื ื ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืจ;
02:49
that's just electronic noise
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ืจืขืฉ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™
02:51
on these super intensified cameras.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
02:53
You don't see luminescence until the submersible
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ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื-ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื”
02:55
begins to move forward through the water,
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืžื™ื,
02:57
but as it does, animals bumping into the screen
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืงืจืŸ
02:59
are stimulated to bioluminesce.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืจ.
03:01
Now, when I was first doing this,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
03:03
all I was trying to do was count the numbers of sources.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
03:05
I knew my forward speed, I knew the area,
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื™, ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื.
03:07
and so I could figure out how many hundreds of sources
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช
03:09
there were per cubic meter.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขื•ืงื‘.
03:11
But I started to realize that I could actually identify animals
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื
03:13
by the type of flashes they produced.
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ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืจื•.
03:15
And so, here, in the Gulf of Maine
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื™ื™ืŸ
03:18
at 740 feet,
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ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 740 ืจื’ืœ,
03:20
I can name pretty much everything you're seeing there to the species level.
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ืื ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื,
03:23
Like those big explosions, sparks,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื, ื”ืจืฉืคื™ื,
03:25
are from a little comb jelly,
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ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžืžื“ื•ื–ืช-ืจื™ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื ื”.
03:27
and there's krill and other kinds of crustaceans,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื,
03:30
and jellyfish.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช.
03:32
There was another one of those comb jellies.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืื—ืช ืžืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
03:34
And so I've worked with computer image analysis engineers
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืื ืœื™ื–ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘
03:37
to develop automatic recognition systems
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช
03:40
that can identify these animals
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”
03:42
and then extract the XYZ coordinate of the initial impact point.
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ื•ืื– ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช X, Y, Z ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
03:45
And we can then do the kinds of things that ecologists do on land,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื– ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื”
03:48
and do nearest neighbor distances.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:51
But you don't always have to go down to the depths of the ocean
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจื“ืช ืœืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
03:53
to see a light show like this.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
03:55
You can actually see it in surface waters.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืชื” ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
03:57
This is some shot, by Dr. Mike Latz at Scripps Institution,
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื™ืง ืœืืฆ ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคืก,
04:00
of a dolphin swimming through bioluminescent plankton.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื—ื” ื“ืจืš ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ.
04:02
And this isn't someplace exotic
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™
04:04
like one of the bioluminescent bays in Puerto Rico,
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ื›ืžื• ืื—ื“ ืžืžืคืจืฆื™ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•-ืจื™ืงื•.
04:07
this was actually shot in San Diego Harbor.
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ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื ืžืœ ืฉืœ ืกืŸ-ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•.
04:09
And sometimes you can see it even closer than that,
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”
04:12
because the heads on ships --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช --
04:14
that's toilets, for any land lovers that are listening --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™-ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื›ืืŸ --
04:17
are flushed with unfiltered seawater
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ื ืฉื˜ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื™-ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื•ื ื ื™ื
04:20
that often has bioluminescent plankton in it.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืจ,
04:22
So, if you stagger into the head late at night
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ื ืืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
04:24
and you're so toilet-hugging sick
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ื•ืืชื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืชื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื
04:26
that you forget to turn on the light,
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ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
04:28
you may think that you're having a religious experience. (Laughter)
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช.
04:31
So, how does a living creature make light?
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ืื–, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืจ?
04:33
Well, that was the question that 19th century
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื‘ืžืื” ื”-19
04:35
French physiologist Raphael Dubois,
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ืฉืืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจืคืืœ ื“ื•ื‘ื•ืื”
04:37
asked about this bioluminescent clam.
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ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
04:39
He ground it up and he managed to get out a couple of chemicals;
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชืฉ ืื•ืชื ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื.
04:42
one, the enzyme, he called luciferase;
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ืื—ื“, ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื• ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจืก,
04:45
the substrate, he called luciferin
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ืœืžืฆืข ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจื™ืŸ
04:47
after Lucifer the Lightbearer.
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ืขืœ ืฉื ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจ, ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื•ืจ.
04:49
That terminology has stuck, but it doesn't actually refer to specific chemicals
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ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื ืชืงื‘ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
04:52
because these chemicals come in a lot of different shapes and forms.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคื ื™ื.
04:55
In fact, most of the people
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
04:57
studying bioluminescence today
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ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ
04:59
are focused on the chemistry, because these chemicals
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ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
05:01
have proved so incredibly valuable
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ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืจื‘
05:03
for developing antibacterial agents,
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ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
05:06
cancer fighting drugs,
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
05:08
testing for the presence of life on Mars,
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ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
05:10
detecting pollutants in our waters --
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ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
05:12
which is how we use it at ORCA.
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ืฉื–ื” ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘-ORCA.
05:14
In 2008,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008,
05:16
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
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ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
05:18
was awarded for work done
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ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื”
05:20
on a molecule called green fluorescent protein
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ืขืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืœื•ืจื•ืฆื ื˜ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง
05:22
that was isolated from the bioluminescent chemistry
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื“ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ื
05:25
of a jellyfish,
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื–ื”,
05:27
and it's been equated to the invention of the microscope,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฉื•ื•ืชื” ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
05:29
in terms of the impact that it has had
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ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”
05:32
on cell biology and genetic engineering.
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ืขืœ ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
05:35
Another thing all these molecules are telling us
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
05:37
that, apparently, bioluminescence has evolved
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื
05:40
at least 40 times, maybe as many as 50 separate times
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 40 ืขื“ 50 ืคืขื
05:43
in evolutionary history,
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
05:45
which is a clear indication
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ืฉื–ื• ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
05:47
of how spectacularly important
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ืœืขื“ ื›ืžื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
05:50
this trait is for survival.
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ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
05:52
So, what is it about bioluminescence
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
05:54
that's so important to so many animals?
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื?
05:56
Well, for animals that are trying to avoid predators
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื
05:59
by staying in the darkness,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš,
06:02
light can still be very useful
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ืื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™
06:04
for the three basic things that animals have to do to survive:
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
06:07
and that's find food,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
06:09
attract a mate and avoid being eaten.
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ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื‘ืŸ/ื‘ืช-ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื˜ืจืฃ.
06:11
So, for example, this fish
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ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืœื“ื’ ื–ื”
06:13
has a built-in headlight behind its eye
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ื™ืฉ ืคื ืก ืงื“ืžื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื•
06:15
that it can use for finding food
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ
06:17
or attracting a mate.
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ืื• ืœืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื‘ืช-ื–ื•ื’.
06:19
And then when it's not using it, it actually can roll it down into its head
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืคืœ ืื•ืชื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืจืืฉื•
06:22
just like the headlights on your Lamborghini.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื ืกื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
06:25
This fish actually has high beams.
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ืœื“ื’ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืื•ืจื•ืช-ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
06:28
And this fish, which is one of my favorites,
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ื•ืœื“ื’ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื™,
06:30
has three headlights on each side of its head.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคื ืกื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื•.
06:33
Now, this one is blue,
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
06:35
and that's the color of most bioluminescence in the ocean
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
06:37
because evolution has selected
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื”
06:39
for the color that travels farthest through seawater
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ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžื™-ื™ื
06:41
in order to optimize communication.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขืœ ืœืžื›ืกื™ืžื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
06:43
So, most animals make blue light,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
06:45
and most animals can only see blue light,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืจืง ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
06:48
but this fish is a really fascinating exception
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจืชืง
06:50
because it has two red light organs.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื.
06:53
And I have no idea why there's two,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
06:55
and that's something I want to solve some day --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืžืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื.
06:57
but not only can it see blue light,
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ืื–,ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
07:00
but it can see red light.
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ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื.
07:02
So it uses its red bioluminescence like a sniper's scope
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื• ื›ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืœืฃ
07:05
to be able to sneak up on animals
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช
07:07
that are blind to red light
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ืฉืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื
07:09
and be able to see them without being seen.
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ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช.
07:11
It's also got a little chin barbel here
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฉ ืกื ื˜ืจ ื›ืืŸ
07:13
with a blue luminescent lure on it
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ืขื ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ
07:15
that it can use to attract prey from a long way off.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื˜ืจืฃ ืžืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘.
07:18
And a lot of animals will use their bioluminescence as a lure.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ.
07:22
This is another one of my favorite fish.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ื’ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื™.
07:24
This is a viperfish, and it's got a lure
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื’ ื ื—ืฉ-ืฆืคืข ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ
07:26
on the end of a long fishing rod
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ื—ื›ืช ื“ื™ื’ ืืจื•ื›ื”
07:28
that it arches in front of the toothy jaw
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ืฉืžืชืงืžืจืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœืกืช ืžืฉื•ื ื ืช
07:30
that gives the viperfish its name.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื“ื’ ื ื—ืฉ-ื”ืฆืคืข ืืช ืฉืžื•.
07:33
The teeth on this fish are so long
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืŸ ื›ื” ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช
07:35
that if they closed inside the mouth of the fish,
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ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ื ืกื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’,
07:37
it would actually impale its own brain.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœื•.
07:40
So instead, it slides in grooves
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืœื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช
07:42
on the outside of the head.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื•.
07:44
This is a Christmas tree of a fish;
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื’ ืขืฅ ื”ืืฉื•ื—.
07:46
everything on this fish lights up,
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ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืžืื™ืจ.
07:48
it's not just that lure.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ;
07:50
It's got a built-in flashlight.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื ืก ืžื•ื‘ื ื”.
07:52
It's got these jewel-like light organs on its belly
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื™ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื ื•
07:54
that it uses for a type of camouflage
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ื•ืื”
07:57
that obliterates its shadow,
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ืฆืœืœื™ืชื•,
08:00
so when it's swimming around and there's a predator looking up from below,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ื” ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืขืœื”,
08:03
it makes itself disappear.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืขืœื.
08:05
It's got light organs in the mouth,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื”.
08:07
it's got light organs in every single scale, in the fins,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืงืฉืงืฉ, ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื,
08:09
in a mucus layer on the back and the belly,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ื”ืจื™ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ื•ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ,
08:11
all used for different things --
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
08:13
some of which we know about, some of which we don't.
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื ื• ื•ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช.
08:15
And we know a little bit more about bioluminescence thanks to Pixar,
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืงืกืืจ,
08:18
and I'm very grateful to Pixar for sharing
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืกื™ืจืช-ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืคื™ืงืกืืจ ืฉืฉื™ืชืคื•
08:20
my favorite topic with so many people.
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ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื™.
08:22
I do wish, with their budget,
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ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื,
08:24
that they might have spent just a tiny bit more money
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:27
to pay a consulting fee to some poor, starving graduate student,
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ื•ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืœื›ืžื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื,
08:30
who could have told them that those are the eyes
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
08:32
of a fish that's been preserved in formalin.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื’, ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืŸ.
08:35
These are the eyes of a living anglerfish.
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ืืœื” ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื—ื™.
08:37
So, she's got a lure that she sticks out
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜
08:39
in front of this living mousetrap
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ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื–ื•
08:41
of needle-sharp teeth
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื™ ืžื—ื˜ ื—ื“ื•ืช,
08:43
in order to attract in some unsuspecting prey.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ืจืฃ ืชืžื™ื.
08:46
And this one has a lure
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ื•ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ
08:48
with all kinds of little interesting threads coming off it.
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
08:51
Now we used to think that the different shape of the lure
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ืคืขื ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ
08:54
was to attract different types of prey,
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ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื˜ืจืฃ ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
08:56
but then stomach content analyses on these fish
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืืœื•
08:59
done by scientists, or more likely their graduate students,
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ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืื• ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื,
09:02
have revealed that
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ื’ื™ืœืชื”
09:04
they all eat pretty much the same thing.
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ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื”ื”.
09:06
So, now we believe that the different shape of the lure
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ
09:08
is how the male recognizes the female
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ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื”
09:10
in the anglerfish world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
09:12
because many of these males
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
09:14
are what are known as dwarf males.
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ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื’ืžื“ื™ื.
09:16
This little guy
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ืœื‘ืจื ืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ื”
09:18
has no visible means of self-support.
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ืื™ืŸ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ืงื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื™.
09:21
He has no lure for attracting food
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื™ื›ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ
09:23
and no teeth for eating it when it gets there.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข.
09:25
His only hope for existence on this planet
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ื”ืชืงื•ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื–ื”
09:28
is as a gigolo. (Laughter)
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื’'ื™ื’ื•ืœื•.
09:30
He's got to find himself a babe
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ืขืœื™ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื”
09:32
and then he's got to latch on for life.
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ื•ืื– ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืืœื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:35
So this little guy
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ื‘ืจื ืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ื”
09:37
has found himself this babe,
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ืžืฆื ืœืขืฆืžื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื–ื•,
09:39
and you will note that he's had the good sense
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ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืชื•ืฉื™ื™ื”
09:41
to attach himself in a way that he doesn't actually have to look at her.
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ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”.
09:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:46
But he still knows a good thing when he sees it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื›ื–ื”,
09:48
and so he seals the relationship with an eternal kiss.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืฉืคื ืงื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืงื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.
09:51
His flesh fuses with her flesh,
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ื‘ืฉืจื• ืžืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ื‘ืฉืจื”,
09:53
her bloodstream grows into his body,
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ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื” ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•,
09:55
and he becomes nothing more than a little sperm sac.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืง ื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื.
09:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:00
Well, this is a deep-sea version of Women's Lib.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ืจืกืช ืžืขืžืงื™-ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื”.
10:02
She always knows where he is,
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ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื,
10:04
and she doesn't have to be monogamous,
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ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืช
10:06
because some of these females
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช
10:08
come up with multiple males attached.
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ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
10:10
So they can use it for finding food, for attracting mates.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื‘ื ื™-ื–ื•ื’.
10:13
They use it a lot for defense, many different ways.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
10:16
A lot of them can release their luciferin or luferase in the water
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืืช ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจืก ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื
10:19
just the way a squid or an octopus will release an ink cloud.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ื•.
10:21
This shrimp is actually
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ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื
10:23
spewing light out of its mouth
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ืคื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืคื” ืฉืœื•
10:25
like a fire breathing dragon
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ื›ืžื• ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืฃ ืืฉ
10:27
in order to blind or distract this viperfish
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื ื•ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ื“ื’ ื ื—ืฉ-ืฆืคืข ื–ื”
10:29
so that the shrimp can swim away into the darkness.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš.
10:31
And there are a lot of different animals that can do this:
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
10:34
There's jellyfish, there's squid,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื,
10:36
there's a whole lot of different crustaceans,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
10:38
there's even fish that can do this.
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ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื’ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
10:40
This fish is called the shining tubeshoulder
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ื“ื’ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื›ืชืฃ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจืช
10:43
because it actually has a tube on its shoulder
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื•
10:45
that can squirt out light.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื™ื– ืื•ืจ.
10:47
And I was luck enough to capture one of these
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ืœ ืœืฆืœื ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”
10:49
when we were on a trawling expedition
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืกืข ื“ื™ื’-ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช-ืจืฉืช
10:51
off the northwest coast of Africa for "Blue Planet,"
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื›ื—ื•ืœ",
10:54
for the deep portion of "Blue Planet."
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื›ื—ื•ืœ".
10:56
And we were using a special trawling net
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืจืฉืช ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
10:58
that we were able to bring these animals up alive.
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:00
So we captured one of these, and I brought it into the lab.
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ืœื›ื“ื ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
11:03
So I'm holding it,
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ืื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื•,
11:05
and I'm about to touch that tube on its shoulder,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื›ืชืคื•,
11:07
and when I do, you'll see bioluminescence coming out.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื ื•ื’ืขืช, ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื ืคืœื˜.
11:11
But to me, what's shocking
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื
11:13
is not just the amount of light,
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ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
11:15
but the fact that it's not just luciferin and luciferase.
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ืืœื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจืก.
11:17
For this fish, it's actually whole cells
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ืืฆืœ ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื
11:19
with nuclei and membranes.
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ืขื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ืžื™ื.
11:21
It's energetically very costly for this fish to do this,
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ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช, ืขื•ืœื” ืœื“ื’ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
11:23
and we have no idea why it does it --
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช.
11:26
another one of these great mysteries that needs to be solved.
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ื–ื• ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ.
11:31
Now, another form of defense
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ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื”
11:33
is something called a burglar alarm --
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืื–ืขืงืช ืคืจื™ืฆื”.
11:35
same reason you have a burglar alarm on your car;
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื–ืขืงืช ืคืจื™ืฆื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
11:37
the honking horn and flashing lights
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ื”ืฆื•ืคืจ ืฉืฆื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื
11:39
are meant to attract the attention of, hopefully,
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ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ื›ืš ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื,
11:41
the police that will come and take the burglar away --
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ื•ืชืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจืฅ.
11:43
when an animal's caught in the clutches of a predator,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืžืœืชืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ,
11:45
its only hope for escape may be
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ื”ืชืงื•ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™
11:47
to attract the attention of something bigger and nastier
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ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
11:49
that will attack their attacker,
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ืฉื™ืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœื•
11:51
thereby affording them a chance for escape.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
11:54
This jellyfish, for example, has
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ืœืžื“ื•ื–ื” ื–ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
11:56
a spectacular bioluminescent display.
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ื™ืฉ ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
11:58
This is us chasing it in the submersible.
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืชื ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื”.
12:00
That's not luminescence, that's reflected light from the gonads.
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ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืชืื•ืจื”. ื–ื” ืจืง ืื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
12:03
We capture it in a very special device on the front of the submersible
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชื
12:06
that allows us to bring it up in really pristine condition,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™,
12:09
bring it into the lab on the ship.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื”,
12:11
And then to generate the display you're about to see,
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ื•ืฉื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืืชื ืชืจืื• ืžื™ื™ื“.
12:13
all I did was touch it once per second
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืขืช ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”
12:15
on its nerve ring with a sharp pick
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืขื ืžื›ื•ืฉ ื—ื“
12:17
that's sort of like the sharp tooth of a fish.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืŸ ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’.
12:19
And once this display gets going, I'm not touching it anymore.
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:22
This is an unbelievable light show.
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ื–ื• ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื”.
12:25
It's this pinwheel of light,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืขื’ืœ-ืืฉ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
12:27
and I've done calculations that show that this could be seen
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ื•ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•
12:29
from as much as 300 feet away by a predator.
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ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขื“ 300 ืจื’ืœ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
12:32
And I thought, "You know,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
12:34
that might actually make a pretty good lure."
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ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
12:36
Because one of the things that's frustrated me
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชื™ืกื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื™
12:39
as a deep-sea explorer
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื
12:41
is how many animals there probably are in the ocean that we know nothing about
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ
12:44
because of the way we explore the ocean.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
12:47
The primary way that we know about what lives in the ocean
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
12:50
is we go out and drag nets behind ships.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
12:53
And I defy you to name any other branch of science
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืืชื›ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืข
12:55
that still depends on hundreds of year-old technology.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืช ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
12:58
The other primary way is we go down
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”
13:00
with submersibles and remote-operated vehicles.
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ืขื ืชืื™-ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ืขื ื›ืœื™-ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง.
13:02
I've made hundreds of dives in submersibles.
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืื™-ืฆืœื™ืœื”.
13:05
When I'm sitting in a submersible though,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืชื-ืฆืœื™ืœื”,
13:07
I know that I'm not unobtrusive at all --
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื•ืกืชืจืช.
13:10
I've got bright lights and noisy thrusters --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื”ืงื™ื ื•ืžื“ื—ืคื™ื ืจื•ืขืฉื™ื.
13:12
any animal with any sense is going to be long gone.
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ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื™ื‘ืจื— ืžื™ื™ื“.
13:15
So, I've wanted for a long time
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืจืฆื™ืชื™
13:18
to figure out a different way to explore.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
13:20
And so, sometime ago, I got this idea for a camera system.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ื‘ื ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช.
13:23
It's not exactly rocket science. We call this thing Eye-in-the-Sea.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื“ืข ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืขื™ืŸ-ื‘ืชื•ืš-ื”ื™ื.
13:26
And scientists have done this on land for years;
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื.
13:28
we just use a color that the animals can't see
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื,
13:31
and then a camera that can see that color.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆื‘ืข.
13:33
You can't use infrared in the sea.
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ืคืจื-ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ื.
13:35
We use far-red light, but even that's a problem
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืื“ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื”
13:37
because it gets absorbed so quickly.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืœืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
13:39
Made an intensified camera,
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืœืžื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช,
13:41
wanted to make this electronic jellyfish.
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื›ื–ื•.
13:43
Thing is, in science,
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžื“ืข
13:46
you basically have to tell the funding agencies what you're going to discover
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื” ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื’ืœื•ืช
13:49
before they'll give you the money.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
13:51
And I didn't know what I was going to discover,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช,
13:53
so I couldn't get the funding for this.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”.
13:55
So I kluged this together, I got the Harvey Mudd Engineering Clinic
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ืื– ื—ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื’ื•ืฉืžืช. ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ ืžืื“
13:58
to actually do it as an undergraduate student project initially,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื–ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืกืžื›ื”,
14:01
and then I kluged funding from a whole bunch of different sources.
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ื•ืื– ื—ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
14:04
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
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ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™
14:06
gave me time with their ROV
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ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืชื-ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ ืžืจื—ื•ืง,
14:09
so that I could test it and we could figure out,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื,
14:11
you know, for example, which colors of red light we had to use
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
14:14
so that we could see the animals, but they couldn't see us --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื•,
14:17
get the electronic jellyfish working.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื“ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
14:20
And you can see just what a shoestring operation this really was,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ื–ื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื”
14:23
because we cast these 16 blue LEDs in epoxy
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืœืชื™ ืืช 16 ื”ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืจืฃ --
14:26
and you can see in the epoxy mold that we used,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืจืฃ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื”
14:28
the word Ziploc is still visible.
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” Ziploc ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืœืขื™ืŸ.
14:31
Needless to say, when it's kluged together like this,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื’ื•ืฉืžืช ืฉื›ื–ื•,
14:34
there were a lot of trials and tribulations getting this working.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
14:37
But there came a moment when it all came together,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจื’ืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ,
14:39
and everything worked.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื“,
14:41
And, remarkably, that moment got caught on film
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืคืœื, ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืขื“ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”
14:43
by photographer Mark Richards,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืœื ืžืืจืง ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ืก,
14:45
who happened to be there at the precise moment
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
14:47
that we discovered that it all came together.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ.
14:50
That's me on the left,
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ื–ื• ืื ื™ ืžืฉืžืืœ,
14:52
my graduate student at the time, Erika Raymond,
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืืจื™ืงื” ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“,
14:54
and Lee Fry, who was the engineer on the project.
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ื•ืœื™ ืคืจื™ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
14:57
And we have this photograph posted in our lab in a place of honor
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜
15:00
with the caption: "Engineer satisfying two women at once." (Laughter)
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ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘: "ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืžืขื ื’ ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช."
15:04
And we were very, very happy.
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ื•ืื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื—ื•ืช.
15:06
So now we had a system
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ืื ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช
15:08
that we could actually take to some place
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืงื—ืชื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
15:10
that was kind of like an oasis on the bottom of the ocean
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืŸ "ื ื•ื•ื”-ืžื“ื‘ืจ" ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
15:12
that might be patrolled by large predators.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
15:16
And so, the place that we took it to
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืืœื™ื•
15:18
was this place called a Brine Pool,
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ื ืงืจื ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ืžืœื—
15:20
which is in the northern part of the Gulf of Mexico.
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื›ืกื™ืงื•.
15:22
It's a magical place.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืงืกื•ื.
15:24
And I know this footage isn't going to look like anything to you --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ื‘ื --
15:26
we had a crummy camera at the time --
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžืฆืœืžื” ืžืจื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ --
15:28
but I was ecstatic.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืœื”ื‘ืช.
15:30
We're at the edge of the Brine Pool,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ืžืœื—.
15:32
there's a fish that's swimming towards the camera.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื“ื’ ื”ืฉื•ื—ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”.
15:35
It's clearly undisturbed by us.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœื ื•.
15:37
And I had my window into the deep sea.
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ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืง.
15:40
I, for the first time, could see what animals were doing down there
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ื•ืื ื™, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”
15:43
when we weren't down there disturbing them in some way.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฉื, ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
15:47
Four hours into the deployment,
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ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
15:49
we had programmed the electronic jellyfish
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืชื›ื ืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช
15:51
to come on for the first time.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
15:53
Eighty-six seconds after
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86 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ
15:55
it went into its pinwheel display,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื’ืœื’ืœ-ื”ืืฉ,
15:57
we recorded this:
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ื•ื”ืงืœื˜ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
16:00
This is a squid, over six feet long,
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• ืžืขืœ 6 ืจื’ืœ,
16:02
that is so new to science,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืข.
16:04
it cannot be placed in any known scientific family.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื™ื›ื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
16:08
I could not have asked for a better proof of concept.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื™.
16:11
And based on this, I went back to the National Science Foundation
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ื•ืขืœ-ืกืžืš ื–ื”, ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืงืจืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืข
16:13
and said, "This is what we will discover."
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช."
16:16
And they gave me enough money to do it right,
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ื•ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืกืฃ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื”ืœื›ื”,
16:18
which has involved developing the world's first deep-sea webcam --
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ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฆืœืžืช ืจืฉืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื,
16:21
which has been installed in
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืชืงื ื”
16:23
the Monterey Canyon for the past year --
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ื‘ืขืžืง ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
16:25
and now, more recently,
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
16:27
a modular form of this system,
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ื’ืจืกื” ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•,
16:29
a much more mobile form
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ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ืช,
16:31
that's a lot easier to launch and recover,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœื” ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื”,
16:33
that I hope can be used on Sylvia's "hope spots"
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ "ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื”" ืฉืœ ืกื™ืœื‘ื™ื”
16:36
to help explore
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
16:38
and protect these areas,
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
16:40
and, for me, learn more about
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ื•ืœื™, ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ
16:42
the bioluminescence in these "hope spots."
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ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ ื‘"ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื”" ื”ืœืœื•.
16:45
So one of these take-home messages here
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ืื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
16:48
is, there is still a lot to explore in the oceans.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
16:51
And Sylvia has said
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ื•ืกื™ืœื‘ื™ื” ืืžืจื”
16:53
that we are destroying the oceans before we even know what's in them,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื,
16:56
and she's right.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืงืช.
16:58
So if you ever, ever get an opportunity
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืื™-ืคืขื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
17:00
to take a dive in a submersible,
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ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื-ืฆืœื™ืœื”,
17:02
say yes -- a thousand times, yes --
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื• ื›ืŸ, ืืœืฃ ืคืขื, ื›ืŸ
17:05
and please turn out the lights.
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ื•ืื ื ื›ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช.
17:07
I promise, you'll love it.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉืชืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
17:09
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
17:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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