What investigating neural pathways can reveal about mental health | Kay M. Tye

79,980 views ・ 2020-04-07

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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λ²ˆμ—­: Mihye Jeong κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
I'm going to start by saying something you think you know to be true.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ‚¬μ‹€λ‘œ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 것뢀터 μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄ λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
00:18
Your brain creates all facets of your mind.
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우리의 λ‡Œκ°€ 우리의 λͺ¨λ“  정신적 양상듀을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
So then why do we treat mental and physical illnesses
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그런데 μ™œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜κ³Ό 신체 μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μ™œμ΄λ¦¬λ„
00:26
so differently,
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λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μ·¨κΈ‰ν• κΉŒμš”?
00:28
if we think we know that the mind comes from the brain?
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정신이 λ‡Œλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ˜¨λ‹€κ³  정말 μ•Œκ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄μš”.
00:32
As a neuroscientist, I'm often told
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μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μžμΈ 제게 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ’…μ’…
00:34
that I'm not allowed to study how internal states
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λΆˆμ•ˆ, 갈망 λ˜λŠ” 고독과 같은 λ‚΄μ μƒνƒœκ°€
00:37
like anxiety or craving or loneliness
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‡Œλ‘œ λŒ€λ³€λ˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λ©΄ μ•ˆλœλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
00:40
are represented by the brain,
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00:42
and so I decided to set out and do exactly that.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ „ μ •ν™•νžˆ κ·Έκ±Έ ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ 마음 λ¨Ήμ—ˆμ£ .
00:47
My research program is designed to understand the mind
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제 연ꡬ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ€ λ‡Œμ˜ 회둜λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬
00:50
by investigating brain circuits.
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정신을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ„€κ³„λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
Specifically, how does our brain give rise to emotion.
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특히, 우리 λ‡Œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 감정을 μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Όμš”.
00:57
It's really hard to study feelings and emotions,
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감정과 기뢄을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ°λž€ μ–΄λ €μ›Œμš”.
01:00
because you can't measure them.
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그것듀을 μΈ‘μ •ν•  μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†κ±°λ“ μš”.
01:03
Behavior is still the best and only window
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ν–‰λ™λ§Œμ΄ μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ 이의 감정적 κ²½ν—˜μ„
01:07
into the emotional experience of another.
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λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 유일 μ΅œμ„ μ˜ μ°½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
For both animals and people,
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동물과 인간 λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ
01:13
yes, self-report is a behavioral output.
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λ„€, 자기 λ³΄κ³ λŠ” ν–‰λ™μ˜ κ²°κ³Όμ˜ˆμš”.
01:17
Motivated behaviors fall into two general classes:
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λ™κΈ°ν™”λœ 행동은 일반적으둜 두 가지 λΆ€λ₯˜λ‘œ λ‚˜λ‰©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
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μ¦κ±°μ›€μ˜ 좔ꡬ ν˜Ήμ€ κ³ ν†΅μ˜ νšŒν”Ό.
01:24
The ability to approach things that are good for you
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μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œ 쒋은 것듀을 κ°€κΉŒμ΄ ν•˜κ³ 
01:26
and avoid things that are bad for you
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λ‚˜μœ 것듀을 λ©€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯은
01:28
is fundamental to survival.
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ν•„μˆ˜μ  생쑴 λŠ₯λ ₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
And in our modern-day society,
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우리 ν˜„λŒ€ μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ
01:31
trouble telling the difference can be labeled as a mental illness.
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κ·Έ λ‘˜μ„ κ΅¬λ³„ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μœΌλ‘œ 여겨지기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
If I was having car trouble,
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λ§Œμ•½ 제 차에 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μƒκ²¨μ„œ
01:38
and I took my car to the mechanic,
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μ •λΉ„κ³΅μ—κ²Œ κ°€μ Έκ°„λ‹€λ©΄
01:40
the first thing they do is look under the hood.
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μ•„λ§ˆ ν›„λ“œλ₯Ό 맨 λ¨Όμ € μ—΄μ–΄λ³Ό κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
01:44
But with mental health research,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ •μ‹  건강 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ”
01:47
you can't just pop open the hood with the press of a button.
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λ²„νŠΌ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ ν›„λ“œλ₯Ό μ—΄μ–΄λ³Ό μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ£ .
01:50
So this is why we do experiments on animals.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 동물 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•΄μš”.
01:53
Specifically, in my lab, mice.
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특히, 제 연ꡬ싀에선 μ₯λ₯Ό μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
To understand the brain, well, we need to study brains.
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λ©΄ λ‡Œλ₯Ό 연ꡬ해야겠죠.
02:01
And for the first time, we actually can.
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이제 졜초둜 그것이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
We can pop open the hood.
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ν›„λ“œλ₯Ό μ—΄μ–΄λ³Ό 수 있죠.
02:06
We can look inside
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ„ 듀여닀보고
02:07
and do an experiment and see what comes out.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 톡해 κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ§€μΌœλ³Ό 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
02:12
Technology has opened new windows into the black box that is our minds.
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기술이 μ •μ‹ μ΄λž€ 검은 μƒμž μ•ˆμ„ λΉ„μΆ”λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 창을 μ—΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
The development of optogenetic tools
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κ΄‘μœ μ „μž λ„κ΅¬μ˜ κ°œλ°œμ„ 톡해
02:20
has allowed us unprecedented control over specific neurons in the brain
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λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ˜ νŠΉμ • λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 또 그듀이 μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 톡해
02:25
and how they talk to each other by firing electrical signals.
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μ„œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ†Œν†΅ν•  지에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ „λ‘€μ—†λŠ” ν†΅μ œκ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
We can genetically engineer neurons to be light sensitive
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μœ μ „μž μ‘°μž‘μ„ 톡해 λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ΄ 빛에 λ―Όκ°ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ‘°μ •ν•˜κ³ 
02:33
and then use light to control how neurons fire.
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빛을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ˜ μ‹ ν˜Έ ν™œλ™μ„ μ œμ–΄ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
This can change an animal's behavior,
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 λ™λ¬Όμ˜ 행동을 λ°”κΎΈκ³ 
02:39
giving us insight into what that neural circuit can do.
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κ·Έ μ‹ κ²½ 회둜의 역할에 λŒ€ν•œ 이해할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
Want to know how scientists figure this out?
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이런 것듀을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆλƒκ³ μš”?
02:47
Scientists developed optogenetic tools by borrowing knowledge
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 기초 κ³Όν•™ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ 지식듀을 빌렀 κ΄‘μœ μ „μž 도ꡬλ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
from other basic science fields.
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02:53
Algae are single-celled organisms that have evolved to swim towards light.
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μ‘°λ₯˜λŠ” 빛을 ν–₯ν•΄ ν—€μ—„μΉ˜λ„λ‘ μ§„ν™”ν•œ 단세포 μœ κΈ°μ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
And when blue light shines onto the eyespot of an algae cell,
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μ‘°λ₯˜ μ„Έν¬μ˜ μ•ˆμ μ— νŒŒλž€ 빛을 쏘면 μž‘μ€ 편λͺ¨λ₯Ό νŽ„λŸ­μ΄κ²Œ ν•΄
03:03
a channel opens, sending an electrical signal
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κ·Έ μ‘°λ₯˜κ°€ νƒœμ–‘λΉ›μ„ ν–₯ν•΄ λ‚˜μ•„κ°€λ„λ‘
03:05
that makes little flagella flap
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μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ”
03:07
and propels the algae towards sunlight.
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채널이 μ—΄λ¦¬κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
If we clone this light-sensitive part of the algae
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κ·Έ μ‘°λ₯˜μ˜ 빛에 λ―Όκ°ν•œ 뢀뢄을 λ³΅μ œν•œ ν›„
03:13
and then add it to neurons through genetic modification,
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μœ μ „μž λ³€ν˜•μ„ 톡해 λ‰΄λŸ°μ— λΆ€μ°©ν•˜λ©΄
03:17
we can make neurons light-sensitive, too.
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λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€ λ˜ν•œ 빛에 λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“€ 수 있죠.
03:20
Except, with neurons,
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λ‹€λ§Œ, λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ˜ 경우
03:22
when we shine light down an optical fiber deep into the brain,
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λ‡Œ κΉŠμ€ 곳에 μžˆλŠ” κ΄‘μ„¬μœ μ— 빛을 λΉ„μΆ”κ²Œ 되면
03:26
we change how they send electrical signals to other neurons in the brain
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λ‡Œμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 방법을 λ°”κΏ”
03:30
and thus change the animal's behavior.
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결과적으둜 λ™λ¬Όμ˜ ν–‰λ™κΉŒμ§€ λ°”κΎΈκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
With the help of my colleagues,
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λ™λ£Œλ“€μ˜ λ„μ›€μœΌλ‘œ μ €λŠ”
03:35
I pioneered the use of optogenetic tools
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A 지점에 머무λ₯΄λ©° B μ§€μ μœΌλ‘œ
03:38
to selectively target neurons that are living in point A,
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λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ €λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ„ μ„ λ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 겨λƒ₯ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
03:42
sending messages down wires aimed at point B,
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κ΄‘μœ μ „μž λ„κ΅¬μ˜ μ‚¬μš©λ²•μ„ κ°œμ²™ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
leaving neighboring neurons going other places unaffected.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 곳으둜 κ°€λŠ” μ£Όλ³€ λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ— 영ν–₯을 λΌμΉ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄μ„œμš”.
03:52
This approach allowed us to test the function of each wire
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ ‘κ·Ό 덕에 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‡Œ 속에 μ–΄μ§€λŸ½κ²Œ μ–½ν˜€ μžˆλŠ”
03:56
within the tangled mess that is our brain.
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μ „μ„ λ“€ 각각의 κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ‹œν—˜ν•  수 있게 됐죠.
03:59
A brain region called the amygdala
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νŽΈλ„μ²΄λΌ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” λ‡Œ λΆ€μœ„λŠ”
04:01
has long been thought to be important for emotion,
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μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ κ°μ •μ˜ μ£Όμš”κΈ°κ΄€μœΌλ‘œ 여겨져 μ™”λŠ”λ°
04:04
and my laboratory discovered
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저희가 λ°ν˜€λ‚Έ 바에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
04:05
that the amygdala resembles a fork in the road
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νŽΈλ„μ²΄λž€ κ°μ •μ˜ κ°ˆλ¦ΌκΈΈκ³Όλ„ κ°™μ•„μ„œ
04:08
where activating one path can drive positive emotion and approach,
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긍정적인 감정과 μ ‘κ·ΌμœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ„λŠ” 길을 ν™œμ„±ν™” μ‹œν‚€κΈ°λ„ ν•˜κ³ 
04:12
and activating another path can drive negative emotion and avoidance.
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뢀정적인 감정과 νšŒν”Όλ‘œ μ΄λ„λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 길을 ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚€κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
I'm going to show you a couple of examples --
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예λ₯Ό λͺ‡ 가지 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
a taste of raw data --
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ΄‘μœ μ „ν•™κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄
04:22
of how we can use optogenetics to target specific neurons in the brain
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‡Œμ˜ νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ„ 겨λƒ₯ν•˜κ³ 
04:26
and get very specific changes in behavior.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 행동 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆμ„μ§€μš”.
04:30
Anxiety patients have abnormal communication
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λΆˆμ•ˆ μž₯μ•  ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ νŽΈλ„μ²΄μ˜ 두 λΆ€λΆ„ 사이에
04:33
between two parts of the amygdala,
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비정상적인 μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ„ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
but in people, it's hard to know if this abnormality is cause or effect
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 비정상이 μ§ˆλ³‘μ˜ 원인인지 결과인지
04:40
of the disease.
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μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κΈ°κ°€ νž˜λ“€μ£ .
04:42
We can use optogenetics to target the same pathway in a mouse,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ΄‘μœ μ „ν•™μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ₯ 머리 μ•ˆμ˜ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 경둜λ₯Ό 겨λƒ₯ν•˜μ—¬
04:47
and see what happens.
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κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
So this is the elevated plus maze.
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이건 고가식 μ‹­μžν˜• λ―Έλ‘œλΌλŠ” 건데
04:51
It's a widely used anxiety test
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μ₯κ°€ 개방 ν†΅λ‘œμ—μ„œμ™€ 비ꡐ해
04:53
that measures the amount of time
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μ•ˆμ „ν•œ 폐쇄 ν†΅λ‘œμ—μ„œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„μ„
04:55
that the mouse spends in the safety of the closed arms
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λ³΄λƒˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ λΆˆμ•ˆμ„ κ²€μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° 널리 쓰이고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
relative to exploring the open arms.
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05:01
Mice have evolved to prefer enclosed spaces,
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μ₯λŠ” νμ‡„λœ 곡간을 μ„ ν˜Έν•˜κ²Œλ” μ§„ν™”ν–ˆμ£ .
05:04
like the safety of their burrows,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ•ˆμ „ν•œ κ΅΄μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
05:06
but to find food, water, mates,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μŒμ‹, λ¬Ό, 짝을 μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„ 
05:08
they need to go out into the open
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개방된 곳으둜 λ‚˜κ°€μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
where they're more vulnerable to predatory threats.
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ν¬μ‹μžλž€ μœ„ν˜‘μ΄ 더 많이 λ„μ‚¬λ¦¬λŠ” κ³³μœΌλ‘œμš”.
05:14
So I'm sitting in the background here,
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μ œκ°€ 이 뒀에 μ•‰μ•„μ„œ
05:16
and I'm about to flip the switch.
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μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μΌ€ 참인데
05:18
And now, when I flip the switch and turn the light on,
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이제 μ œκ°€ μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό 올리고 λΆˆμ„ 켜면
05:20
you can see the mouse begins to explore the open arms of the maze more.
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μ₯κ°€ 미둜의 개방 ν†΅λ‘œλ₯Ό 더 많이 νƒν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 것이 보일 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:25
And in contrast to drug treatments for anxiety,
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λΆˆμ•ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ•½λ¬Ό μΉ˜λ£Œμ™€λŠ” λŒ€μ‘°μ μœΌλ‘œ
05:29
there's no sedation, no locomotor impairment,
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μ§„μ •μ œ νˆ¬μ—¬λ„ μ „μœ„ 손상도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
just coordinated, natural-looking exploration.
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μ•½κ°„μ˜ 쑰정이 κ°€λ―Έλœ μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ νƒν—˜μ΄μ£ .
05:37
So not only is the effect almost immediate,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” μ¦‰μ‹œμ μΌ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
05:40
but there are no detectable side effects.
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λΆ€μž‘μš©λ„ κ°μ§€λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
Now, when I flip the switch off,
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이제 μ œκ°€ μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό 끄면
05:45
you can see that the mouse goes back to its normal brain function
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μ₯κ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ ν‰λ²”ν•œ λ‡Œ κΈ°λŠ₯을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:49
and back to its corner.
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ꡬ석 자리둜 λŒμ•„κ°€μ£ .
05:52
When I was in the lab and I was taking these data,
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μ „ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ 이 자료λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
05:56
I was all by myself, and I was so excited.
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ν˜Όμžμ„œ 이걸 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³  μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ ν₯λΆ„ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ λͺ°λΌμš”.
05:59
I was so excited, I did one of these quiet screams.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ κΈ°λ»μ„œ 이런 μ‘°μš©ν•œ λΉ„λͺ…을 μ§ˆλ €μ£ .
06:02
(Silently) Aah!
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(μ‘°μš©ν•˜κ²Œ) μ•„!
06:03
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:05
Why was I so excited?
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μ™œ κ·Έλž¬μ„κΉŒμš”?
06:06
I mean, yeah, theoretically, I knew that the brain controlled the mind,
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제 말은 이둠적으둠 저도 λ‡Œκ°€ 정신을 μ‘°μ’…ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 건 μ•Œμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ
06:10
but to flip the switch with my hand
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λ‚΄ μ†μœΌλ‘œ μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό 껐닀 ν‚€λ©΄μ„œ
06:13
and see the mouse change its behavioral state
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μ₯κ°€ 행동 양상이 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ κΈ‰κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ
06:15
so rapidly and so reversibly,
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λ°”λ€Œμ–΄ λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” 것을 λ³΄λ‹ˆ
06:17
it was really the first time that I truly believed it.
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처음으둜 κ·Έκ±Έ μ§„μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 믿게 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
06:22
Since that first breakthrough,
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κ·Έ 첫 돌파ꡬ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ
06:24
there have been a number of other discoveries.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ°œκ²¬λ“€μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:26
Finding specific neural circuits that can elicit dramatic changes
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ‡Œ νšŒλ‘œκ°€ λ™λ¬Όμ˜ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 행동을 μ΄λŒμ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
06:30
in animal behavior.
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06:32
Here's another example: compulsive overeating.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜ˆλ‘œλŠ” 과식증이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
We can eat for two reasons.
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μŒμ‹μ„ λ¨ΉλŠ” 덴 두 가지 이유 μžˆλŠ”λ°
06:38
Seeking pleasure, like tasty food,
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λ§›μžˆλŠ” μŒμ‹μ²˜λŸΌ 즐거우렀고 λ¨Ήκ±°λ‚˜
06:41
or avoiding pain, like being hungry.
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ꡢ주림같은 고톡을 ν”Όν•˜λ €κ³  λ¨Ήμ£ .
06:44
How can we find a treatment for compulsive overeating
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 생쑴에 ν•„μš”ν•œ 배고픔에 μ˜ν•œ 식사λ₯Ό λ§μΉ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄μ„œ
06:48
without messing up the hunger-driven feeding
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06:50
that we need to survive?
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과식증을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:52
The first step is to understand
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맨 λ¨Όμ € λ‡Œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ¨ΉλŠ” ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό
06:54
how the brain gives rise to feeding behavior.
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μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ΄ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•˜μ£ .
06:58
This fully-fed mouse is just exploring a space
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이 λ°°λΆ€λ₯Έ 생μ₯λŠ” μŒμ‹μ΄ μ „ν˜€ μ—†λŠ” 곡간을
07:02
completely devoid of any food.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:05
Here we're using optogenetics to target neurons living in the hypothalamus,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œμƒν•˜λΆ€μ— κ±°μ£Όν•˜λ©° μ€‘λ‡Œλ‘œ λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°μ„
07:09
sending messages down wires aimed at the midbrain.
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겨λƒ₯ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ΄‘μœ μ „ν•™ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:13
When I turn the light on, right here,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ œκ°€ λΆˆμ„ 켜면
07:17
you can see that the mouse immediately begins licking the floor.
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생μ₯κ°€ μ¦‰μ‹œ λ°”λ‹₯을 ν•₯κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” 게 보이죠.
07:20
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:25
This seemingly frenzied behavior
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μ •μ‹ λ‚˜κ°„ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 이 행동은
07:27
is about to escalate into something I find really incredible.
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이제 곧 믿을 수 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ν™•λŒ€λ  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:31
It's kind of trippy, actually.
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사싀 쑰금 λ―ΏκΈ° νž˜λ“€μ–΄μš”.
07:33
Ready?
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μ€€λΉ„ λλ‚˜μš”?
07:35
It's right here.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:37
See, he picks up his hands as if he is eating a piece of food,
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μ₯κ°€ 마치 μŒμ‹μ„ λ¨ΉλŠ” λ“― μ–‘ 손을 λ“€μ–΄μ˜¬λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:41
but there's nothing there, he's not holding anything.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 손 μ•ˆμ—λŠ” 아무것도 μ—†μ£ .
07:44
So this circuit is sufficient to drive feeding behavior
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즉, 이 νšŒλ‘œλŠ” λ°°κ°€ 고프지 μ•Šμ„ λ•Œλ„ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ λ¨ΉλŠ” 행동을
07:48
in the absence of hunger,
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μ΄λŒμ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
even in the absence of food.
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심지어 μŒμ‹μ΄ μ—†λŠ”λ°λ„μš”.
07:53
I can't know for sure how this mouse is feeling,
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이 생μ₯κ°€ 무슨 κΈ°λΆ„μΌμ§€λŠ” ν™•μ‹€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
07:56
but I speculate these neurons drive craving
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μΆ”μΈ‘κ±΄λŒ€ 이 λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ€ κ·Έ μ‹ κ²½ 경둜λ₯Ό 겨λƒ₯ν•  λ•Œ
07:59
based on the behaviors we elicit when we target this pathway.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄‰λ°œμ‹œν‚¨ 행동에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•΄ κ°ˆλ§μ„ μ΄λŒμ–΄ λ‚΄λŠ” λ“―ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
Turn the light back off --
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λ‹€μ‹œ λΆˆμ„ 끄면 μ •μƒμœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ£ .
08:06
animal's back to normal.
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08:08
When we silence this pathway,
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이 경둜λ₯Ό μΉ¨λ¬΅μ‹œν‚€λ©΄
08:11
we can suppress and reduce compulsive overeating
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강박적 과식을 μ–΅λˆ„λ₯΄κ³  κ°μ†Œμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:15
without altering hunger-driven feeding.
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배고픔에 μ˜ν•œ 식사λ₯Ό λŒ€μ²΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ λ„μš”.
08:20
What did you take away from these two videos
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이 두 μ˜μƒμ„ 보고
08:22
that I just showed you?
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무엇을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ…¨λ‚˜μš”?
08:23
That making a very specific change to neural circuits in the brain
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λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ˜μ‹ κ²½ νšŒλ‘œμ— μ•„μ£Ό νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό 쀌으둜써
08:27
can have specific changes to behavior.
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ 행동 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것,
08:30
That every conscious experience that we have
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ˜μ‹μ μΈ 행동듀이
08:34
is governed by cells in our brain.
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우리 λ‡Œμ˜ 세포듀에 μ˜ν•΄ μ§€λ°°λœλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
08:39
I am the daughter of a physicist and a biologist,
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제 λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ€ 각각 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžμ™€ μƒλ¬Όν•™μžμ„Έμš”.
08:42
who literally met on the boat coming to America
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두 뢄은 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 곡뢀λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 미ꡭ으둜 였던 쀑
08:45
in pursuit of an education.
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λ°° μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ§Œλ‚˜μ…¨μ£ .
08:48
So naturally,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ
08:49
since there was "no pressure" to be a scientist ...
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μ œκ°€ κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ λ˜μ•Όν•œλ‹€λŠ” "μ••λ°•"은 μ „ν˜€ μ—†μ—ˆκΈ°μ—...
08:53
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:56
as a college student,
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λŒ€ν•™μƒ λ•Œ
08:57
I had to decide whether I wanted to focus on psychology, the study of the mind,
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정신에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 심리학과 λ‡Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™ 쀑
09:02
or neuroscience, the study of the brain.
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어디에 집쀑할 것인지 κ²°μ •ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
09:04
And I chose neuroscience,
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μ „ μ‹ κ²½ 과학을 κ³¨λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
because I wanted to understand how the mind is born
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ €λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 정신이 생물학적 μ‘°μ§μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
09:09
out of biological tissue.
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νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
09:11
But really, I've come full circle to do both.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‹€μ œλ‘  μ–‘μͺ½ λͺ¨λ‘ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ²Œ 됐죠.
09:13
And now my research program
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이제 제 연ꡬ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ€
09:15
bridges the gap between the mind and the brain.
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λ‡Œμ™€ μ •μ‹  μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 간극을 이어주고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
Research from my laboratory
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제 μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ—μ„œμ˜ 연ꡬ가
09:20
suggests that we can begin to tie specific neural circuits
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이제 νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ‡Œ νšŒλ‘œλ“€μ„ 감정 μƒνƒœλ“€κ³Ό
09:24
to emotional states.
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묢을 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ£ .
09:26
And we have found a number of circuits
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μ €ν¬λŠ” λΆˆμ•ˆκ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ ν–‰λ™μ΄λ‚˜
09:27
that control anxiety-related behavior,
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강박적 과식, μ‚¬νšŒμ  μƒν˜Έκ΄€κ³„, νšŒν”Ό
09:30
compulsive overeating,
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그리고 내적 κ°μ •μƒνƒœλ₯Ό
09:32
social interaction, avoidance
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λ°˜μ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯Ό
09:34
and many other types of motivated behaviors
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ λ™κΈ°ν™”λœ 행동듀을 ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ”
09:36
that may reflect internal emotional states.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ νšŒλ‘œλ“€μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:41
We used to think of functions of the mind as being defined by brain regions.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 정신적 κΈ°λŠ₯듀이 λ‡Œμ˜μ—­μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ •μ˜λœλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄μ™”μ§€λ§Œ
09:46
But my work shows that within a given brain region,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 제 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 주어진 λ‡Œ μ˜μ—­ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
09:49
there are many different neurons doing different things.
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 일을 ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ΄ μžˆλ‹€ μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ£ .
09:52
And these functions are partly defined by the paths they take.
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그리고 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κΈ°λŠ₯듀은 λΆ€λΆ„μ μœΌλ‘œ 그듀이 μ·¨ν•˜λŠ” κ²½λ‘œμ— μ˜ν•΄ μ •μ˜λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:58
Here's a metaphor to help illustrate
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°œκ²¬λ“€μ΄ λ‡Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ
10:00
how these discoveries change the way that we think about the brain.
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우리의 사고방식을 바꿔쀄지 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λΉ„μœ λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ λ“€κ²Œμš”.
10:05
Let's say that the brain is analogous to the world
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό 이 세상과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
10:08
and that neurons are analogous to people.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄λΌκ³  μΉ˜κ³ μš”.
10:11
And we want to understand how information is transmitted across the planet.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 정보가 μ „μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ μ „μ†‘λ˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:17
Sure, it's useful to know
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
10:18
where a given person is located when recording what they're saying.
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λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것을 기둝할 λ•Œ 어디에 μžˆλŠ” 지 μ•ˆλ‹€λ©΄ μœ μš©ν•˜κ² μ£ .
10:22
But I would argue that it's equally important
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ €λŠ” 이 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λˆ„κ΅¬μ—κ²Œ λ§ν•˜κ³ 
10:24
to know who this person is talking to,
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λˆ„κ°€ λ“£κ³ , 또 그듀이
10:27
who is listening
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μžμ‹ μ΄ 받은 정보에 λŒ€ν•΄
10:29
and how the people listening respond to the information that they receive.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€κ°€ λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:34
The current state of mental health treatment
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μ •μ‹  건강 치료의 ν˜„ μƒνƒœλŠ”
10:36
is essentially a strategy of trial and error.
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본질적으둜 μ‹œν–‰μ°©μ˜€ μ „λž΅μΈλ°
10:40
And it is not working.
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효과λ₯Ό 보지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³  있죠.
10:43
The development of new drug therapies for mental health disorders
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μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•½λ¬Ό μš”λ²•μ˜ κ°œλ°œμ€
10:46
has hit a brick wall,
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λ‚œκ΄€μ— λΆ€λ”ͺν˜”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
with scarcely any real progress since the 1950s.
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1950λ…„λŒ€ 이래둠 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ 진전이 μ—†μ΄μš”.
10:52
So what does the future hold?
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λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
10:55
In the near future,
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μ €λŠ” κ°€κΉŒμš΄ λ―Έλž˜μ—
10:56
I expect to see a mental health treatment revolution,
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μ •μ‹  건강 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ— 혁λͺ…이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ¦¬λΌ κΈ°λŒ€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:00
where we focus on specific neural circuits in the brain.
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λ‡Œμ˜ νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ‹ κ²½ νšŒλ‘œμ— μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜λŠ” μ‹μœΌλ‘œμš”.
11:03
Diagnoses will be made based on both behavioral symptoms
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진단은 행동적 증상과 μΈ‘μ • κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λ‡Œ ν™œλ™
11:07
and measurable brain activity.
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λͺ¨λ‘μ— κ·Όκ±°ν•΄ λ‚΄λ €μ§ˆ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:10
Further in the future,
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더 λ¨Ό λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ”
11:12
by combining our ability to make acute changes to the brain
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λ‡Œμ— κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
11:15
and get acute changes to behavior
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κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ 행동 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ–»λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό
11:17
with our knowledge of synaptic plasticity to make more permanent changes,
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보닀 영ꡬ적인 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ κ°€μ†Œμ„±μ— λŒ€ν•œ 지식을 합쳐
11:22
we could push the brain into a state of fixing itself
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λ‡Œκ°€ μ‹ κ²½ 회둜λ₯Ό μž¬ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ°ν•΄ μžκ°€ 회볡 μƒνƒœμ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ²Œ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
11:25
by reprogramming neural circuits.
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11:28
Exposure therapy at the circuit level.
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회둜 μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œμ˜ λ…ΈμΆœ 치료죠.
11:33
Once we switch the brain into a state of self-healing,
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일단 우리 λ‡Œλ₯Ό μžκ°€ 치료 μƒνƒœλ‘œ μ „ν™˜μ‹œν‚€λ©΄
11:36
this could potentially have long-lasting effects
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아무 λΆ€μž‘μš© 없이도 잠재적으둜 였래 μ§€μ†λ˜λŠ” 효과λ₯Ό λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
11:38
with no side effects.
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11:41
I can envision a future where neural circuit reprogramming
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μ €λŠ” λ‡ŒνšŒλ‘œμ˜ μž¬νŽΈμ„±μ΄ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ²˜μΉ˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ
11:45
represents a potential cure, not just a treatment.
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잠재적인 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄ 될 미래λ₯Ό 그릴 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:51
OK, but what about right now?
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μ’‹μ•„μš”, 그럼 μ§€κΈˆ λ‹Ήμž₯은 μ–΄λ–‘ν• κΉŒμš”?
11:55
If from this very moment forward,
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λ§Œμ•½ λ°”λ‘œ μ§€κΈˆ 이 μˆœκ°„λΆ€ν„°
11:58
each and every one of you left this talk
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이 κ°•μ˜κ°€ λλ‚œ 이후에 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€
12:00
and truly believed that the mind comes entirely from cells in your brain,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 정신이 μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‡Œμ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ 믿게 λœλ‹€λ©΄
12:06
then we could immediately get rid of negative perceptions and stigmas
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λ‹Ήμž₯이라도 μ •μ‹  μΉ˜λ£Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 뢀정적 인식과 였λͺ…을 μ²™κ²°ν•˜κ³ 
12:09
that prevent so many people
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ κΌ­ ν•„μš”ν•œ μ •μ‹  건강적 지원을 λ°›κ²Œλ” ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
from getting the mental health support that they need.
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12:13
Mental health professionals,
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μ •μ‹  건강 전문가듀은
12:15
we're always thinking about what's the next new treatment.
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늘 이 λ‹€μŒμ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ— λŒ€ν•΄ κ³ λ―Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:18
But before we can apply new treatments,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•λ“€μ„ μ μš©ν•˜κΈ° 전에
12:20
we need people to feel comfortable seeking them.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 그것듀을 μ°ΎλŠ”λ° λΆˆνŽΈν•΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μ•Όλ§Œ ν•΄μš”.
12:24
Imagine how dramatically we could reduce the rates of suicides
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 극적으둜 μžμ‚΄λ₯ κ³Ό 학ꡐ μ΄κΈ°λ‚œμ‚¬ 사건듀을 μ€„μ΄κ²Œ 될지
12:29
and school shootings
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μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
12:30
if everyone who needed mental health support actually got it.
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정신건강적 지원이 ν•„μš”ν•œ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 그것을 λ°›κ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄μš”.
12:36
When we truly understand exactly how the mind comes from the brain,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 정신이 λ‡Œλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ˜€λŠ”μ§€ 이해할 λ•Œ
12:41
we will improve the lives of everyone
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ μ‚Άμ˜ μ§ˆμ€ ν–₯상될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
who will have a mental illness in their lifetime --
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평생 ν•œ λ²ˆμ€ μ •μ‹ μ§ˆν™œμ„ μ•“κ²Œ 될
12:46
half the population --
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인ꡬ의 μ ˆλ°˜μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄μ„œμš”.
12:48
as well as everyone else with whom they share the world.
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κ·Έλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ μ‚΄μ•„κ°ˆ λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌμš”.
12:53
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:54
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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