Emma Teeling: The secret of the bat genome

6,437 views ใƒป 2015-07-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
What I want you all to do right now
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืขืฉื• ื›ืขืช
00:14
is to think of this mammal that I'm going to describe to you.
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ื–ื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืชืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื.
00:19
The first thing I'm going to tell you about this mammal
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ื–ื”
00:21
is that it is essential for our ecosystems to function correctly.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืชืคืงื“ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
00:26
If we remove this mammal from our ecosystems,
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ืื ื ืกืœืง ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืง ื”ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
00:29
they simply will not work.
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ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื•.
00:32
That's the first thing.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
00:34
The second thing is that due to the unique sensory abilities
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
00:38
of this mammal, if we study this mammal,
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ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ื–ื”, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ืง ื–ื”,
00:42
we're going to get great insight into our diseases
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช
00:46
of the senses, such as blindness and deafness.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจืฉื•ืช.
00:50
And the third really intriguing aspect of this mammal
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืžืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ื–ื”
00:55
is that I fully believe that the secret of everlasting youth
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื
01:00
lies deep within its DNA.
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ืžืฆื•ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”-DNA ืฉืœื•.
01:04
So are you all thinking?
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ืื–, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื?
01:07
So,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
01:09
magnificent creature, isn't it?
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ืš?
01:12
Who here thought of a bat?
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ืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืขื˜ืœืฃ?
01:16
Ah, I can see half the audience agrees with me,
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ืื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืืชื™,
01:18
and I have a lot of work to do to convince the rest of you.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:22
So I have had the good fortune for the past 20 years
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
01:26
to study these fascinating and beautiful mammals.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:30
One fifth of all living mammals is a bat,
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:34
and they have very unique attributes.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“.
01:36
Bats as we know them have been around on this planet
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ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•
01:39
for about 64 million years.
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ืžื–ื” 64 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
01:43
One of the most unique things that bats do
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
01:47
as a mammal is that they fly.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืขืคื™ื.
01:50
Now flight is an inherently difficult thing.
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ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•.
01:53
Flight within vertebrates has only evolved three times:
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ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื
01:57
once in the bats, once in the birds,
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ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื, ืคืขื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
02:00
and once in the pterodactyls.
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ื•ืคืขื ื‘ืคื˜ืจื•ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
02:02
And so with flight, it's very metabolically costly.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืฉืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืื“ ื™ืงืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช
02:06
Bats have learned and evolved how to deal with this.
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ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”.
02:10
But one other extremely unique thing about bats
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืืฆืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื
02:15
is that they are able to use sound
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœ
02:17
to perceive their environment. They use echolocation.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืฆื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืงื•-ืœื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืŸ (ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืชื”ื•ื“ื”}..
02:21
Now, what I mean by echolocation --
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ื›ืขืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืืงื•-ืœื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืŸ --
02:24
they emit a sound from their larynx out through their mouth
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ื”ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืงื•ืœ ืžืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื
02:28
or through their nose. This sound wave comes out
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ืื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืืฃ. ื’ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื
02:32
and it reflects and echoes back off objects in their environment,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื•ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
02:36
and the bats then hear these echoes
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ื•ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื ืืœื”
02:38
and they turn this information into an acoustic image.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช.
02:42
And this enables them to orient in complete darkness.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžืฆื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
02:47
Indeed, they do look very strange. We're humans.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื™ื ืžืื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
02:50
We're a visual species. When scientists first realized
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจืื™ื™ื”. ื›ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:53
that bats were actually using sound to be able to fly
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ืฉืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืฃ
02:57
and orient and move at night, we didn't believe it.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืžืฆื ื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืœื ื”ืืžื ื• ืœื–ื”.
03:00
For a hundred years, despite evidence to show
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ืจืืชื”
03:03
that this is what they were doing, we didn't believe it.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืœื ื”ืืžื ื•.
03:06
Now, if you look at this bat, it looks a little bit alien.
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืขื˜ืœืฃ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ.
03:10
Indeed, the very famous philosopher Thomas Nagel
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ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ืชื•ืžืก ื ื’ืœ
03:14
once said, "To truly experience an alien life form
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ืืžืจ ืคืขื, "ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ
03:17
on this planet, you should lock yourself inside a room
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื ืขืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ
03:21
with a flying, echolocating bat in complete darkness."
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ืขื ืขื˜ืœืฃ ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืงื•-ืœื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืŸ, ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”."
03:25
And if you look at the actual physical characteristics
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ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื
03:28
on the face of this beautiful horseshoe bat,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื˜ืœืฃ-ืคืจืกื” ื™ืคื” ื–ื”,
03:31
you see a lot of these characteristics are dedicated
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ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื
03:34
to be able to make sound and perceive it.
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ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•.
03:37
Very big ears, strange nose leaves, but teeny-tiny eyes.
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ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื“, ืงืคืœื™ ืืฃ ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:42
So again, if you just look at this bat, you realize
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ืจืง ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ืชื‘ื™ื ื•
03:46
sound is very important for its survival.
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ืฉื”ืงื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
03:49
Most bats look like the previous one.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
03:53
However, there are a group that do not use echolocation.
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ืื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืืงื•-ืœื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืŸ.
03:57
They do not perceive their environment using sound,
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ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœ,
04:00
and these are the flying foxes.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื.
04:02
If anybody has ever been lucky enough to be in Australia,
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ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืœ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
04:05
you've seen them coming out of the Botanic Gardens in Sydney,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื“ื ื™,
04:09
and if you just look at their face, you can see
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ื•ืื ืจืง ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
04:12
they have much, much larger eyes and much smaller ears.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
04:15
So among and within bats is a huge variation
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ื™ืฉ ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื
04:19
in their ability to use sensory perception.
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช.
04:22
Now this is going to be important for what I'm going
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ื›ืขืช, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช
04:24
to tell you later during the talk.
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ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.
04:26
Now, if the idea of bats in your belfry terrifies you,
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื›ื ืื™ืžื”,
04:31
and I know some people probably are feeling a little sick
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื—ืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื
04:33
looking at very large images of bats,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื
04:37
that's probably not that surprising,
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ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžืื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข,
04:40
because here in Western culture,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
04:42
bats have been demonized.
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ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:44
Really, of course the famous book "Dracula,"
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ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื "ื“ืจืงื•ืœื”,"
04:46
written by a fellow Northside Dubliner Bram Stoker,
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ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืื ืกื˜ื•ืงืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืœื™ืŸ,
04:49
probably is mainly responsible for this.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ,
04:51
However, I also think it's got to do with the fact
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืื ื™ ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
04:55
that bats come out at night, and we don't
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ืฉืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื
04:57
really understand them. We're a little frightened by things
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:59
that can perceive the world slightly differently than us.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
05:03
Bats are usually synonymous with some type of evil events.
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ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
05:06
They are the perpetrators in horror movies,
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ื”ื ื”ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื”,
05:09
such as this famous "Nightwing."
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ื›ืžื• ื‘"ื›ื ืฃ ื”ืœื™ืœื”" ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื.
05:10
Also, if you think about it, demons
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ื’ื ื›ืŸ, ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืฉื“ื™ื
05:13
always have bat wings, whereas birds, they typically --
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ื›ื ืคื™ ืขื˜ืœืฃ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
05:17
or angels have bird wings.
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ืื• ืœืžืœืื›ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื ืคื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
05:20
Now, this is Western society, and what I hope to do tonight
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘
05:25
is to convince you of the Chinese traditional culture,
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
05:30
that they perceive bats as
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ืฉื‘ื” ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื
05:33
creatures that bring good luck, and indeed, if you walk
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ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืื ืชื›ื ืกื•
05:36
into a Chinese home, you may see an image such as this.
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ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกื™ื ื™, ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
05:41
This is considered the Five Blessings.
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ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœ"ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช"
05:43
The Chinese word for "bat" sounds like the Chinese word
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืขื˜ืœืฃ" ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช
05:45
for "happiness," and they believe that bats
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"ืื•ืฉืจ",ื•ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขื˜ืœืคื™ื
05:48
bring wealth, health, longevity, virtue and serenity.
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ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื, ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ื”.
05:53
And indeed, in this image, you have a picture of longevity
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ื™ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื
05:56
surrounded by five bats.
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ืฉืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื.
05:58
And what I want to do tonight is to talk to you
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื–ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื
06:02
and to show you that at least three of these blessings
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ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
06:06
are definitely represented by a bat, and that if we study bats
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ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืฃ, ื•ืื ื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื
06:09
we will get nearer to getting each of these blessings.
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ื ืชืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
06:13
So, wealth -- how can a bat possibly bring us wealth?
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ืื– ืขื•ืฉืจ - ืื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉืจ?
06:18
Now as I said before, bats are essential for our ecosystems
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
06:22
to function correctly. And why is this?
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ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืคืขืœื• ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื›ืš?
06:25
Bats in the tropics are major pollinators of many plants.
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ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
06:30
They also feed on fruit, and they disperse the seeds
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ื”ื ื’ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื
06:32
of these fruits. Bats are responsible for pollinating
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ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื•. ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืื‘ืงื”
06:37
the tequila plant, and this is a multi-million dollar industry
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ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ื”ื˜ืงื™ืœื”, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
06:40
in Mexico. So indeed, we need them
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ื‘ืžื›ืกื™ืงื•. ืื– ืื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื
06:43
for our ecosystems to function properly.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืคืขืœื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
06:46
Without them, it's going to be a problem.
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ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื”.
06:48
But most bats are voracious insect predators.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืจืขื‘ืชื ื™ื.
06:54
It's been estimated in the U.S., in a tiny colony
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ื”ื•ืขืจืš ืฉื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื”
06:57
of big brown bats, that they will feed
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ืฉืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื—ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื
06:59
on over a million insects a year,
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ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
07:02
and in the United States of America, right now
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ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื
07:05
bats are being threatened by a disease known as white-nose syndrome.
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ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืžืื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ืกื™ื˜ื ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืฃ-ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.
07:09
It's working its way slowly across the U.S. and wiping out
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืœืื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื”
07:12
populations of bats, and scientists have estimated
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื, ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื•
07:16
that 1,300 metric tons of insects a year are now
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ืฉ- 1300 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืชืจื™ื
07:21
remaining in the ecosystems due to the loss of bats.
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ื›ืขืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื.
07:24
Bats are also threatened in the U.S.
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ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื’ื ืžืื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
07:27
by their attraction to wind farms. Again, right now
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื—. ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืขืช
07:31
bats are looking at a little bit of a problem.
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ืœืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื”
07:32
They're going to -- They are very threatened
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ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช -- ื”ื ืžืื“ ืžืื•ื™ืžื™ื
07:35
in the United States of America alone.
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ืจืง ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
07:38
Now how can this help us?
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ื›ืขืช, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื•?
07:40
Well, it has been calculated that if we were to remove bats
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉืื ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื™ืกื•ืœืงื•
07:43
from the equation, we're going to have to then use
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ืžื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื ื™ืืœืฅ ืื– ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
07:46
insecticides to remove all those pest insects
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ื‘ืžื“ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื
07:49
that feed on our agricultural crops.
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ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:52
And for one year in the U.S. alone, it's estimated
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช, ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ืขืœื•ืช
07:56
that it's going to cost 22 billion U.S. dollars,
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ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื›-22 ืžื™ืœืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
07:58
if we remove bats. So indeed, bats then do bring us wealth.
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ืื ื ืกืœืง ืืช ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื. ืื– ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉืจ.
08:03
They maintain the health of our ecosystems,
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
08:05
and also they save us money.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ,
08:08
So again, that's the first blessing. Bats are important
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
08:11
for our ecosystems.
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ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:13
And what about the second? What about health?
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”? ืžื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช?
08:17
Inside every cell in your body lies your genome.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื ื ืžืฆื ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื.
08:22
Your genome is made up of your DNA,
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ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื”-ื“.ื .ื. ืฉืœื›ื,
08:25
your DNA codes for proteins that enable you to function
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ื”ื“.ื .ื. ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ
08:28
and interact and be as you are.
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ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื”ื ื›ื.
08:31
Now since the new advancements in modern molecular technologies,
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
08:35
it is now possible for us to sequence our own genome
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ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
08:39
in a very rapid time and at a very, very reduced cost.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“.
08:44
Now when we've been doing this, we've realized
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื ื• ื›ืš, ื”ื‘ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ
08:46
that there's variations within our genome.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:50
So I want you to look at the person beside you.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœื™ื“ื›ื.
08:53
Just have a quick look. And what we need to realize
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ. ื•ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
08:55
is that every 300 base pairs in your DNA, you're a little bit different.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ 300 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘- DNA ืฉืœืš, ืืชื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
09:00
And one of the grand challenges right now
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
09:02
in modern molecular medicine is to work out
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ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื
09:05
whether this variation makes you more susceptible to diseases,
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ืื ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช,
09:10
or does this variation just make you different?
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ืื• ืื ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืชื›ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
09:12
Again, what does it mean here? What does this variation
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืืŸ? ืžื” ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื–ื•
09:15
actually mean? So if we are to capitalize on all of this
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ืื•ืžืจืช ื‘ืขืฆื? ืื– ืื ื ื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ืœ
09:19
new molecular data and personalized genomic information
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ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™
09:23
that is coming online that we will be able to have
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•
09:25
in the next few years, we have to be able to differentiate
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ
09:28
between the two. So how do we do this?
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
09:31
Well, I believe we just look at nature's experiments.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืจืง ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
09:35
So through natural selection, over time,
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ืื– ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
09:39
mutations, variations that disrupt the function of a protein
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ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช, ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื‘ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ
09:45
will not be tolerated over time.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
09:47
Evolution acts as a sieve. It sieves out the bad variation.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืžื• ืžืกื ื ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืกื ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืขื”.
09:51
And so therefore, if you look at the same region
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ื•ื
09:54
of a genome in many mammals that have been
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ื’ื ื•ื ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ
09:57
evolutionarily distant from each other
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ื”ื•ืจื—ืงื• ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™
10:00
and are also ecologically divergent, you will get a better
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ื•ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืžืกื•ืขืคื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืชืงื‘ืœื•
10:04
understanding of what the evolutionary prior of that site is,
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•
10:08
i.e., if it is important for the mammal to function,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืง,
10:11
for its survival, it will be the same
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื”
10:14
in all of those different lineages, species, taxa.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ืŸ.
10:18
So therefore, if we were to do this,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
10:22
what we'd need to do is sequence that region
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ
10:23
in all these different mammals and ascertain if it's the same
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” , ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืื ื–ื” ื–ื”ื”
10:26
or if it's different. So if it is the same,
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ืื•, ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”. ืื– ืื ื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื”,
10:30
this indicates that that site is important for a function,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืชืจ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ื,
10:33
so a disease mutation should fall within that site.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืชืจ ื–ื”.
10:37
So in this case here, if all the mammals that we look at
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ืื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืŸ
10:41
have a yellow-type genome at that site,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’- ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•,
10:44
it probably suggests that purple is bad.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืกื’ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืจืข.
10:47
This could be even more powerful if you look at mammals
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ืื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื
10:50
that are doing things slightly differently.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช.
10:53
So say, for example, the region of the genome
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ืื– ื ื ื™ื—, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื
10:55
that I was looking at was a region that's important for vision.
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ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจืื™ื™ื”.
10:59
If we look at that region in mammals that don't see so well,
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ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘,
11:02
such as bats, and we find that bats that don't see so well
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื, ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘
11:06
have the purple type, we know that this is probably
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ืกื’ื•ืœ, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื”
11:09
what's causing this disease.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•.
11:12
So in my lab, we've been using bats to look at two different
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ืื– ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื™
11:17
types of diseases of the senses.
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ืกื•ื’ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
11:20
We're looking at blindness. Now why would you do this?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
11:23
Three hundred and fourteen million people are visually impaired, and
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314 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ืจืื™ื™ื”,
11:28
45 million of these are blind. So blindness is a big problem,
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ื•- 45 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื. ืื– ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
11:31
and a lot of these blind disorders come from inherited diseases,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช.
11:35
so we want to try and better understand
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:38
which mutations in the gene cause the disease.
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื”.
11:41
Also we look at deafness. One in every 1,000
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืช. ืื—ื“ ืž-1,000
11:45
newborn babies are deaf, and when we reach 80,
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ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœ 80,
11:49
over half of us will also have a hearing problem.
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืชื ื• ื’ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”.
11:52
Again, there's many underlying genetic causes for this.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
11:56
So what we've been doing in my lab
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
11:59
is looking at these unique sensory specialists, the bats,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื,
12:02
and we have looked at genes that cause blindness
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ
12:04
when there's a defect in them,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืคื’ื,
12:06
genes that cause deafness when there's a defect in them,
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ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื,
12:08
and now we can predict which sites are most likely to cause disease.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ืืชืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช.
12:13
So bats are also important for our health,
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ืื– ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•,
12:16
to enable us to better understand how our genome functions.
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ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคืงื“.
12:21
So this is where we are right now,
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
12:23
but what about the future?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
12:25
What about longevity?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื?
12:27
This is where we're going to go, and as I said before,
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ืœืฉื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื,
12:31
I really believe that the secret of everlasting youth
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื
12:34
lies within the bat genome.
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ..
12:35
So why should we be interested in aging at all?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช?
12:40
Well, really, this is a picture drawn from the 1500s
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืืžืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16
12:42
of the Fountain of Youth. Aging is considered
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ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื”
12:46
one of the most familiar, yet the least well-understood,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื”ื›ื™
12:50
aspects of all of biology, and really,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืืžืช,
12:53
since the dawn of civilization, mankind has sought to avoid it.
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ืžืฉื—ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ืชื”.
12:57
But we are going to have to understand it a bit better.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆืชืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
13:00
In Europe alone, by 2050, there is going to be
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘- 2050, ื™ื”ื™ื”
13:04
a 70 percent increase of individuals over 65,
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 70 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 65,
13:07
and 170 percent increase in individuals over 80.
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ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 170 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 80.
13:11
As we age, we deteriorate, and this deterioration
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื ืื ื• ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื–ื•
13:14
causes problems for our society, so we have to address it.
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”.
13:19
So how could the secret of everlasting youth actually lie
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื
13:23
within the bat genome? Does anybody want to hazard
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ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ? ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขื–
13:26
a guess over how long this bat could live for?
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ื•ืœื ื—ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืขื˜ืœืฃ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช?
13:30
Who -- put up your hands -- who says two years?
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ืžื™ โ€“ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข - ืžื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื?
13:33
Nobody? One? How about 10 years?
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“? ืื—ื“? ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœ 10 ืฉื ื™ื?
13:37
Some? How about 30?
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ืื—ื“ื™ื? ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”?
13:41
How about 40? Okay, it's a whole varied response.
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ 40? ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช.
13:45
This bat is myotis brandtii. It's the longest-living bat.
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ื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ ืฉื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
13:48
It lived for up to 42 years,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ 42 ืฉื ื™ื,
13:50
and this bat's still alive in the wild today.
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ื•ืขื˜ืœืฃ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื•ื.
13:53
But what would be so amazing about this?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื›ืืŸ?
13:55
Well, typically, in mammals there is a relationship
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืก
14:00
between body size, metabolic rate,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
14:03
and how long you can live for, and you can predict
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ื•ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช
14:05
how long a mammal can live for given its body size.
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื•ื ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•.
14:08
So typically, small mammals live fast, die young.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืจ, ืžืชื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
14:12
Think of a mouse. But bats are very different.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
14:15
As you can see here on this graph, in blue,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื–ื”, ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
14:17
these are all other mammals, but bats
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื
14:20
can live up to nine times longer than expected
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืคื™ ืชืฉืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™
14:22
despite having a really, really high metabolic rate,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืืžืช, ืงืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
14:25
and the question is, how can they do that?
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
14:28
There are 19 species of mammal that live longer
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ื™ืฉื ื 19 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
14:32
than expected, given their body size, than man,
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ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื, ืžืืฉืจ ืื“ื,
14:34
and 18 of those are bats.
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ื•-18 ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื” ื”ื ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื.
14:37
So therefore, they must have something within their DNA
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”-DNA ืฉืœื”ื
14:42
that ables them to deal with the metabolic stresses,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื,
14:45
particularly of flight. They expend three times more energy
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ืคื”. ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
14:49
than a mammal of the same size,
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ืžื™ื•ื ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
14:50
but don't seem to suffer the consequences or the effects.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื• ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื.
14:54
So right now, in my lab, we're combining
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ืื– ื›ืขืช, ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื
14:57
state-of-the-art bat field biology, going out and catching
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื•ืชื•ืคืกื™ื
15:01
the long-lived bats, with the most up-to-date,
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ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
15:04
modern molecular technology to understand better
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:08
what it is that they do to stop aging as we do.
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื•.
15:12
And hopefully in the next five years, I'll be giving you a TEDTalk on that.
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืคื™ืข ื‘- TED ื•ืืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
15:15
Aging is a big problem for humanity,
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ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
15:19
and I believe that by studying bats, we can uncover
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ
15:22
the molecular mechanisms that enable mammals
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ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื
15:25
to achieve extraordinary longevity. If we find out
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ . ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
15:28
what they're doing, perhaps through gene therapy,
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ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™,
15:31
we can enable us to do the same thing.
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
15:34
Potentially, this means that we could halt aging or maybe even reverse it.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื”.
15:39
Just imagine what that would be like.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”.
15:43
So really, I don't think we should be thinking of them
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ืื– ื‘ืืžืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื
15:46
as flying demons of the night, but more as our superheroes.
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ื›ืขืœ ืฉื“ื™ ืœื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื, ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
15:51
And the reality is that bats can bring us so much benefit
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”
15:55
if we just look in the right place. They're good for our ecosystem,
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ืื ืจืง ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
15:57
they allow us to understand how our genome functions,
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ื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคืงื“,
16:00
and they potentially hold the secret to everlasting youth.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืœื ืขื•ืจื™ ื ืฆื—.
16:03
So tonight, when you walk out of here and you look up
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ืื– ื”ืขืจื‘, ื›ืฉืชืœื›ื• ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืขืœื”
16:06
in the night skies, and you see this beautiful flying mammal,
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ืœืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืง ื”ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื”,
16:09
I want you to smile. Thank you. (Applause)
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ื™ื™ื›ื•. ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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