Uri Alon: Why truly innovative science demands a leap into the unknown

153,560 views ใƒป 2014-06-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Hanni Manor ืžื‘ืงืจ: Oren Szekatch
00:12
In the middle of my Ph.D.,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™,
00:14
I was hopelessly stuck.
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ื ืชืงืขืชื™, ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆื.
00:17
Every research direction that I tried
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ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™
00:19
led to a dead end.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื.
00:21
It seemed like my basic assumptions
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ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื™
00:23
just stopped working.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:25
I felt like a pilot flying through the mist,
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืฉื˜ืก ื‘ืขืจืคืœ,
00:28
and I lost all sense of direction.
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ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
00:30
I stopped shaving.
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ื”ืคืกืงืชื™ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื—.
00:32
I couldn't get out of bed in the morning.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงื•ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
00:35
I felt unworthy
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจืื•ื™
00:36
of stepping across the gates of the university,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
00:39
because I wasn't like Einstein or Newton
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืคื” ืื ื™ ื•ืื™ืคื” ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ,
00:42
or any other scientist whose results
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ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ืœืžื“ืชื™.
00:44
I had learned about, because in science,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ืžื“ืข,
00:45
we just learn about the results, not the process.
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ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช - ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
00:49
And so obviously, I couldn't be a scientist.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ, ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขืŸ.
00:53
But I had enough support
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ืœืžื–ืœื™, ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“
00:55
and I made it through
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ,
00:56
and discovered something new about nature.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
00:59
This is an amazing feeling of calmness,
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ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
01:01
being the only person in the world
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืืชื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:03
who knows a new law of nature.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื“ืฉ.
01:05
And I started the second project in my Ph.D,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜,
01:08
and it happened again.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืงืจื”.
01:09
I got stuck and I made it through.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืชืงืขืชื™, ื•ื’ื ื”ืคืขื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
01:12
And I started thinking,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืจืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
01:13
maybe there's a pattern here.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข.
01:14
I asked the other graduate students, and they said,
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื•,
01:16
"Yeah, that's exactly what happened to us,
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"ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœื ื•,
01:18
except nobody told us about it."
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ืจืง ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื–ื”."
01:20
We'd all studied science as if it's a series
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื“ืขื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ
01:22
of logical steps between question and answer,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืืœื” ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
01:26
but doing research is nothing like that.
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ืืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:29
At the same time, I was also studying
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื’ื ืžืฉื—ืง,
01:31
to be an improvisation theater actor.
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ื‘ืกื“ื ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืืœืชื•ืจ.
01:33
So physics by day,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
01:35
and by night, laughing, jumping, singing,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืฃ, ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง, ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”,
01:37
playing my guitar.
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ื•ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™.
01:38
Improvisation theater,
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ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืืœืชื•ืจ,
01:39
just like science, goes into the unknown,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื“ืข, ื—ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข.
01:42
because you have to make a scene onstage
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ืขืœื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืฆื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง,
01:44
without a director, without a script,
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ืœืœื ื‘ืžืื™, ื•ืœืœื ืชืกืจื™ื˜,
01:46
without having any idea what you'll portray
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืฉืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืชื’ืœื,
01:48
or what the other characters will do.
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ืื• ืžื” ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื’ื” ื™ืขืฉื•.
01:50
But unlike science,
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ืืš, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ืข,
01:52
in improvisation theater, they tell you from day one
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ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืืœืชื•ืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
01:55
what's going to happen to you when you get onstage.
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”.
01:57
You're going to fail miserably.
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ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ, ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื—ืจื•ืฅ.
02:00
You're going to get stuck.
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ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ืชืงืข.
02:01
And we would practice staying creative
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ื‘ืกื“ื ื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื,
02:03
inside that stuck place.
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ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื.
02:05
For example, we had an exercise
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืชืจื’ื™ืœ
02:06
where we all stood in a circle,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ,
02:08
and each person had to do the world's worst tap dance,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืกื˜ืคืก, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
02:11
and everybody else applauded
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ื—ืื™ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื,
02:12
and cheered you on,
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ืžืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื•,
02:13
supporting you onstage.
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ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”.
02:16
When I became a professor
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
02:18
and had to guide my own students
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™
02:19
through their research projects,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:21
I realized again,
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ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื•ื‘
02:23
I don't know what to do.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืขืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
02:24
I'd studied thousands of hours of physics,
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
02:26
biology, chemistry,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
02:28
but not one hour, not one concept
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืœื ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืืงื“ืžื™ ืื—ื“
02:30
on how to mentor, how to guide someone
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ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœืฉืืœื” ืื™ืš ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืื—ืจื™ื
02:33
to go together into the unknown,
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ื•ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื ื‘ืžืกืข ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข,
02:35
about motivation.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืกืข.
02:37
So I turned to improvisation theater,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื ืœืขื–ืจืชื™ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืชื•ืจ.
02:39
and I told my students from day one
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™
02:41
what's going to happen when you start research,
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ,
02:44
and this has to do with our mental schema
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืกื›ืžื” ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
02:45
of what research will be like.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื•.
02:47
Because you see, whenever people do anything,
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ื•ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
02:50
for example if I want to touch this blackboard,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ื”,
02:52
my brain first builds up a schema,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืกื›ืžื”
02:54
a prediction of exactly what my muscles will do
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ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ืคืขืœื• ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™,
02:56
before I even start moving my hand,
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ื•ื–ืืช, ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื™ื“ื™,
02:58
and if I get blocked,
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ื ื—ืกื ื‘ื“ืจืš,
03:00
if my schema doesn't match reality,
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ืื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
03:02
that causes extra stress called cognitive dissonance.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
03:04
That's why your schemas had better match reality.
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ืจืฆื•ื™, ืœื›ืŸ, ืฉื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืชืืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
03:07
But if you believe the way science is taught,
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ืืš ืื ื ืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื,
03:10
and if you believe textbooks, you're liable
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ื•ื ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
03:12
to have the following schema of research.
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ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื–ื•:
03:18
If A is the question,
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ืื A ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืืœื”,
03:22
and B is the answer,
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ื•- B ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
03:25
then research is a direct path.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืž- A ืœ- B.
03:30
The problem is that if an experiment doesn't work,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—,
03:33
or a student gets depressed,
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ืื• ืื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืžืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ,
03:36
it's perceived as something utterly wrong
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืชืคืก ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืจื™ื’, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช,
03:38
and causes tremendous stress.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžื•ืขืงื” ืงืฉื”.
03:42
And that's why I teach my students
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™
03:43
a more realistic schema.
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ืกื›ืžื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:50
Here's an example
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ื•ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
03:52
where things don't match your schema.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœืš ...
03:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:13
So I teach my students a different schema.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืกื›ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:17
If A is the question,
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ืื A ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืืœื”,
04:19
B is the answer,
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ื•- B ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
04:25
stay creative in the cloud,
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ืชืฉืืจื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ืŸ,
04:26
and you start going,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื“ืจืš,
04:28
and experiments don't work, experiments don't work,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื,
04:31
experiments don't work, experiments don't work,
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื,
04:33
until you reach a place linked with negative emotions
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ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ,
04:36
where it seems like your basic assumptions
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื›ื
04:38
have stopped making sense,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:39
like somebody yanked the carpet beneath your feet.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืš ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื›ื ...
04:42
And I call this place the cloud.
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ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื, ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ื”ืขื ืŸ.
04:59
Now you can be lost in the cloud
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืฉ ื‘ืืคืœื” ื‘ืขื ืŸ
05:02
for a day, a week, a month, a year,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื, ืื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื• ืฉื ื”,
05:04
a whole career,
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ืื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื.
05:06
but sometimes, if you're lucky enough
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ืœ,
05:08
and you have enough support,
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ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืชืžื™ื›ื”,
05:10
you can see in the materials at hand,
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ืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื,
05:12
or perhaps meditating on the shape of the cloud,
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ืื•, ืื•ืœื™, ืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืขื ืŸ,
05:15
a new answer,
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
05:19
C, and you decide to go for it.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” C, ื•ืืชื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
05:22
And experiments don't work, experiments don't work,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื,
05:25
but you get there,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื”,
05:26
and then you tell everyone about it
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
05:28
by publishing a paper that reads A arrow C,
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ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื•, ืž- A ืœ- C,
05:31
which is a great way to communicate,
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ื•ื–ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช,
05:33
but as long as you don't forget the path
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ื ื›ื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš
05:35
that brought you there.
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืชื›ื ืืœื™ื”.
05:37
Now this cloud is an inherent part
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืชื™
05:39
of research, an inherent part of our craft,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื ื•,
05:42
because the cloud stands guard at the boundary.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืขื ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
05:49
It stands guard at the boundary
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
05:51
between the known
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ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข
05:57
and the unknown,
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข,
06:05
because in order to discover something truly new,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช,
06:07
at least one of your basic assumptions has to change,
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื›ื,
06:10
and that means that in science,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžื“ืข,
06:12
we do something quite heroic.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืื™ ืžืžืฉ.
06:14
Every day, we try to bring ourselves
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
06:15
to the boundary between the known and the unknown
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ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข,
06:17
and face the cloud.
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ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืขื ืŸ.
06:19
Now notice that I put B
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ืžื™ืงืžืชื™ ืืช B
06:21
in the land of the known,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข,
06:22
because we knew about it in the beginning,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” B ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœื ื• ืžืจืืฉ,
06:23
but C is always more interesting
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ืืš, ืชืžื™ื“, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” C ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:27
and more important than B.
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ื•ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” B.
06:30
So B is essential in order to get going,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” B ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืกืข,
06:32
but C is much more profound,
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ืืš ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” C ืขืžื•ืงื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:34
and that's the amazing thing about resesarch.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™.
06:38
Now just knowing that word, the cloud,
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืขื ืŸ,
06:40
has been transformational in my research group,
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ื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™,
06:43
because students come to me and say,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™,
06:45
"Uri, I'm in the cloud,"
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"ืื•ืจื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื ืŸ,"
06:46
and I say, "Great, you must be feeling miserable."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื, "ื ืคืœื! ืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื."
06:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:52
But I'm kind of happy,
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ืืš ื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉืžื— ืื•ืชื™,
06:54
because we might be close to the boundary
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ
06:55
between the known and the unknown,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข,
06:57
and we stand a chance of discovering
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
06:59
something truly new,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช.
07:01
since the way our mind works,
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”,
07:02
it's just knowing that the cloud
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื ืŸ
07:05
is normal, it's essential,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš,
07:10
and in fact beautiful,
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ื•ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉื‘ื•.
07:11
we can join the Cloud Appreciation Society,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื•ืงืจืช ื”ืขื ืŸ ...
07:14
and it detoxifies the feeling that something
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ื”ืขื ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืขื™ืงื”
07:16
is deeply wrong with me.
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืืชื ื•.
07:19
And as a mentor, I know what to do,
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ื•ื›ืžื ื—ื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืขืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
07:21
which is to step up my support for the student,
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ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
07:24
because research in psychology shows
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืจืื”
07:25
that if you're feeling fear and despair,
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ืฉืื ืืชื” ื—ืฉ ืคื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ,
07:29
your mind narrows down
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืš ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช
07:30
to very safe and conservative ways of thinking.
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ืœืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:32
If you'd like to explore the risky paths
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื,
07:34
needed to get out of the cloud,
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ืฉืจืง ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชืš ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื ืŸ,
07:35
you need other emotions --
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ืืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช --
07:37
solidarity, support, hope โ€”
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ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” --
07:39
that come with your connection from somebody else,
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ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื–ื•ืœืช.
07:41
so like in improvisation theater,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืชื•ืจ,
07:43
in science, it's best to walk into the unknown
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ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•
07:45
together.
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ืœืžืกืข ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ื”ื ื•ื“ืข.
07:47
So knowing about the cloud,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืŸ,
07:49
you also learn from improvisation theater
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืชื•ืจ ื’ื
07:53
a very effective way to have conversations
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื
07:55
inside the cloud.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื ืŸ.
07:57
It's based on the central principle
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
07:59
of improvisation theater,
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ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืชื•ืจ,
08:01
so here improvisation theater
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ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืชื•ืจ
08:02
came to my help again.
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ื‘ื ืœืขื–ืจืชื™.
08:03
It's called saying "Yes, and"
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” "ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื• ..."
08:05
to the offers made by other actors.
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ืœื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:16
That means accepting the offers
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื”,
08:19
and building on them, saying, "Yes, and."
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ื•ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื ื™ื "ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื• ...."
08:21
For example, if one actor says,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ,
08:22
"Here is a pool of water,"
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"ืชืจืื•, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื,"
08:24
and the other actor says,
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ื•ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืžืจ,
08:25
"No, that's just a stage,"
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"ืœื, ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ืžื”,"
08:27
the improvisation is over.
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืืœืชื•ืจ.
08:28
It's dead, and everybody feels frustrated.
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ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื ืชืกื›ื•ืœ.
08:32
That's called blocking.
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ื–ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืกืžืช.
08:33
If you're not mindful of communications,
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ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืขื™ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
08:35
scientific conversations can have a lot of blocking.
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
08:38
Saying "Yes, and" sounds like this.
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ืืš ืื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื "ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื• ...," ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื›ื–ื”:
08:40
"Here is a pool of water." "Yeah, let's jump in."
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"ืชืจืื•, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื," "ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืชื•ื›ื”."
08:43
"Look, there's a whale! Let's grab it by its tail.
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"ืชืจืื•, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ! ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื–ื ื‘.
08:46
It's pulling us to the moon!"
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ืจื—!"
08:48
So saying "Yes, and" bypasses our inner critic.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื• ..." ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:51
We all have an inner critic
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ืงืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™
08:52
that kind of guards what we say,
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ืฉืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
08:54
so people don't think that we're obscene
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ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžืืชื ื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ืกื™ ืจื•ื—,
08:56
or crazy or unoriginal,
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ืื• ื›ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืคื•ื™ื™ื, ืื• ื›ืœื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื,
08:57
and science is full of the fear
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืจื“ื•ืฃ ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช
08:58
of appearing unoriginal.
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ืฉืžื ื™ื™ืจืื” ืœื ืžืงื•ืจื™.
09:00
Saying "Yes, and" bypasses the critic
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” "ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื• ..." ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™
09:02
and unlocks hidden voices of creativity
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื‘ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•,
09:04
you didn't even know that you had,
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ืฉืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืืคื™ืœื•,
09:06
and they often carry the answer
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ื•ืืฉืจ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
09:08
about the cloud.
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ืื•ืชื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื ืŸ.
09:10
So you see, knowing about the cloud
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื›ืฉื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื ืŸ
09:13
and about saying "Yes, and"
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” "ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื• ..."
09:14
made my lab very creative.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช.
09:17
Students started playing off of each others' ideas,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
09:20
and we made surprising discoveries
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช
09:22
in the interface between physics and biology.
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ื‘ืžืžืฉืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
09:25
For example, we were stuck for a year
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื”
09:28
trying to understand the intricate
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช
09:29
biochemical networks inside our cells,
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ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื•,
09:31
and we said, "We are deeply in the cloud,"
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ื•ืืžืจื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื•, "ืื ื—ื ื• ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืขื ืŸ,"
09:34
and we had a playful conversation
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ืืš ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ื”ืฉืชืขืฉื ื• ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
09:36
where my student Shai Shen Orr said,
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ื•ืื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืฉื™ ืฉืŸ-ืื•ืจ, ืืžืจ,
09:38
"Let's just draw this on a piece of paper, this network,"
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"ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื•."
09:41
and instead of saying,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ,
09:42
"But we've done that so many times
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"ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื
09:44
and it doesn't work,"
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“,"
09:45
I said, "Yes, and
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ื›ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื• ..."
09:48
let's use a very big piece of paper,"
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ื“ืฃ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,"
09:50
and then Ron Milo said,
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ื•ืื– ืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ื ืืžืจ,
09:51
"Let's use a gigantic architect's
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"ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ,
09:53
blueprint kind of paper, and I know where to print it,"
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ื›ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื˜."
09:55
and we printed out the network and looked at it,
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ื”ื“ืคืกื ื• ืืช ืกืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืจืฉืช, ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื•,
09:58
and that's where we made our most important discovery,
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ื•ืื– ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:00
that this complicated network is just made
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
10:02
of a handful of simple, repeating interaction patterns
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ืžื›ืžื” ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื,
10:06
like motifs in a stained glass window.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™.
10:09
We call them network motifs,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉืช.
10:11
and they're the elementary circuits
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื
10:13
that help us understand
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:15
the logic of the way cells make decisions
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ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื,
10:17
in all organisms, including our body.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
10:20
Soon enough, after this,
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ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”,
10:22
I started being invited to give talks
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช
10:24
to thousands of scientists across the world,
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:27
but the knowledge about the cloud
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ืืš ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื ืŸ
10:29
and saying "Yes, and"
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ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ,ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื• ..."
10:30
just stayed within my own lab,
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ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™,
10:32
because you see, in science, we don't talk about the process,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืžื“ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
10:34
anything subjective or emotional.
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ืื• ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื• ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
10:36
We talk about the results.
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ื‘ืžื“ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
10:38
So there was no way to talk about it in conferences.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.
10:40
That was unthinkable.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช.
10:42
And I saw scientists in other groups get stuck
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืชืงืขื•,
10:44
without even having a word to describe
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ
10:46
what they're seeing,
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ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื ืงืœืขื•,
10:47
and their ways of thinking
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ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื
10:49
narrowed down to very safe paths,
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ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื” ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:50
their science didn't reach its full potential,
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ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžืœื,
10:52
and they were miserable.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉื• ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื.
10:53
I thought, that's the way it is.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ืื ื›ืš,
10:55
I'll try to make my lab as creative as possible,
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ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
10:57
and if everybody else does the same,
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ื•ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืš,
10:59
science will eventually become
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™
11:01
more and more better and better.
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ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ืฉืชื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:04
That way of thinking got turned on its head
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ื ื—ืฉืคืชื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
11:06
when by chance I went to hear Evelyn Fox Keller
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœ
11:09
give a talk about her experiences
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ืื•ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืคื•ืงืก ืงืœืจ, ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”
11:10
as a woman in science.
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ื›ืืฉื” ื‘ืžื“ืข.
11:12
And she asked,
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ื”ื™ื ืคื ืชื” ืœืงื”ืœ ื•ืฉืืœื”,
11:14
"Why is it that we don't talk about the subjective
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"ืžื“ื•ืข, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื
11:16
and emotional aspects of doing science?
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ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช?
11:18
It's not by chance. It's a matter of values."
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื™. ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื."
11:22
You see, science seeks knowledge
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ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ืžื“ืข ื—ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื“ืข,
11:24
that's objective and rational.
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ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.
11:26
That's the beautiful thing about science.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžื“ืข.
11:28
But we also have a cultural myth
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™
11:30
that the doing of science,
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ืฉืœืคื™ื•, ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
11:31
what we do every day to get that knowledge,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
11:33
is also only objective and rational,
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ื’ื ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช,
11:36
like Mr. Spock.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืกืคื•ืง.
11:38
And when you label something
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืชื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
11:40
as objective and rational,
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ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™,
11:42
automatically, the other side,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™, ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
11:43
the subjective and emotional,
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ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™,
11:45
become labeled as non-science
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ืžืชื•ื™ื’ ื›ืœื ืžื“ืขื™
11:47
or anti-science or threatening to science,
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ืื• ื›ืื ื˜ื™-ืžื“ืขื™ ืื• ื›ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข,
11:49
and we just don't talk about it.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
11:51
And when I heard that,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื–ื ืชื™ ืœื”, ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืš
11:53
that science has a culture,
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ืฉืœืžื“ืข ื™ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
11:55
everything clicked into place for me,
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ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจ ืœื™ ืœืคืชืข,
11:56
because if science has a culture,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ืœืžื“ืข ื™ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
11:58
culture can be changed,
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
11:59
and I can be a change agent
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
12:01
working to change the culture of science wherever I could.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
12:03
And so the very next lecture I gave in a conference,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื›ื ืก ืžื“ืขื™,
12:07
I talked about my science,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœื™,
12:08
and then I talked about the importance
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ
12:10
of the subjective and emotional aspects of doing science
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ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
12:12
and how we should talk about them,
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ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื.
12:13
and I looked at the audience,
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ, ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™
12:14
and they were cold.
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ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืคืœื• ืขืœ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจืœื•ืช.
12:17
They couldn't hear what I was saying
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ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืงืœื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื™
12:20
in the context of a 10 back-to-back
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืœืขืฉืจ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช,
12:21
PowerPoint presentation conference.
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ืžืœื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื’ื•ืช ืคืื•ืืจ ืคื•ื™ื ื˜, ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ื ืก.
12:23
And I tried again and again, conference after conference,
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื›ื ืก ืื—ืจ ื›ื ืก,
12:25
but I wasn't getting through.
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ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ.
12:28
I was in the cloud.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืขื ืŸ.
12:31
And eventually I managed to get out the cloud
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ืืš, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืขื ืŸ
12:34
using improvisation and music.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืืœืชื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”.
12:37
Since then, every conference I go to,
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ืžืื–, ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื ืก ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื•,
12:40
I give a science talk and a second, special talk
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ืื ื™ ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืฆืื”,
12:43
called "Love and fear in the lab,"
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ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืคื—ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”."
12:45
and I start it off by doing a song
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืฉืจ
12:47
about scientists' greatest fear,
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ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
12:49
which is that we work hard,
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื”,
12:52
we discover something new,
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ,
12:55
and somebody else publishes it before we do.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
12:58
We call it being scooped,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ืงื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืกืงื•ืค,
13:01
and being scooped feels horrible.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืคืกื™ื“ ืกืงื•ืค, ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืื™ื•ืžื”.
13:04
It makes us afraid to talk to each other,
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ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืžืืชื ื• ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
13:06
which is no fun,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื ืขื™ื,
13:07
because we came to science to share our ideas
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
13:10
and to learn from each other,
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืฉ ืžืจืขื”ื•.
13:11
and so I do a blues song,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื–,
13:17
which โ€” (Applause) โ€”
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ืฉ ... - (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื) -
13:22
called "Scooped Again,"
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ืฉื ืงืจื "ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™ ืกืงื•ืค,"
13:25
and I ask the audience to be my backup singers,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืื–ื™ื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื™,
13:28
and I tell them, "Your text is 'Scoop, Scoop.'"
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ื•ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, "ืกืงื•ืค, ืกืงื•ืค."
13:32
It sounds like this: "Scoop, scoop!"
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืš: "ืกืงื•ืค, ืกืงื•ืค!"
13:35
Sounds like this.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข.
13:36
โ™ช I've been scooped again โ™ช
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โ™ช ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™ ืกืงื•ืค โ™ช
13:38
โ™ช Scoop! Scoop! โ™ช
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โ™ช ืกืงื•ืค! ืกืงื•ืค! โ™ช
13:39
And then we go for it.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”,
13:41
โ™ช I've been scooped again โ™ช
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โ™ช ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™ ืกืงื•ืค โ™ช
13:43
โ™ช Scoop! Scoop! โ™ช
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โ™ช ืกืงื•ืค! ืกืงื•ืค! โ™ช
13:44
โ™ช I've been scooped again โ™ช
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โ™ช ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™ ืกืงื•ืค โ™ช
13:46
โ™ช Scoop! Scoop! โ™ช
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โ™ช ืกืงื•ืค! ืกืงื•ืค! โ™ช
13:47
โ™ช I've been scooped again โ™ช
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โ™ช ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™ ืกืงื•ืค โ™ช
13:49
โ™ช Scoop! Scoop! โ™ช
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โ™ช ืกืงื•ืค! ืกืงื•ืค! โ™ช
13:51
โ™ช I've been scooped again โ™ช
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โ™ช ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™ ืกืงื•ืค โ™ช
13:52
โ™ช Scoop! Scoop! โ™ช
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โ™ช ืกืงื•ืค! ืกืงื•ืค! โ™ช
13:54
โ™ช Oh mama, can't you feel my pain โ™ช
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โ™ช ื”ื• ืืžื, ืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื™? โ™ช
13:57
โ™ช Heavens help me, I've been scooped again โ™ช
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โ™ช ื”ื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™, ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™ ืกืงื•ืค โ™ช
14:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:09
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
14:10
Thank you for your backup singing.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื–ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื™.
14:12
So everybody starts laughing, starts breathing,
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ื•ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง, ื•ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืชื—,
14:14
notices that there's other scientists around them
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ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
14:16
with shared issues,
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ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืชื ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
14:17
and we start talking about the emotional
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
14:19
and subjective things that go on in research.
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™,
14:21
It feels like a huge taboo has been lifted.
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ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืกืจ ื˜ืื‘ื• ืขืฆื•ื.
14:23
Finally, we can talk about this in a scientific conference.
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ืกื•ืฃ, ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื›ื ืก ืžื“ืขื™.
14:26
And scientists have gone on to form peer groups
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ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื,
14:28
where they meet regularly
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ืฉืžืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ,
14:30
and create a space to talk about the emotional
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
14:31
and subjective things that happen as they're mentoring,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
14:34
as they're going into the unknown,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืกืข ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข.
14:35
and even started courses
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ื”ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ื
14:37
about the process of doing science,
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ืฉื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
14:38
about going into the unknown together,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ื”ื ื•ื“ืข,
14:40
and many other things.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
14:42
So my vision is that,
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ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื, ืื ื›ืŸ,
14:43
just like every scientist knows the word "atom,"
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืื˜ื•ื,"
14:46
that matter is made out of atoms,
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ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
14:48
every scientist would know the words
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ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ ื™ื›ื™ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•
14:50
like "the cloud," saying "Yes, and,"
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"ื”ืขื ืŸ" ื•ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื— "ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื• ...,"
14:52
and science will become much more creative,
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ื•ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:55
make many, many more unexpected discoveries
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ื•ื™ื’ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช,
14:58
for the benefit of us all,
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ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•,
15:01
and would also be much more playful.
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ื•ืฉื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:03
And what I might ask you to remember from this talk
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•
15:06
is that next time you face
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชื™ืชืงืœื•
15:08
a problem you can't solve
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ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ,
15:10
in work or in life,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
15:13
there's a word for what you're going to see:
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ืชื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื ืงืœืขืชื ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื”
15:15
the cloud.
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ื”ืขื ืŸ.
15:16
And you can go through the cloud
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืžืžื ื•,
15:17
not alone but together
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ืœื ืœื‘ื“ื›ื, ืืœื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื,
15:19
with someone who is your source of support
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื›ื ืชืžื™ื›ื”,
15:21
to say "Yes, and" to your ideas,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื• ... " ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
15:23
to help you say "Yes, and" to your own ideas,
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื• ... " ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืขืฆืžื›ื,
15:25
to increase the chance that,
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื›ืš
15:27
through the wisps of the cloud,
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ืฉื“ืจืš ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ ื”ืขื ืŸ,
15:29
you'll find that moment of calmness
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื•ื”, ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข
15:30
where you get your first glimpse
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ืฉื‘ื• ืชื‘ืœื™ื— ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื, ืืฃ ืื ื‘ื—ื˜ืฃ,
15:32
of your unexpected discovery,
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ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
15:35
your C.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” C ืฉืœื›ื.
15:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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