What investigating neural pathways can reveal about mental health | Kay M. Tye

82,572 views ใƒป 2020-04-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: nava yogev ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I'm going to start by saying something you think you know to be true.
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ืืคืชื— ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:18
Your brain creates all facets of your mind.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื.
00:23
So then why do we treat mental and physical illnesses
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ืื ื›ืš, ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช
00:26
so differently,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”,
00:28
if we think we know that the mind comes from the brain?
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืžื•ื—?
00:32
As a neuroscientist, I'm often told
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ื›ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื•ื— , ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช
00:34
that I'm not allowed to study how internal states
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ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ืš ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื
00:37
like anxiety or craving or loneliness
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืชื—, ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช
00:40
are represented by the brain,
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ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
00:42
and so I decided to set out and do exactly that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
00:47
My research program is designed to understand the mind
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”
00:50
by investigating brain circuits.
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ืข"ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
00:53
Specifically, how does our brain give rise to emotion.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™,ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
00:57
It's really hard to study feelings and emotions,
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ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช,
01:00
because you can't measure them.
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ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื”.
01:03
Behavior is still the best and only window
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
01:07
into the emotional experience of another.
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ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ.
01:11
For both animals and people,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืข"ื—
01:13
yes, self-report is a behavioral output.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
01:17
Motivated behaviors fall into two general classes:
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
01:20
seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
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ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื›ืื‘.
01:24
The ability to approach things that are good for you
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•
01:26
and avoid things that are bad for you
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•
01:28
is fundamental to survival.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
01:29
And in our modern-day society,
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื,
01:31
trouble telling the difference can be labeled as a mental illness.
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ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ื›ืžื—ืœืช ื ืคืฉ.
01:35
If I was having car trouble,
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ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘
01:38
and I took my car to the mechanic,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžื•ืกืš,
01:40
the first thing they do is look under the hood.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื›ืกื” ืžื ื•ืข.
01:44
But with mental health research,
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ืืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ,
01:47
you can't just pop open the hood with the press of a button.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจ...
01:50
So this is why we do experiments on animals.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืข"ื—.
01:53
Specifically, in my lab, mice.
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:57
To understand the brain, well, we need to study brains.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช.
02:01
And for the first time, we actually can.
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ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš,
02:04
We can pop open the hood.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื”
02:06
We can look inside
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ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื
02:07
and do an experiment and see what comes out.
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ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
02:12
Technology has opened new windows into the black box that is our minds.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื” ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืฆื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืคืกื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื ืคืฉ.
02:17
The development of optogenetic tools
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ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”
02:20
has allowed us unprecedented control over specific neurons in the brain
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ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
02:25
and how they talk to each other by firing electrical signals.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืกื™ื’ื ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
02:30
We can genetically engineer neurons to be light sensitive
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื“ืก ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจ
02:33
and then use light to control how neurons fire.
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:37
This can change an animal's behavior,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืข"ื—,
02:39
giving us insight into what that neural circuit can do.
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ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
02:43
Want to know how scientists figure this out?
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืงื• ื–ืืช?
02:47
Scientists developed optogenetic tools by borrowing knowledge
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคืชื—ื• ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข
02:51
from other basic science fields.
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ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื“ืข ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:53
Algae are single-celled organisms that have evolved to swim towards light.
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ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื“ ืชืื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ.
02:58
And when blue light shines onto the eyespot of an algae cell,
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ื›ืฉืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืชื ื”ืืฆื”
03:03
a channel opens, sending an electrical signal
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ื ืคืชื—ืช ืชืขืœื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™
03:05
that makes little flagella flap
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื ื‘ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื” ืœื–ื•ื–
03:07
and propels the algae towards sunlight.
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ื•ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืืฆื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ืจ.
03:10
If we clone this light-sensitive part of the algae
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ืื ื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืจ
03:13
and then add it to neurons through genetic modification,
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ื•ืื– ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™,
03:17
we can make neurons light-sensitive, too.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจ.
03:20
Except, with neurons,
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ืจืง ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื,
03:22
when we shine light down an optical fiber deep into the brain,
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ื›ืฉื ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืกื™ื‘ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืžื•ื—
03:26
we change how they send electrical signals to other neurons in the brain
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ื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ืœื— ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
03:30
and thus change the animal's behavior.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื™ื™ื’ืจื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™.
03:34
With the help of my colleagues,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™,
03:35
I pioneered the use of optogenetic tools
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ื
03:38
to selectively target neurons that are living in point A,
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื'
03:42
sending messages down wires aimed at point B,
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื‘'
03:47
leaving neighboring neurons going other places unaffected.
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ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ืื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ.
03:52
This approach allowed us to test the function of each wire
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ
03:56
within the tangled mess that is our brain.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื—ื ื•.
03:59
A brain region called the amygdala
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื‘ืฉื ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”
04:01
has long been thought to be important for emotion,
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื–ื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
04:04
and my laboratory discovered
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ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืจืื•
04:05
that the amygdala resembles a fork in the road
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ืฉื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆื•ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื
04:08
where activating one path can drive positive emotion and approach,
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ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื
04:12
and activating another path can drive negative emotion and avoidance.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช.
04:18
I'm going to show you a couple of examples --
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืขืช, ืžืก' ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ---
04:20
a taste of raw data --
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ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื•ืœืžื™ --
04:22
of how we can use optogenetics to target specific neurons in the brain
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
04:26
and get very specific changes in behavior.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
04:30
Anxiety patients have abnormal communication
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืจื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช
04:33
between two parts of the amygdala,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”,
04:35
but in people, it's hard to know if this abnormality is cause or effect
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ืืš ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื, ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืื™ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืชื•ืฆืืช
04:40
of the disease.
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ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
04:42
We can use optogenetics to target the same pathway in a mouse,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจ,
04:47
and see what happens.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
04:48
So this is the elevated plus maze.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื•ืš ืžื•ื’ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช +
04:51
It's a widely used anxiety test
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื—ืจื“ื”
04:53
that measures the amount of time
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ
04:55
that the mouse spends in the safety of the closed arms
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ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช
04:58
relative to exploring the open arms.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช
05:01
Mice have evolved to prefer enclosed spaces,
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ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื,
05:04
like the safety of their burrows,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
05:06
but to find food, water, mates,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’
05:08
they need to go out into the open
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืชื•ื—
05:10
where they're more vulnerable to predatory threats.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
05:14
So I'm sitting in the background here,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืจืงืข,
05:16
and I'm about to flip the switch.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื’.
05:18
And now, when I flip the switch and turn the light on,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžืชื’ ืžื•ืจื ื•ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื“ืœืง
05:20
you can see the mouse begins to explore the open arms of the maze more.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš.
05:25
And in contrast to drug treatments for anxiety,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ ืœื—ืจื“ื”,
05:29
there's no sedation, no locomotor impairment,
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืกื“ืฆื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื”,
05:33
just coordinated, natural-looking exploration.
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ืจืง ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
05:37
So not only is the effect almost immediate,
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ืื– ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช,
05:40
but there are no detectable side effects.
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ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
05:43
Now, when I flip the switch off,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืžืชื’,
05:45
you can see that the mouse goes back to its normal brain function
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœื•
05:49
and back to its corner.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืคื™ื ื”.
05:52
When I was in the lab and I was taking these data,
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ื›ืฉืฉื”ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™
05:56
I was all by myself, and I was so excited.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš
05:59
I was so excited, I did one of these quiet screams.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›"ื› ื ืจื’ืฉืช ืฉืฆืจื—ืชื™ ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืฆืจื—ื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ื•ืช
06:02
(Silently) Aah!
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(ื‘ืฉืงื˜) ื™ื”ื”ื”!!!!
06:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:05
Why was I so excited?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš?
06:06
I mean, yeah, theoretically, I knew that the brain controlled the mind,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
06:10
but to flip the switch with my hand
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื’ ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™
06:13
and see the mouse change its behavioral state
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ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื•
06:15
so rapidly and so reversibly,
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ื‘ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื›"ื›
06:17
it was really the first time that I truly believed it.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” , ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš.
06:22
Since that first breakthrough,
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ืžืื– ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
06:24
there have been a number of other discoveries.
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ืืจืขื• ืขื•ื“ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.
06:26
Finding specific neural circuits that can elicit dramatic changes
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ืžืฆื™ืืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื
06:30
in animal behavior.
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ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืข"ื—.
06:32
Here's another example: compulsive overeating.
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ื•ื”ืจื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช: ืื›ื™ืœื” ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
06:36
We can eat for two reasons.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
06:38
Seeking pleasure, like tasty food,
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชืขื ื•ื’, ื›ืžื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื™ื,
06:41
or avoiding pain, like being hungry.
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ืื• ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื›ืื‘, ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืจืขื‘.
06:44
How can we find a treatment for compulsive overeating
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ืช
06:48
without messing up the hunger-driven feeding
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ื”ืจืขื‘
06:50
that we need to survive?
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื• ืœืฉื ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช?
06:52
The first step is to understand
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
06:54
how the brain gives rise to feeding behavior.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”.
06:58
This fully-fed mouse is just exploring a space
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ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืข ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ื—ืœืœ
07:02
completely devoid of any food.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
07:05
Here we're using optogenetics to target neurons living in the hypothalamus,
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก,
07:09
sending messages down wires aimed at the midbrain.
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ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:13
When I turn the light on, right here,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ืœื™ืงื” , ื›ืืŸ, ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ
07:17
you can see that the mouse immediately begins licking the floor.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืœืงืง ืืช ื”ืจืฆืคื”.
07:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:25
This seemingly frenzied behavior
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื–ื•
07:27
is about to escalate into something I find really incredible.
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ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืกืœื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื
07:31
It's kind of trippy, actually.
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ืงืฆืช ื”ื–ื•ื™, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
07:33
Ready?
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื?
07:35
It's right here.
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ื”ื ื”, ื›ืืŸ.
07:37
See, he picks up his hands as if he is eating a piece of food,
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ืจืื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ
07:41
but there's nothing there, he's not holding anything.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:44
So this circuit is sufficient to drive feeding behavior
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ืื– ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืœื’ืจื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
07:48
in the absence of hunger,
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ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืจืขื‘.
07:50
even in the absence of food.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
07:53
I can't know for sure how this mouse is feeling,
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ,
07:56
but I speculate these neurons drive craving
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจืช ืฉื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช
07:59
based on the behaviors we elicit when we target this pathway.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืœื•.
08:04
Turn the light back off --
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ืžื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ--
08:06
animal's back to normal.
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ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
08:08
When we silence this pathway,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
08:11
we can suppress and reduce compulsive overeating
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื›ื ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืงื•ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
08:15
without altering hunger-driven feeding.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืจืขื‘.
08:20
What did you take away from these two videos
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ืื– ืžื” ืœืžื“ืชื ืžืฉื ื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•
08:22
that I just showed you?
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ืฉื”ืจื’ืข ืฆืคื™ืชื ื‘ื”ื?
08:23
That making a very specific change to neural circuits in the brain
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ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
08:27
can have specific changes to behavior.
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
08:30
That every conscious experience that we have
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ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื
08:34
is governed by cells in our brain.
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ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืข"ื™ ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
08:39
I am the daughter of a physicist and a biologist,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
08:42
who literally met on the boat coming to America
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”
08:45
in pursuit of an education.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
08:48
So naturally,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
08:49
since there was "no pressure" to be a scientist ...
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ "ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืฅ" ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช....
08:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:56
as a college student,
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ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ืช ืงื•ืœื’',
08:57
I had to decide whether I wanted to focus on psychology, the study of the mind,
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
09:02
or neuroscience, the study of the brain.
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ืื• ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
09:04
And I chose neuroscience,
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ื•ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
09:06
because I wanted to understand how the mind is born
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ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”
09:09
out of biological tissue.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืจืงืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
09:11
But really, I've come full circle to do both.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
09:13
And now my research program
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™
09:15
bridges the gap between the mind and the brain.
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ืžื’ืฉืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ืžื•ื—.
09:19
Research from my laboratory
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ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
09:20
suggests that we can begin to tie specific neural circuits
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ืžืจืื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืฉืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
09:24
to emotional states.
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ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื.
09:26
And we have found a number of circuits
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื
09:27
that control anxiety-related behavior,
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ืจื“ืชื™ืช,
09:30
compulsive overeating,
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ืื›ื™ืœื” ืงื•ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ืช,
09:32
social interaction, avoidance
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ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช
09:34
and many other types of motivated behaviors
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช
09:36
that may reflect internal emotional states.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื.
09:41
We used to think of functions of the mind as being defined by brain regions.
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ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
09:46
But my work shows that within a given brain region,
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ืืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืžืจืื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืชื•ืŸ,
09:49
there are many different neurons doing different things.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:52
And these functions are partly defined by the paths they take.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื.
09:58
Here's a metaphor to help illustrate
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ื”ื ื” ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื
10:00
how these discoveries change the way that we think about the brain.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
10:05
Let's say that the brain is analogous to the world
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ื‘ื•ื ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื
10:08
and that neurons are analogous to people.
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ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
10:11
And we want to understand how information is transmitted across the planet.
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
10:17
Sure, it's useful to know
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื ื• ืœื“ืขืช
10:18
where a given person is located when recording what they're saying.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ,
10:22
But I would argue that it's equally important
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
10:24
to know who this person is talking to,
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ืœื“ืขืช ืขื ืžื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
10:27
who is listening
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ืžื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘
10:29
and how the people listening respond to the information that they receive.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื.
10:34
The current state of mental health treatment
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ
10:36
is essentially a strategy of trial and error.
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืกื” ื•ื˜ืขื”.
10:40
And it is not working.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“,
10:43
The development of new drug therapies for mental health disorders
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ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช
10:46
has hit a brick wall,
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ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
10:48
with scarcely any real progress since the 1950s.
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ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื—ืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื.
10:52
So what does the future hold?
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ืื– ืžื” ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
10:55
In the near future,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘,
10:56
I expect to see a mental health treatment revolution,
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ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ,
11:00
where we focus on specific neural circuits in the brain.
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ื‘ื” ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
11:03
Diagnoses will be made based on both behavioral symptoms
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ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืชืงื‘ืขื ื” ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ื’ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื
11:07
and measurable brain activity.
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ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช.
11:10
Further in the future,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:12
by combining our ability to make acute changes to the brain
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ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
11:15
and get acute changes to behavior
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืงื•ื˜ื™ื
11:17
with our knowledge of synaptic plasticity to make more permanent changes,
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ื•ืขื ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื,
11:22
we could push the brain into a state of fixing itself
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™
11:25
by reprogramming neural circuits.
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ืข"ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื.
11:28
Exposure therapy at the circuit level.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื.
11:33
Once we switch the brain into a state of self-healing,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™,
11:36
this could potentially have long-lasting effects
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืืคืงื˜ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—
11:38
with no side effects.
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ืœืœื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™.
11:41
I can envision a future where neural circuit reprogramming
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื• ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื
11:45
represents a potential cure, not just a treatment.
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ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืœื ืจืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
11:51
OK, but what about right now?
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ืื•ืงื™, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืขืช ?
11:55
If from this very moment forward,
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ืื ืžืจื’ืข ื–ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš,
11:58
each and every one of you left this talk
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช ืžื›ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•
12:00
and truly believed that the mind comes entirely from cells in your brain,
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžืงื•ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
12:06
then we could immediately get rid of negative perceptions and stigmas
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ืื–ื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื•ืช
12:09
that prevent so many people
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ื”ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
12:11
from getting the mental health support that they need.
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ืžืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”.
12:13
Mental health professionals,
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ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ,
12:15
we're always thinking about what's the next new treatment.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื,
12:18
But before we can apply new treatments,
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืจื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
12:20
we need people to feel comfortable seeking them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื• ื‘ื ื•ื— ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื.
12:24
Imagine how dramatically we could reduce the rates of suicides
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช
12:29
and school shootings
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ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
12:30
if everyone who needed mental health support actually got it.
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ืื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื–ืงื•ืง ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืคืฉื™ , ืื›ืŸ ื™ืคื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœื•.
12:36
When we truly understand exactly how the mind comes from the brain,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืžื•ื—
12:41
we will improve the lives of everyone
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™
12:43
who will have a mental illness in their lifetime --
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ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžื—ืœืช ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื --
12:46
half the population --
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ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” --
12:48
as well as everyone else with whom they share the world.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื™ืžื ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:53
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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