George Dyson: The birth of the computer

121,181 views ใƒป 2008-06-23

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Steve Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yong-Geun Song
00:12
Last year, I told you the story, in seven minutes, of Project Orion,
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์ง€๋‚œํ•ด์— ์ €๋Š” "์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜จ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ"์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ 7๋ถ„์—ฌ๋™์•ˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
which was this very implausible technology
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๋งค์šฐ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:18
that technically could have worked,
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ํ˜„์‹ค์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
00:22
but it had this one-year political window where it could have happened.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฐ–์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
So it didn't happen. It was a dream that did not happen.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฟˆ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
This year I'm going to tell you the story of the birth of digital computing.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
This was a perfect introduction.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
And it's a story that did work. It did happen,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์‹คํ˜„๋๋˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
00:37
and the machines are all around us.
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:39
And it was a technology that was inevitable.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
If the people I'm going to tell you the story about,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ์•ฝ--
00:45
if they hadn't done it, somebody else would have.
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์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
So, it was sort of the right idea at the right time.
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ ์ ˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜€์ฃ .
00:51
This is Barricelli's universe. This is the universe we live in now.
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์ด๊ณณ์€ Barricelli์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
It's the universe in which these machines
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์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์ด
00:56
are now doing all these things, including changing biology.
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์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
I'm starting the story with the first atomic bomb at Trinity,
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์ €๋Š” ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์žํญํƒ„ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ : Trinity๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
which was the Manhattan Project. It was a little bit like TED:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ Manhattan ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ข€ TED์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
01:09
it brought a whole lot of very smart people together.
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
And three of the smartest people were
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์ด ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
01:14
Stan Ulam, Richard Feynman and John von Neumann.
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Stan Ulam, Richard Feynman, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  John von Neumann ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:18
And it was Von Neumann who said, after the bomb,
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์›ํญํˆฌํ•˜ ํ›„ von Neumann์ด ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
he was working on something much more important than bombs:
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํญํƒ„๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
01:24
he's thinking about computers.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
So, he wasn't only thinking about them; he built one. This is the machine he built.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:34
He built this machine,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:36
and we had a beautiful demonstration of how this thing really works,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
with these little bits. And it's an idea that goes way back.
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
The first person to really explain that
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์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
01:45
was Thomas Hobbes, who, in 1651,
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1651๋…„์˜ Thomas Hobbes์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
explained how arithmetic and logic are the same thing,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
and if you want to do artificial thinking and artificial logic,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์œ„์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ถ”๋ก ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ,
01:54
you can do it all with arithmetic.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
He said you needed addition and subtraction.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋”ํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๋นผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
Leibniz, who came a little bit later -- this is 1679 --
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋’ค์—--1679๋…„--Leibniz๋Š”
02:04
showed that you didn't even need subtraction.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋นผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•„์š” ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
You could do the whole thing with addition.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ง์…ˆ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
Here, we have all the binary arithmetic and logic
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ
02:11
that drove the computer revolution.
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์ด์ง„ ์‚ฐ์ˆ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
And Leibniz was the first person to really talk about building such a machine.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Leibniz๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
02:17
He talked about doing it with marbles,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์Šฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
having gates and what we now call shift registers,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๋™ ๋ ˆ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋šซ๋ ค ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:21
where you shift the gates, drop the marbles down the tracks.
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๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๊ธธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์Šฌ์ด ๊ตด๋Ÿฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ฃ .
02:24
And that's what all these machines are doing,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
except, instead of doing it with marbles,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์Šฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
02:28
they're doing it with electrons.
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์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
And then we jump to Von Neumann, 1945,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ 1945๋…„์˜ von Neumannn์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„ ๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ ,
02:34
when he sort of reinvents the whole same thing.
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๊ทธํ•ด์— ๊ทธ๋Š” Leibniz ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ์•ˆ ํ•ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
And 1945, after the war, the electronics existed
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์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ 1945๋…„์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:39
to actually try and build such a machine.
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์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
So June 1945 -- actually, the bomb hasn't even been dropped yet --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1945๋…„ 6์›” ์›์žํญํƒ„์ด ์•„์ง ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ,
02:46
and Von Neumann is putting together all the theory to actually build this thing,
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von Neumann์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
which also goes back to Turing,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ Turing๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ฃ ,
02:52
who, before that, gave the idea that you could do all this
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์ด์ „์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜์‹ ์—†๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„(Finite State Automata)๋กœ
02:55
with a very brainless, little, finite state machine,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
just reading a tape in and reading a tape out.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
The other sort of genesis of what Von Neumann did
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von Neumann์ด ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€
03:05
was the difficulty of how you would predict the weather.
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๋‚ ์”จ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
Lewis Richardson saw how you could do this with a cellular array of people,
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Lewis Richardson์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ธํฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ค„์ง€์–ด ์„ธ์›Œ ๋†“๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
giving them each a little chunk, and putting it together.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์งœ ๋งž์ถ”๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
Here, we have an electrical model illustrating a mind having a will,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:19
but capable of only two ideas.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:22
And that's really the simplest computer.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜€์ฃ .
03:25
It's basically why you need the qubit,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™œ ์ด์ง„๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
because it only has two ideas.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
And you put lots of those together,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋†“์€๊ฒƒ์ด,
03:31
you get the essentials of the modern computer:
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
the arithmetic unit, the central control, the memory,
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์—ฐ์‚ฐ์žฅ์น˜, ์ค‘์•™ํ†ต์ œ์žฅ์น˜, ๊ธฐ์–ต์žฅ์น˜,
03:37
the recording medium, the input and the output.
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๊ธฐ๋ก๋งค์ฒด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
But, there's one catch. This is the fatal -- you know,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋‹ค ์•„๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
we saw it in starting these programs up.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ• ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:47
The instructions which govern this operation
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์‹คํ–‰๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์€
03:49
must be given in absolutely exhaustive detail.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ ธ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
So, the programming has to be perfect, or it won't work.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์˜ค์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
If you look at the origins of this,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
03:56
the classic history sort of takes it all back to the ENIAC here.
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๊ทธ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ENIAC ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
But actually, the machine I'm going to tell you about,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š”,
04:02
the Institute for Advanced Study machine, which is way up there,
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Grand Study Machine ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™๋˜์—ˆ๋˜,
04:05
really should be down there. So, I'm trying to revise history,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•ด์„œ,
04:07
and give some of these guys more credit than they've had.
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๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ์˜์˜ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์žํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
Such a computer would open up universes,
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์—ด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“ค์€
04:12
which are, at the present, outside the range of any instruments.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
So it opens up a whole new world, and these people saw it.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
The guy who was supposed to build this machine
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋ป”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ
04:21
was the guy in the middle, Vladimir Zworykin, from RCA.
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” RCA์˜ Vladimir Zworykin์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
RCA, in probably one of the lousiest business decisions
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RCA๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜์–ด
04:27
of all time, decided not to go into computers.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
But the first meetings, November 1945, were at RCA's offices.
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1945๋…„ 11์›” RCA ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ
04:35
RCA started this whole thing off, and said, you know,
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RCA๋Š” ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„,
04:39
televisions are the future, not computers.
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TV๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ด์ง€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
The essentials were all there --
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
all the things that make these machines run.
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
Von Neumann, and a logician, and a mathematician from the army
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๋ฏธ ์œก๊ตฐ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ด์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž์ธ von Neumann์ด
04:51
put this together. Then, they needed a place to build it.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ทจํ•ฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
When RCA said no, that's when they decided to build it in Princeton,
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RCA ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์†Œ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
where Freeman works at the Institute.
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Freeman์€ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
That's where I grew up as a kid.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
That's me, that's my sister Esther, who's talked to you before,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ €์ด๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์— ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ œ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜์ธ Esther์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
so we both go back to the birth of this thing.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
That's Freeman, a long time ago,
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์ด์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์˜ freeman์ด๊ณ ,
05:10
and that was me.
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์ด์ชฝ์ด ์ ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
And this is Von Neumann and Morgenstern,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  von Neumann์ด๊ณ  Morgenstern์ธ๋ฐ,
05:14
who wrote the "Theory of Games."
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์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋ก ์„ ์ฐฝ์•ˆํ•ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
All these forces came together there, in Princeton.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
Oppenheimer, who had built the bomb.
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Oppenheimer๋Š” ์›์žํญํƒ„์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
The machine was actually used mainly for doing bomb calculations.
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํญํƒ„์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
And Julian Bigelow, who took
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Julian Bigelow๋Š”
05:28
Zworkykin's place as the engineer, to actually figure out, using electronics,
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์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋กœ์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
05:32
how you would build this thing. The whole gang of people who came to work on this,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
and women in front, who actually did most of the coding, were the first programmers.
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์•ž์—ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ, ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
These were the prototype geeks, the nerds.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ด‘๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
They didn't fit in at the Institute.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์ฒด์งˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
This is a letter from the director, concerned about --
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์ด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ด ํŽธ์ง€์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ--
05:49
"especially unfair on the matter of sugar."
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"์„คํƒ•์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ๋จน์–ด์„œ"
05:52
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:53
You can read the text.
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์ด ๊ธ€๋“ค์„ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:00
This is hackers getting in trouble for the first time.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ์ƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
(Laughter).
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:09
These were not theoretical physicists.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
They were real soldering-gun type guys, and they actually built this thing.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ฉ๋•œ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•ด๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
And we take it for granted now, that each of these machines
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
06:18
has billions of transistors, doing billions of cycles per second without failing.
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์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ์ดˆ๋‹น ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
They were using vacuum tubes, very narrow, sloppy techniques
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์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์ด ์“ฐ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งค์šฐ ํ—ˆ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
06:27
to get actually binary behavior out of these radio vacuum tubes.
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๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์ง„๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
They actually used 6J6, the common radio tube,
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์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 6J6๋ผ๋Š” ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
06:35
because they found they were more reliable than the more expensive tubes.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋” ๋น„์‹ผ ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
And what they did at the Institute was publish every step of the way.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ธ€๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
Reports were issued, so that this machine was cloned
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๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์•ฝ 15 ๊ณณ์—
06:46
at 15 other places around the world.
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์˜ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
And it really was. It was the original microprocessor.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ microprocessor ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
All the computers now are copies of that machine.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
The memory was in cathode ray tubes --
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๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” CRT์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ--
06:58
a whole bunch of spots on the face of the tube --
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๊ทธ ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์€
07:01
very, very sensitive to electromagnetic disturbances.
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์ธ๊ทผํ•œ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
So, there's 40 of these tubes,
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40๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:06
like a V-40 engine running the memory.
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๋งˆ์น˜ V-40 ์—”์ง„์ด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:10
The input and the output was by teletype tape at first.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ „์‹  ํ…Œ์ดํ”„ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
This is a wire drive, using bicycle wheels.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์™€์ด์–ด ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
This is the archetype of the hard disk that's in your machine now.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ๋””์Šคํฌ์˜ ์ „์‹ ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
Then they switched to a magnetic drum.
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๊ทธ ํ›„์— ์ž๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
This is modifying IBM equipment,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ IBM ์žฅ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
which is the origins of the whole data-processing industry, later at IBM.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ›„์ผ์— IBM์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํƒ€ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์‹ฑ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ด ๋œ ์žฅ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
And this is the beginning of computer graphics.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
The "Graph'g-Beam Turn On." This next slide,
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๋‹ค์Œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์˜ "Graph'g-Beam Turn On"์žฅ์น˜๋Š”
07:36
that's the -- as far as I know -- the first digital bitmap display, 1954.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ํ•œ 1954๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋น„ํŠธ๋งต ํ™”๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
So, Von Neumann was already off in a theoretical cloud,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ von Neumann์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ด๋ก ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜
07:46
doing abstract sorts of studies of how you could build
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์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
07:49
reliable machines out of unreliable components.
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
Those guys drinking all the tea with sugar in it
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์„คํƒ•์„ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹  ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘
07:54
were writing in their logbooks, trying to get this thing to work, with all
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์—…์ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์จ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
these 2,600 vacuum tubes that failed half the time.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” 2,600๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
And that's what I've been doing, this last six months, is going through the logs.
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 6๊ฐœ์›”๋™์•ˆ ์ด ๋กœ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
"Running time: two minutes. Input, output: 90 minutes."
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"์ž‘๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„:2๋ถ„,์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ:90๋ถ„"
08:09
This includes a large amount of human error.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
So they are always trying to figure out, what's machine error? What's human error?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ธ๊ฐ€? ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ธ๊ฐ€?
08:15
What's code, what's hardware?
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฝ”๋“œ์ด๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์ธ๊ฐ€?
08:17
That's an engineer gazing at tube number 36,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 36๋ฒˆ ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
trying to figure out why the memory's not in focus.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์™œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
He had to focus the memory -- seems OK.
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๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์ƒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
So, he had to focus each tube just to get the memory up and running,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
let alone having, you know, software problems.
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์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋†”๋‘๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
"No use, went home." (Laughter)
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์†Œ์šฉ ์—†์–ด์„œ ํ‡ด๊ทผํ–ˆ๋‹ค.(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:32
"Impossible to follow the damn thing, where's a directory?"
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์ด ๋นŒ์–ด ๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ตฐ, ์–ด๋””์— ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ง€?
08:35
So, already, they're complaining about the manuals:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด์–ผ์„ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
"before closing down in disgust ... "
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"์—ญ๊ฒจ์šธ ์ง€๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋‘˜ ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€"
08:41
"The General Arithmetic: Operating Logs."
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™--์ž‘์—… ์ผ์ง€,
08:43
Burning lots of midnight oil.
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๋ฐค ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ.
08:46
"MANIAC," which became the acronym for the machine,
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MANIAC ์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ ,
08:48
Mathematical and Numerical Integrator and Calculator, "lost its memory."
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Mathematical And Numerical Integrator And Calculator, "๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค"
08:51
"MANIAC regained its memory, when the power went off." "Machine or human?"
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"MANIAC์€ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์ ธ๋„ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค", "๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ธ๊ฐ€, ์ธ๊ฐ„์ธ๊ฐ€?"
08:57
"Aha!" So, they figured out it's a code problem.
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"์•„ํ•˜" ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๋‹ค; ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค;
09:00
"Found trouble in code, I hope."
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"์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค"
09:02
"Code error, machine not guilty."
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"์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค"
09:05
"Damn it, I can be just as stubborn as this thing."
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"๋นŒ์–ด๋จน์„, ๋‚˜๋„ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณ ์ง‘๋ถˆํ†ต ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ."
09:08
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:13
"And the dawn came." So they ran all night.
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"๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ์ด ์™”๋‹ค." ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์€ ๋ฐค์ƒˆ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
Twenty-four hours a day, this thing was running, mainly running bomb calculations.
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ํญํƒ„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
"Everything up to this point is wasted time." "What's the use? Good night."
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"์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ญ๋น„์˜€๋‹ค." "๋ฌด์—‡์— ์“ธ๊นŒ? ์•ˆ๋…•"
09:24
"Master control off. The hell with it. Way off." (Laughter)
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"์ฃผ์ „์› ์ฐจ๋‹จ. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋นŒ์–ด๋จน์„. ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊บผ์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ ค๋ผ"(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:28
"Something's wrong with the air conditioner --
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"์—์–ด์ฝ˜์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค--
09:30
smell of burning V-belts in the air."
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v-๋ฒจํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ๋‹ค."
09:33
"A short -- do not turn the machine on."
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"ํ•ฉ์„ --์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ง๊ฒƒ."
09:35
"IBM machine putting a tar-like substance on the cards. The tar is from the roof."
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"IBM๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์นด๋“œ์— ํƒ€๋ฅด๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๋ผ ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ถ•์— ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋Š” ํƒ€๋ฅด๋ง์ด๋‹ค"
09:40
So they really were working under tough conditions.
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์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:43
Here, "A mouse has climbed into the blower
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ, "์ฅ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†กํ’๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค
09:45
behind the regulator rack, set blower to vibrating. Result: no more mouse."
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์ œ์–ด์žฅ์น˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋’ค์˜ ์†กํ’๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•๋ฉธํ•˜์ž."
09:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:54
"Here lies mouse. Born: ?. Died: 4:50 a.m., May 1953."
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"์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์ž ๋“ค๋‹ค. ์ถœ์ƒ? 1953๋…„ 5์›” ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ 4์‹œ 50๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ๋ง."
10:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:02
There's an inside joke someone has penciled in:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐํ•„๋กœ ์จ๋†“์€ ์กฐํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
10:04
"Here lies Marston Mouse."
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"์—ฌ๊ธฐ Marston Mouse ์ž ๋“ค๋‹ค."
10:06
If you're a mathematician, you get that,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž๋ผ๋ฉด, ์•„์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:08
because Marston was a mathematician who
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด Marston์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž์ด๋ฉด์„œ
10:09
objected to the computer being there.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
"Picked a lightning bug off the drum." "Running at two kilocycles."
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"2ํ‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ดํด ์†๋„์˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์—์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์žก๋‹ค."
10:16
That's two thousand cycles per second --
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์ด๊ฑด ์ผ์ดˆ์— 2,000์‚ฌ์ดํด์ด์ฃ --
10:18
"yes, I'm chicken" -- so two kilocycles was slow speed.
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"๊ทธ๋ž˜, ๋‚œ ๋‹ญ์ด๋‹ค"--2 ํ‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ดํด์€ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์†๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
The high speed was 16 kilocycles.
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๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด 16ํ‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ดํด์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
I don't know if you remember a Mac that was 16 Megahertz,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ 16๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ํ—ค๋ฅด์ฏ” ์†๋„์˜ ๋งคํ‚จํ† ์‹œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์•„์‹œ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
that's slow speed.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์†๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
"I have now duplicated both results.
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๋‘๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
How will I know which is right, assuming one result is correct?
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
10:35
This now is the third different output.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค.
10:37
I know when I'm licked."
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค."
10:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:41
"We've duplicated errors before."
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์— ์—๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
10:43
"Machine run, fine. Code isn't."
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"๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค."
10:46
"Only happens when the machine is running."
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"๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค."
10:48
And sometimes things are okay.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
"Machine a thing of beauty, and a joy forever." "Perfect running."
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'๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์˜์›ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์ด๋‹ค.""์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ž‘๋™."
10:56
"Parting thought: when there's bigger and better errors, we'll have them."
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"ํ‡ด๊ทผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋“  ์ƒ๊ฐ: ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."
11:00
So, nobody was supposed to know they were actually designing bombs.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํญํƒ„์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
They're designing hydrogen bombs. But someone in the logbook,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œํญํƒ„์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์—…์ผ์ง€์—,
11:05
late one night, finally drew a bomb.
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์–ด๋Š ๋Šฆ์€ ๋ฐค, ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํญํƒ„์„ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
So, that was the result. It was Mike,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด Mike์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
the first thermonuclear bomb, in 1952.
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1952๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ํญํƒ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
That was designed on that machine,
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์ด ํญํƒ„์ด ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:14
in the woods behind the Institute.
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๋’ค์ชฝ์˜ ์ˆฒ์†์—์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
So Von Neumann invited a whole gang of weirdos
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ von Neumann์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ช…์˜ ๊ดด์งœ๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:20
from all over the world to work on all these problems.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
Barricelli, he came to do what we now call, really, artificial life,
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Barrcelli ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ณต ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ ,
11:27
trying to see if, in this artificial universe --
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์ด ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ, ์ด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ คํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ--
11:30
he was a viral-geneticist, way, way, way ahead of his time.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์œ ์ „ํ•™์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
He's still ahead of some of the stuff that's being done now.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ์•ž์„œ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
Trying to start an artificial genetic system running in the computer.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์œ ์ „ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ€๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
Began -- his universe started March 3, '53.
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๊ทธ๋Š” 1953๋…„ 3์›” 3์ผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
So it's almost exactly -- it's 50 years ago next Tuesday, I guess.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ ํ™”์š”์ผ์ด๋ฉด ๋”ฑ 50์ฃผ๋…„์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
And he saw everything in terms of --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
11:51
he could read the binary code straight off the machine.
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ 2์ง„๋ฒ• ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
He had a wonderful rapport.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
Other people couldn't get the machine running. It always worked for him.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์ž‘๋™ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
Even errors were duplicated.
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์‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋งˆ์ €๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์žฌํ˜„ํ•ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
12:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:01
"Dr. Barricelli claims machine is wrong, code is right."
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"Barricelli ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ๋งž๋‹ค."
12:04
So he designed this universe, and ran it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™ ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
When the bomb people went home, he was allowed in there.
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ํญํƒ„์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ํ‡ด๊ทผํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋„, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
He would run that thing all night long, running these things,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ , ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ์ž‘๋™์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
if anybody remembers Stephen Wolfram,
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Stephen Wolfram์„ ๊ธฐ์–ต ํ•˜์‹ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
12:15
who reinvented this stuff.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
And he published it. It wasn't locked up and disappeared.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถœํŒํ–ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์†Œํ™€๋กœ ๋ถ„์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
It was published in the literature.
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๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
"If it's that easy to create living organisms, why not create a few yourself?"
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"๋งŒ์ผ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์™œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
12:24
So, he decided to give it a try,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
12:26
to start this artificial biology going in the machines.
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
And he found all these, sort of --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ผ์ข…์˜--
12:32
it was like a naturalist coming in
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์ž์—ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์„œ
12:34
and looking at this tiny, 5,000-byte universe,
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์ด ์ž‘๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ 5,000๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์†์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ค๊ฐ€,
12:37
and seeing all these things happening
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ
12:39
that we see in the outside world, in biology.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
This is some of the generations of his universe.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋งŒ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
But they're just going to stay numbers;
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ˆซ์ž์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ๋ฐ;
12:50
they're not going to become organisms.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
They have to have something.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
You have a genotype and you have to have a phenotype.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
They have to go out and do something. And he started doing that,
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๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
12:58
started giving these little numerical organisms things they could play with --
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋†€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
playing chess with other machines and so on.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฒด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
And they did start to evolve.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
And he went around the country after that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ด๊ณณ ์ €๊ณณ์„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
Every time there was a new, fast machine, he started using it,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณณ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
and saw exactly what's happening now.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
That the programs, instead of being turned off -- when you quit the program,
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ด€๋‘˜ ๋•Œ-- ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋„๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”,
13:19
you'd keep running
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๊ณ„์† ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
and, basically, all the sorts of things like Windows is doing,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ--
13:25
running as a multi-cellular organism on many machines,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ธํฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ --
13:27
he envisioned all that happening.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
And he saw that evolution itself was an intelligent process.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ง„ํ™” ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
It wasn't any sort of creator intelligence,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
13:34
but the thing itself was a giant parallel computation
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์ด๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์žฅ์น˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
that would have some intelligence.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
And he went out of his way to say
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:41
that he was not saying this was lifelike,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
13:44
or a new kind of life.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ;
13:46
It just was another version of the same thing happening.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
And there's really no difference between what he was doing in the computer
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
13:52
and what nature did billions of years ago.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋…„ ์ „์— ์ž์—ฐ์ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
And could you do it again now?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:57
So, when I went into these archives looking at this stuff, lo and behold,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ณด๊ด€์„œ์— ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ,
14:01
the archivist came up one day, saying,
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์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด ์–ด๋Š๋‚ ์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”,
14:03
"I think we found another box that had been thrown out."
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"์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
14:06
And it was his universe on punch cards.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒœ๊ณต์นด๋“œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
So there it is, 50 years later, sitting there -- sort of suspended animation.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ„์† ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ 50๋…„ ํ›„์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
That's the instructions for running --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž‘๋™ ์„ค๋ช…์„œ์ด๊ณ --
14:16
this is actually the source code
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์†Œ์Šค ์ฝ”๋“œ์ด๊ณ 
14:18
for one of those universes,
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๊ทธ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
with a note from the engineers
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธํŠธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
saying they're having some problems.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
"There must be something about this code that you haven't explained yet."
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"์ด ์ฝ”๋“œ์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ์„ค๋ช… ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์žˆ๋‹ค."
14:28
And I think that's really the truth. We still don't understand
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์ดํ•ด ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:31
how these very simple instructions can lead to increasing complexity.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ช…๋ น๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์  ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
What's the dividing line between
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์–ด๋Š ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
14:37
when that is lifelike and when it really is alive?
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์™€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
14:41
These cards, now, thanks to me showing up, are being saved.
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์ด ์นด๋“œ๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์‚ด๋ ค์ค˜์„œ ๊ณ ๋ง™๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
And the question is, should we run them or not?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฃ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š๋ƒ ๋งˆ๋Š๋ƒ?
14:47
You know, could we get them running?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
14:49
Do you want to let it loose on the Internet?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
14:50
These machines would think they --
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
14:52
these organisms, if they came back to life now --
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์ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด, ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
14:55
whether they've died and gone to heaven, there's a universe.
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์ฃฝ์–ด์„œ ํ•˜๋Š˜๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ์•ˆ ๊ฐ”๋˜, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
14:57
My laptop is 10 thousand million times
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์ œ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์€ 100์–ต๋ฐฐ์ •๋„ ๋” ํฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:02
the size of the universe that they lived in when Barricelli quit the project.
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Barricelli๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋‘์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
He was thinking far ahead, to
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๋‹ค ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ ,
15:09
how this would really grow into a new kind of life.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
And that's what's happening!
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
15:14
When Juan Enriquez told us about
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Juan Enriquez๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
15:16
these 12 trillion bits being transferred back and forth,
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์ด 12์กฐ ๋น„ํŠธ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํƒ€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด
15:20
of all this genomics data going to the proteomics lab,
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์œ ์ „์ •๋ณดํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์ด์ฃ ,
15:24
that's what Barricelli imagined:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด Barricelli๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
15:26
that this digital code in these machines
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€
15:29
is actually starting to code --
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
15:31
it already is coding from nucleic acids.
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๋ฒŒ์จ ํ•ต์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
We've been doing that since, you know, since we started PCR
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, PCR(๋ฆฌ๋ณดํ•ต์‚ฐ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ)๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
and synthesizing small strings of DNA.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  DNA์˜ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋ˆ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•ด ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
And real soon, we're actually going to be synthesizing the proteins,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•ด ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
and, like Steve showed us, that just opens an entirely new world.
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Steve๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
It's a world that Von Neumann himself envisioned.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด von Neumann์ด ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
This was published after he died: his sort of unfinished notes
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋’ค ์ถœํŒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ: ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ ๋…ธํŠธ๋Š”
15:57
on self-reproducing machines,
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์ž์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
what it takes to get the machines sort of jump-started
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‹œ๋™์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ
16:02
to where they begin to reproduce.
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๋ณต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
It took really three people:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ:
16:06
Barricelli had the concept of the code as a living thing;
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Barricelli๋Š” ์ด ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
Von Neumann saw how you could build the machines --
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von Neumann์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
that now, last count, four million
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ 4๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋Œ€์˜
16:15
of these Von Neumann machines is built every 24 hours;
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von Neumann ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋งŒ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
and Julian Bigelow, who died 10 days ago --
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10์ผ ์ „์— ์ž‘๊ณ ํ•œ Julian Bigelow--
16:22
this is John Markoff's obituary for him --
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ John Markoff์˜ ๋ถ€๊ณ ์—์„œ--
16:25
he was the important missing link,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ missing link์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
the engineer who came in
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋Š”
16:29
and knew how to put those vacuum tubes together and make it work.
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์ด ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ค„์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
And all our computers have, inside them,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€
16:34
the copies of the architecture that he had to just design
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ
16:38
one day, sort of on pencil and paper.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š๋‚  ์ข…์ด์™€ ์—ฐํ•„๋งŒ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋””์ž์ธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
And we owe a tremendous credit to that.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ฐฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
And he explained, in a very generous way,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ,
16:47
the spirit that brought all these different people to
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ์•˜๋˜ ์ •์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
the Institute for Advanced Study in the '40s to do this project,
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40๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด Advanced Study ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:52
and make it freely available with no patents, no restrictions,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด ํŠนํ—ˆ๋‚˜ ์ œํ•œ ์—†์ด ์ž์œ ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
no intellectual property disputes to the rest of the world.
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์•„๋ฌด ์ง€์  ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋„๋ก ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
That's the last entry in the logbook
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ์ž‘์—…์ผ์ง€์— ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:01
when the machine was shut down, July 1958.
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1958๋…„ 7์›”์— ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ ๋•Œ.
17:04
And it's Julian Bigelow who was running it until midnight
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋ฐค์ค‘ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ Julian Bigelow์ด๋ฉฐ,
17:07
when the machine was officially turned off.
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๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „์›์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:09
And that's the end.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:11
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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