George Dyson: The birth of the computer

121,181 views ใƒป 2008-06-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžื‘ืงืจ: Avihu Turzion
00:12
Last year, I told you the story, in seven minutes, of Project Orion,
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,ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘-7 ื“ืงื•ืช ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ
00:16
which was this very implausible technology
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืกื‘ื™ืจื”
00:18
that technically could have worked,
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,ื•ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช
00:22
but it had this one-year political window where it could have happened.
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,ืืš ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ื—ืœื•ืŸ-ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช
00:26
So it didn't happen. It was a dream that did not happen.
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.ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื’ืฉื
00:28
This year I'm going to tell you the story of the birth of digital computing.
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.ื”ืฉื ื” ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืกืคืจืชื™
00:33
This was a perfect introduction.
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.ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
00:35
And it's a story that did work. It did happen,
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.ื•ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“. ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื”
00:37
and the machines are all around us.
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.ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
00:39
And it was a technology that was inevitable.
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.ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืขืช
00:43
If the people I'm going to tell you the story about,
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ืื™ืœื•ืœื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื
00:45
if they hadn't done it, somebody else would have.
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.ืื ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื”
00:47
So, it was sort of the right idea at the right time.
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.ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
00:51
This is Barricelli's universe. This is the universe we live in now.
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.ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืฆ'ืœื™. ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืขืช
00:54
It's the universe in which these machines
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”
00:56
are now doing all these things, including changing biology.
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.ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
01:02
I'm starting the story with the first atomic bomb at Trinity,
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.ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื˜ื™
01:07
which was the Manhattan Project. It was a little bit like TED:
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:TED ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื•
01:09
it brought a whole lot of very smart people together.
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.ื–ื” ื›ื™ื ืก ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื
01:12
And three of the smartest people were
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ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื•
01:14
Stan Ulam, Richard Feynman and John von Neumann.
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,ืกื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืœื, ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ
01:18
And it was Von Neumann who said, after the bomb,
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,ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืžืจ, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืฆืฆื”
01:20
he was working on something much more important than bombs:
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:ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืคืฆืฆื•ืช
01:24
he's thinking about computers.
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.ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
01:26
So, he wasn't only thinking about them; he built one. This is the machine he built.
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.ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื–ื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื ื”
01:30
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:34
He built this machine,
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,ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
01:36
and we had a beautiful demonstration of how this thing really works,
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,ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืคื•ืขืœ
01:39
with these little bits. And it's an idea that goes way back.
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.ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ื•ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง
01:42
The first person to really explain that
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช
01:45
was Thomas Hobbes, who, in 1651,
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,1651-ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืžืก ื”ื•ื‘ืก, ืฉื‘
01:48
explained how arithmetic and logic are the same thing,
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,ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
01:51
and if you want to do artificial thinking and artificial logic,
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,ื•ืฉืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
01:54
you can do it all with arithmetic.
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.ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
01:56
He said you needed addition and subtraction.
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.ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ืจ
02:00
Leibniz, who came a little bit later -- this is 1679 --
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1679-ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฅ, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ - ื–ื” ื‘
02:04
showed that you didn't even need subtraction.
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.ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืจ
02:06
You could do the whole thing with addition.
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.ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
02:08
Here, we have all the binary arithmetic and logic
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื
02:11
that drove the computer revolution.
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,ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื” ืืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
02:13
And Leibniz was the first person to really talk about building such a machine.
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.ื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื•
02:17
He talked about doing it with marbles,
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,ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ื•ืœื•ืช
02:19
having gates and what we now call shift registers,
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,"ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืฉืขืจื™ื ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืื•ื’ืจื™ ื–ื™ื–ื”
02:21
where you shift the gates, drop the marbles down the tracks.
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.ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื•ืžืคื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื
02:24
And that's what all these machines are doing,
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,ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืฉื•ืช
02:26
except, instead of doing it with marbles,
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,ืืœื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช
02:28
they're doing it with electrons.
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.ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
02:30
And then we jump to Von Neumann, 1945,
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.1945-ืื ื• ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, ื‘
02:34
when he sort of reinvents the whole same thing.
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.ืฉื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
02:36
And 1945, after the war, the electronics existed
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ื•ื‘-1945, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”
02:39
to actually try and build such a machine.
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.ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื•
02:42
So June 1945 -- actually, the bomb hasn't even been dropped yet --
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,ืื– ืื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1945. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื˜ืจื ื”ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื”
02:46
and Von Neumann is putting together all the theory to actually build this thing,
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,ื•ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
02:50
which also goes back to Turing,
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,ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื’
02:52
who, before that, gave the idea that you could do all this
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ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื–ื” ืกื™ืคืง ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”
02:55
with a very brainless, little, finite state machine,
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,ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘-ืกื•ืคื™ ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื“ ื•ื—ืกืจืช-ืžื•ื—
02:59
just reading a tape in and reading a tape out.
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.ืฉืจืง ืชืงืจื ืกืจื˜ ืงืœื˜ ื•ืกืจื˜ ืคืœื˜
03:02
The other sort of genesis of what Von Neumann did
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ืกื•ื’ ื”"ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช" ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืขืฉื”
03:05
was the difficulty of how you would predict the weather.
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.ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
03:09
Lewis Richardson saw how you could do this with a cellular array of people,
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,ืœื•ืื™ืก ืจื™ืฆืจื“ืกื•ืŸ ืžืฆื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืจ-ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื ืžืขืจืš ืชืื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
03:13
giving them each a little chunk, and putting it together.
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.ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื’ื•ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื•ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“
03:16
Here, we have an electrical model illustrating a mind having a will,
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,ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื’ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืžื•ื— ื‘ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ
03:19
but capable of only two ideas.
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.ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“
03:21
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:22
And that's really the simplest computer.
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.ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:25
It's basically why you need the qubit,
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,ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜
03:27
because it only has two ideas.
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.ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
03:29
And you put lots of those together,
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,ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“
03:31
you get the essentials of the modern computer:
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:ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
03:34
the arithmetic unit, the central control, the memory,
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,ื”ื™ื—ื“ื” ื”ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
03:37
the recording medium, the input and the output.
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.ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ืงืœื˜ ื•ื”ืคืœื˜
03:40
But, there's one catch. This is the fatal -- you know,
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,ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื›ื•ื“ ืื—ื“. ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื™ - ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
03:44
we saw it in starting these programs up.
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.ืจืื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืืœื”
03:47
The instructions which govern this operation
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ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื•
03:49
must be given in absolutely exhaustive detail.
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.ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžืžืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
03:51
So, the programming has to be perfect, or it won't work.
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.ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืื—ืจืช ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืคืขืœ
03:54
If you look at the origins of this,
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,ืื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”
03:56
the classic history sort of takes it all back to the ENIAC here.
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.ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืชื ื• ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื ื™ืืง ื›ืืŸ
04:00
But actually, the machine I'm going to tell you about,
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,ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
04:02
the Institute for Advanced Study machine, which is way up there,
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,ืžื›ื•ืŸ "ื’ืจื ื“ ืกื˜ื“ื™ ืžืฉื™ืŸ", ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”
04:05
really should be down there. So, I'm trying to revise history,
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,ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”. ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
04:07
and give some of these guys more credit than they've had.
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.ื•ืœืชืช ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืžื” ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื”
04:10
Such a computer would open up universes,
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื
04:12
which are, at the present, outside the range of any instruments.
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,ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื›ืœ ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ
04:16
So it opens up a whole new world, and these people saw it.
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.ืื– ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืชื— ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ืืช
04:19
The guy who was supposed to build this machine
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื•
04:21
was the guy in the middle, Vladimir Zworykin, from RCA.
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.RCA-ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื–ื‘ื•ืจื™ืงื™ืŸ ืž
04:24
RCA, in probably one of the lousiest business decisions
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ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ,RCA
04:27
of all time, decided not to go into computers.
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.ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขืกืงื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
04:30
But the first meetings, November 1945, were at RCA's offices.
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.RCAืืš ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1945 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™
04:35
RCA started this whole thing off, and said, you know,
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,ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืืžืจื”RCA
04:39
televisions are the future, not computers.
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.ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื•ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
04:42
The essentials were all there --
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ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื
04:44
all the things that make these machines run.
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.ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
04:48
Von Neumann, and a logician, and a mathematician from the army
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ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืœื•ื’ื™ืงืŸ ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื
04:51
put this together. Then, they needed a place to build it.
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.ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”. ื•ืื– ื”ื ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืืช
04:53
When RCA said no, that's when they decided to build it in Princeton,
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,ื›ืฉ-RCA ืืžืจื• "ืœื", ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
04:57
where Freeman works at the Institute.
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.ืื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ืžืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ
04:59
That's where I grew up as a kid.
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.ืฉื ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื›ื™ืœื“
05:01
That's me, that's my sister Esther, who's talked to you before,
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,ื–ื” ืื ื™, ื–ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื™, ืืกืชืจ, ืฉื”ืจืฆืชื” ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื
05:05
so we both go back to the birth of this thing.
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.ื›ืš ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“
05:08
That's Freeman, a long time ago,
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,ื–ื”ื• ืคืจื™ืžืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ
05:10
and that was me.
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.ื•ื–ื” ืื ื™
05:11
And this is Von Neumann and Morgenstern,
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,ื•ื–ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื’ื ืฉื˜ืจืŸ
05:14
who wrote the "Theory of Games."
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.ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
05:16
All these forces came together there, in Princeton.
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.ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ืฉื, ื‘ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
05:20
Oppenheimer, who had built the bomb.
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.ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืฉื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื”
05:22
The machine was actually used mainly for doing bomb calculations.
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.ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืฆืฆื”
05:26
And Julian Bigelow, who took
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ื•ื’ื•'ืœื™ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื’ืœื•, ืฉืœืงื—
05:28
Zworkykin's place as the engineer, to actually figure out, using electronics,
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,ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื•ืจื’ ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืฉืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
05:32
how you would build this thing. The whole gang of people who came to work on this,
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,ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”
05:35
and women in front, who actually did most of the coding, were the first programmers.
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.ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื“, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืชื›ื ืชื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
05:40
These were the prototype geeks, the nerds.
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.ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืงื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ืจืžื™ื
05:44
They didn't fit in at the Institute.
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.ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ
05:46
This is a letter from the director, concerned about --
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ืžื ื”ืœ, ืฉืžื•ื“ืื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ
05:49
"especially unfair on the matter of sugar."
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"ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ"
05:52
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง] [ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘..]
05:53
You can read the text.
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.ืืชื ื™ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜
05:54
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง] [..ืื ืฉื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืคื™ ื›ืžื”..ื•ืื™ื ื ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ]
06:00
This is hackers getting in trouble for the first time.
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.ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื‘ื›ื™ื
06:04
(Laughter).
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:09
These were not theoretical physicists.
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.ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื
06:11
They were real soldering-gun type guys, and they actually built this thing.
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.ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืฉืœ ืืงื“ื—ื™-ื”ืœื—ืžื”, ืฉืžืžืฉ ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
06:16
And we take it for granted now, that each of these machines
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
06:18
has billions of transistors, doing billions of cycles per second without failing.
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.ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™-ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืงืœืงืœ
06:23
They were using vacuum tubes, very narrow, sloppy techniques
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ืจื™ืง ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืจื•ืฉืœื•ืช
06:27
to get actually binary behavior out of these radio vacuum tubes.
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.ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช ืžืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืืœื”
06:32
They actually used 6J6, the common radio tube,
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,ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘-6J6, ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืจื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื“ื™ื•
06:35
because they found they were more reliable than the more expensive tubes.
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.ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:39
And what they did at the Institute was publish every step of the way.
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.ื•ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืจืกืžื• ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื•ืฉืœื‘
06:43
Reports were issued, so that this machine was cloned
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ื”ื•ืฆืื• ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉื•ื›ืคืœื”
06:46
at 15 other places around the world.
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.ื‘-15 ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
06:49
And it really was. It was the original microprocessor.
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.ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™
06:53
All the computers now are copies of that machine.
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.ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื
06:55
The memory was in cathode ray tubes --
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื•ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ืงืจืŸ ืงืชื•ื“ื™ืช
06:58
a whole bunch of spots on the face of the tube --
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.ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช
07:01
very, very sensitive to electromagnetic disturbances.
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.ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
07:04
So, there's 40 of these tubes,
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,ื™ืฉ 40 ืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
07:06
like a V-40 engine running the memory.
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.ื›ืžื• ืžื ื•ืข ื•ื™. ืฉืœ 40 ื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
07:09
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
07:10
The input and the output was by teletype tape at first.
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.ื”ืงืœื˜ ื•ื”ืคืœื˜ ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืข"ื™ ืกืจื˜ ื˜ืœื˜ื™ื™ืค
07:15
This is a wire drive, using bicycle wheels.
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.ื–ื”ื• ืžื ื•ืข ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื
07:17
This is the archetype of the hard disk that's in your machine now.
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.ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืกืง ื”ืงืฉื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื
07:22
Then they switched to a magnetic drum.
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.ื•ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืชื•ืฃ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™
07:24
This is modifying IBM equipment,
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,IBMื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœ
07:26
which is the origins of the whole data-processing industry, later at IBM.
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.IBM-ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘
07:30
And this is the beginning of computer graphics.
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.ื•ื–ื• ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช
07:33
The "Graph'g-Beam Turn On." This next slide,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”
07:36
that's the -- as far as I know -- the first digital bitmap display, 1954.
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.1954-ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื™, ื–ื• ืชืฆื•ื’ืช "ืžืคืช-ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื" ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘
07:43
So, Von Neumann was already off in a theoretical cloud,
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ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช
07:46
doing abstract sorts of studies of how you could build
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ื•ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
07:49
reliable machines out of unreliable components.
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.ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืžื™ื ื™ื
07:52
Those guys drinking all the tea with sugar in it
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื” ืขื ืกื•ื›ืจ
07:54
were writing in their logbooks, trying to get this thing to work, with all
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.ืชื™ืืจื• ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื”ื ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ
07:58
these 2,600 vacuum tubes that failed half the time.
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.ืขื ื›ืœ 2,600 ืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืง ืฉืœื• ืฉื ืฉืจืคื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ
08:01
And that's what I've been doing, this last six months, is going through the logs.
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.ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘-6 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ืขื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื
08:06
"Running time: two minutes. Input, output: 90 minutes."
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"ื–ืžืŸ ืจื™ืฆื”: 2 ื“ืงื•ืช. ืงืœื˜, ืคืœื˜: 90 ื“ืงื•ืช"
08:09
This includes a large amount of human error.
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.ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ
08:12
So they are always trying to figure out, what's machine error? What's human error?
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?ื•ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”? ืžื”ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ
08:15
What's code, what's hardware?
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?ืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ื“? ืžื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื”
08:17
That's an engineer gazing at tube number 36,
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.36 'ื–ื”ื• ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืžืก
08:19
trying to figure out why the memory's not in focus.
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.ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืžื•ืงื“
08:21
He had to focus the memory -- seems OK.
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.ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ - ื ืจืื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ
08:24
So, he had to focus each tube just to get the memory up and running,
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.ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืžืงื“ ื›ืœ ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืคืขืœ
08:28
let alone having, you know, software problems.
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.ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื”
08:30
"No use, went home." (Laughter)
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"ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื. ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”." [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
08:32
"Impossible to follow the damn thing, where's a directory?"
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"?ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ืื™ืคื” ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš"
08:35
So, already, they're complaining about the manuals:
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:ื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื”
08:37
"before closing down in disgust ... "
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"ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืกื•ื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืขืœ-ื ืคืฉ"
08:41
"The General Arithmetic: Operating Logs."
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,ื”ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช - ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ
08:43
Burning lots of midnight oil.
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.ืฉืจืคื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื™ืœื•ืช
08:46
"MANIAC," which became the acronym for the machine,
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"ืžื ื™ืืง", ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
08:48
Mathematical and Numerical Integrator and Calculator, "lost its memory."
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"ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘", ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•.
08:51
"MANIAC regained its memory, when the power went off." "Machine or human?"
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"?ืžื ื™ืืง" ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื ื•ืชืง", "ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื• ืื“ื"
08:57
"Aha!" So, they figured out it's a code problem.
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:ืื”ื!", ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืงื•ื“"
09:00
"Found trouble in code, I hope."
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".ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ื“, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”"
09:02
"Code error, machine not guilty."
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".ืฉื’ื™ืืช ืงื•ื“. ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœื ืืฉืžื”"
09:05
"Damn it, I can be just as stubborn as this thing."
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".ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ, ื’ื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืฉืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”"
09:08
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:13
"And the dawn came." So they ran all night.
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.ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืขืœื”." ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”"
09:15
Twenty-four hours a day, this thing was running, mainly running bomb calculations.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืฆื”.
09:19
"Everything up to this point is wasted time." "What's the use? Good night."
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".ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–." "ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื? ืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘"
09:24
"Master control off. The hell with it. Way off." (Laughter)
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"ื”ื•ืจื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื’ ื”ืจืืฉื™. ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืขื ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื”." [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:28
"Something's wrong with the air conditioner --
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"ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ"
09:30
smell of burning V-belts in the air."
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".ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืคื•ืช"
09:33
"A short -- do not turn the machine on."
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".ืงืฆืจ - ืืœ ืชืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”"
09:35
"IBM machine putting a tar-like substance on the cards. The tar is from the roof."
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".ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ IBM ืฉื–ื•ืจืงืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ืžื•ื™-ื–ืคืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื–ืคืช ื‘ืื” ืžื”ื’ื’"
09:40
So they really were working under tough conditions.
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.ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื™ื
09:42
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:43
Here, "A mouse has climbed into the blower
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"ื›ืืŸ: "ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืคื•ื—
09:45
behind the regulator rack, set blower to vibrating. Result: no more mouse."
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".ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื•ื•ืกืช ื•ื’ืจื ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื•ื—: ืชื•ืฆืื”: ืื™ืŸ ืขื›ื‘ืจ"
09:49
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:54
"Here lies mouse. Born: ?. Died: 4:50 a.m., May 1953."
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".1953ื›ืืŸ ื ื˜ืžืŸ ืขื›ื‘ืจ. ื ื•ืœื“:? ืžืช: 4:50 ืื—ื”"ืฆ, ืžืื™ "
10:01
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:02
There's an inside joke someone has penciled in:
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:ื”ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืจื‘ื˜ ื‘ืขืคืจื•ืŸ
10:04
"Here lies Marston Mouse."
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".ื›ืืŸ ื ื˜ืžืŸ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจืกื˜ื•ืŸ"
10:06
If you're a mathematician, you get that,
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,ืื ืืชื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ืืชื ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”
10:08
because Marston was a mathematician who
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ื›ื™ ืžืจืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™
10:09
objected to the computer being there.
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.ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื
10:12
"Picked a lightning bug off the drum." "Running at two kilocycles."
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".ื”ืจืžืชื™ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฃ, ืจืฅ ื‘-2 ืงื™ืœื•-ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ"
10:16
That's two thousand cycles per second --
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ืฉื–ื” 2,000 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื”
10:18
"yes, I'm chicken" -- so two kilocycles was slow speed.
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.ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืคื—ื“ืŸ" - ืื– 2 ืงื™ืœื•-ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”"
10:21
The high speed was 16 kilocycles.
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.ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื™ืชื” 16 ืงื™ืœื•-ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ
10:24
I don't know if you remember a Mac that was 16 Megahertz,
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?ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื "ืžืง" ืฉืœ 16 ืžื’ื”-ื”ืจืฅ
10:27
that's slow speed.
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.ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”
10:29
"I have now duplicated both results.
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".ืฉื›ืคืœืชื™ ื›ืขืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช"
10:32
How will I know which is right, assuming one result is correct?
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?ืื™ืš ืื“ืข ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืจืง ืื—ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”
10:35
This now is the third different output.
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.ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคืœื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
10:37
I know when I'm licked."
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".ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื™ ืžืœืงืงื™ื ืœื™"
10:39
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:41
"We've duplicated errors before."
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".ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืคืœื ื• ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ"
10:43
"Machine run, fine. Code isn't."
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".ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืจืฆื” ื™ื•ืคื™, ื”ืงื•ื“ - ืœื"
10:46
"Only happens when the machine is running."
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".ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืจืฆื”"
10:48
And sometimes things are okay.
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.ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ
10:52
"Machine a thing of beauty, and a joy forever." "Perfect running."
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".ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”. ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืžื—ื”!" "ืจื™ืฆื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช"
10:56
"Parting thought: when there's bigger and better errors, we'll have them."
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".ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื”: ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืŸ ื™ืงืจื• ืœื ื•"
11:00
So, nobody was supposed to know they were actually designing bombs.
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.ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืชื›ื ื ื• ืคืฆืฆื•ืช
11:03
They're designing hydrogen bombs. But someone in the logbook,
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,ื”ื ืชื›ื ื ื• ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืžืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื
11:05
late one night, finally drew a bomb.
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,ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืคืฆืฆื”
11:07
So, that was the result. It was Mike,
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,ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืง
11:09
the first thermonuclear bomb, in 1952.
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.1952-ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืชืจืžื•-ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘
11:12
That was designed on that machine,
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,ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”
11:14
in the woods behind the Institute.
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.ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ
11:16
So Von Neumann invited a whole gang of weirdos
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ื•ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื
11:20
from all over the world to work on all these problems.
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.ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
11:23
Barricelli, he came to do what we now call, really, artificial life,
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,"ื‘ืจื™ืฆ'ืœื™ ื‘ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื "ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื
11:27
trying to see if, in this artificial universe --
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”
11:30
he was a viral-geneticist, way, way, way ahead of his time.
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.ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืช ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื - ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื–ืžื ื•
11:33
He's still ahead of some of the stuff that's being done now.
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.ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•
11:36
Trying to start an artificial genetic system running in the computer.
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.ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืชืจื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
11:41
Began -- his universe started March 3, '53.
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.1953 ,ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ - ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-3 ืœืžืจืฅ
11:44
So it's almost exactly -- it's 50 years ago next Tuesday, I guess.
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.ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง--ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’' ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžืœืื• ืœื›ืš 50 ืฉื ื”
11:49
And he saw everything in terms of --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ
11:51
he could read the binary code straight off the machine.
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.ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”
11:53
He had a wonderful rapport.
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.ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช
11:55
Other people couldn't get the machine running. It always worked for him.
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.ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื”
11:58
Even errors were duplicated.
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.ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื›ืคืœื•
12:00
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
12:01
"Dr. Barricelli claims machine is wrong, code is right."
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".ื“ืจ' ื‘ืจื™ืฆ'ืœื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืงื•ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ"
12:04
So he designed this universe, and ran it.
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.ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื•
12:07
When the bomb people went home, he was allowed in there.
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.ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืœื›ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก
12:10
He would run that thing all night long, running these things,
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.ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
12:13
if anybody remembers Stephen Wolfram,
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,ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืคืœืจืื
12:15
who reinvented this stuff.
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.ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื–ื”
12:17
And he published it. It wasn't locked up and disappeared.
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.ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ื–ืืช. ื–ื” ืœื ื ื’ื ื– ื•ื ืขืœื
12:19
It was published in the literature.
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.ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช
12:21
"If it's that easy to create living organisms, why not create a few yourself?"
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"?ืื ื›ื” ืงืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืš"
12:24
So, he decided to give it a try,
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,ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
12:26
to start this artificial biology going in the machines.
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.ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
12:30
And he found all these, sort of --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ื›ืื™ืœื•
12:32
it was like a naturalist coming in
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ื ื›ื ืก
12:34
and looking at this tiny, 5,000-byte universe,
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,ื•ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ 5,000 ื”ื‘ืชื™ื
12:37
and seeing all these things happening
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ื•ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื
12:39
that we see in the outside world, in biology.
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.ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
12:42
This is some of the generations of his universe.
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.ืืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื•
12:48
But they're just going to stay numbers;
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.ืืš ื”ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืจืง ืžืกืคืจื™ื
12:50
they're not going to become organisms.
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.ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื
12:52
They have to have something.
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.ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžืฉื”ื•
12:53
You have a genotype and you have to have a phenotype.
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.ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ื ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืค, ื•ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืค
12:55
They have to go out and do something. And he started doing that,
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,ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
12:58
started giving these little numerical organisms things they could play with --
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,ืœืชืช ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื™ืžื
13:01
playing chess with other machines and so on.
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.ืœืฉื—ืง ืฉื—ืžื˜ ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”
13:03
And they did start to evolve.
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.ื•ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื—
13:05
And he went around the country after that.
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.ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ
13:07
Every time there was a new, fast machine, he started using it,
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,ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”
13:11
and saw exactly what's happening now.
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:ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
13:13
That the programs, instead of being turned off -- when you quit the program,
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,ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”
13:19
you'd keep running
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ
13:21
and, basically, all the sorts of things like Windows is doing,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉ"ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช" ืขื•ืฉื™ื
13:25
running as a multi-cellular organism on many machines,
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ืœืจื•ืฅ ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืจื‘-ืชืื™ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
13:27
he envisioned all that happening.
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.ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”
13:28
And he saw that evolution itself was an intelligent process.
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.ื•ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™
13:31
It wasn't any sort of creator intelligence,
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,ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ื•ืจื ืชื‘ื•ื ื™
13:34
but the thing itself was a giant parallel computation
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ื•ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ ืขืฆื•ื
13:37
that would have some intelligence.
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.ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
13:39
And he went out of his way to say
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืžืื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
13:41
that he was not saying this was lifelike,
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,ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ืžื•ื™-ื—ื™ื™ื
13:44
or a new kind of life.
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:ืื• ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
13:46
It just was another version of the same thing happening.
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.ืืœื ืฉืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
13:49
And there's really no difference between what he was doing in the computer
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ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘
13:52
and what nature did billions of years ago.
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.ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
13:55
And could you do it again now?
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?ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื
13:57
So, when I went into these archives looking at this stuff, lo and behold,
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.ืื– ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื”, ื”ืคืœื ื•ืคืœื
14:01
the archivist came up one day, saying,
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,ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ ื‘ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ืืžืจ
14:03
"I think we found another box that had been thrown out."
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".ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื”"
14:06
And it was his universe on punch cards.
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.ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื‘
14:08
So there it is, 50 years later, sitting there -- sort of suspended animation.
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.ืื– ื”ื ื” ื–ื”, ืžืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”, ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื. ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื”ื™ืช
14:14
That's the instructions for running --
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ืืœื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ืจืฆืช
14:16
this is actually the source code
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ
14:18
for one of those universes,
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,ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื
14:20
with a note from the engineers
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ืขื ืคืชืง ืžืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื“ืกื™ื
14:22
saying they're having some problems.
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.ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
14:23
"There must be something about this code that you haven't explained yet."
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".ื™ืฉ ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืกื‘ืจืช"
14:28
And I think that's really the truth. We still don't understand
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืš. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
14:31
how these very simple instructions can lead to increasing complexity.
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.ืื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช
14:35
What's the dividing line between
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ืžื” ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:37
when that is lifelike and when it really is alive?
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?ื›ืฉื–ื” ื“ืžื•ื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
14:41
These cards, now, thanks to me showing up, are being saved.
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.ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™, ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื™ืฆืœื•
14:45
And the question is, should we run them or not?
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?ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื ืื• ืœื
14:47
You know, could we get them running?
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?ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืจื•ืฅ
14:49
Do you want to let it loose on the Internet?
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?ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
14:50
These machines would think they --
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืŸ
14:52
these organisms, if they came back to life now --
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,ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ืื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื›ืขืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื
14:55
whether they've died and gone to heaven, there's a universe.
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ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื™ืงื•ื
14:57
My laptop is 10 thousand million times
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 10 ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
15:02
the size of the universe that they lived in when Barricelli quit the project.
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.ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื• ื›ืฉื‘ืจื™ืฆ'ืœื™ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜
15:07
He was thinking far ahead, to
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,ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”
15:09
how this would really grow into a new kind of life.
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.ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื”
15:12
And that's what's happening!
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!ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
15:14
When Juan Enriquez told us about
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืืŸ ืื ืจื™ืงื– ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื•
15:16
these 12 trillion bits being transferred back and forth,
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,ืขืœ 12 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘
15:20
of all this genomics data going to the proteomics lab,
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,ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืืœื” ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
15:24
that's what Barricelli imagined:
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"ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ืฆ'ืœื™ ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื•
15:26
that this digital code in these machines
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ืฉื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืกืคืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”
15:29
is actually starting to code --
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื•ื“ื“
15:31
it already is coding from nucleic acids.
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.ืžืชืงื•ื“ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ
15:34
We've been doing that since, you know, since we started PCR
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.ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื– ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ืคื™.ืกื™.ืืจ
15:37
and synthesizing small strings of DNA.
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.ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื ื• ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™.ืืŸ.ืื™ื™
15:43
And real soon, we're actually going to be synthesizing the proteins,
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,ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœืกืชื ื– ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
15:46
and, like Steve showed us, that just opens an entirely new world.
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.ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืื” ื›ืืŸ, ื–ื” ืคืชื— ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™
15:51
It's a world that Von Neumann himself envisioned.
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.ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื–ื”
15:54
This was published after he died: his sort of unfinished notes
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ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•: ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœื-ื’ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•
15:57
on self-reproducing machines,
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.ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™
15:59
what it takes to get the machines sort of jump-started
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ืžื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”
16:02
to where they begin to reproduce.
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.ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืืŸ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ
16:04
It took really three people:
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:ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื
16:06
Barricelli had the concept of the code as a living thing;
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.ืœื‘ืจื™ืฆ'ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™
16:09
Von Neumann saw how you could build the machines --
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.ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
16:12
that now, last count, four million
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ืฉื›ืขืช, ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, 4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
16:15
of these Von Neumann machines is built every 24 hours;
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.ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ื›ืืœื” ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ 24 ืฉืขื•ืช
16:18
and Julian Bigelow, who died 10 days ago --
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ื•ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื’ืœื•, ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 10 ื™ืžื™ื
16:22
this is John Markoff's obituary for him --
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ืกืคื“ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืจืงื•ืฃ ืขืœื™ื•
16:25
he was the important missing link,
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,ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืกืจื”
16:27
the engineer who came in
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ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข, ื•ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš
16:29
and knew how to put those vacuum tubes together and make it work.
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.ืœืžืงื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ืืœื” ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
16:32
And all our computers have, inside them,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”ื
16:34
the copies of the architecture that he had to just design
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ืขื•ืชืงื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ
16:38
one day, sort of on pencil and paper.
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืขืคืจื•ืŸ
16:41
And we owe a tremendous credit to that.
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.ื•ืื ื• ื—ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื—ื•ื‘ ืขืฆื•ื
16:43
And he explained, in a very generous way,
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,ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:47
the spirit that brought all these different people to
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ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
16:49
the Institute for Advanced Study in the '40s to do this project,
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,ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื”
16:52
and make it freely available with no patents, no restrictions,
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,ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’ื ืช ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืœื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
16:55
no intellectual property disputes to the rest of the world.
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ื•ืœืœื ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื ื›ืก ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
16:58
That's the last entry in the logbook
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ื–ื• ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ
17:01
when the machine was shut down, July 1958.
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.1958ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื•ื‘ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™
17:04
And it's Julian Bigelow who was running it until midnight
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,ื•ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื’ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืขื“ ื—ืฆื•ืช
17:07
when the machine was officially turned off.
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.ืฉืื– ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื•ื‘ืชื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช
17:09
And that's the end.
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.ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกื•ืฃ
17:11
Thank you very much.
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.ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื
17:13
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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