George Dyson: The birth of the computer

121,607 views ・ 2008-06-23

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Steve Kim κ²€ν† : Yong-Geun Song
00:12
Last year, I told you the story, in seven minutes, of Project Orion,
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μ§€λ‚œν•΄μ— μ €λŠ” "였리온 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈ"에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 7λΆ„μ—¬λ™μ•ˆ 이야기λ₯Ό ν•œ 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
which was this very implausible technology
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맀우 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ κΈ°μˆ μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:18
that technically could have worked,
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ν˜„μ‹€μ΄ 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμ΄μ§€λ§Œμš”.
00:22
but it had this one-year political window where it could have happened.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ 이유둜 주어진 단 ν•œ 해밖에 μ‹œκ°„μ„ 갖지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
So it didn't happen. It was a dream that did not happen.
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κ²°κ΅­ 이루어지지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이루어지지 λͺ»ν•œ κΏˆμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
This year I'm going to tell you the story of the birth of digital computing.
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μ§€κΈˆ μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ 디지털 μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ 기원에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
This was a perfect introduction.
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이것은 μ™„λ²½ν•œ μ‹œμž‘μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
And it's a story that did work. It did happen,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘Œκ³ , μ‹€ν˜„λλ˜ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ΄κ΅¬μš”.
00:37
and the machines are all around us.
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κ·Έ 기계듀은 우리 μ£Όλ³€ μ–΄λ””μ—λ‚˜ 있죠.
00:39
And it was a technology that was inevitable.
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그리고 ν•„μ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ 생길 수 밖에 μ—†λŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
If the people I'm going to tell you the story about,
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μ§€κΈˆ μ œκ°€ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜λ €λŠ” 뢄듀이 λ§Œμ•½--
00:45
if they hadn't done it, somebody else would have.
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이 일을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€λ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ ν–ˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
So, it was sort of the right idea at the right time.
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μ μ ˆν•œ μ‹œκΈ°μ— λ‚˜μ˜¨ μ μ ˆν–ˆλ˜ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ˜€μ£ .
00:51
This is Barricelli's universe. This is the universe we live in now.
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이곳은 Barricelli의 μš°μ£Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 또 이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” μš°μ£Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
It's the universe in which these machines
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이 μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 기계듀이
00:56
are now doing all these things, including changing biology.
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μƒνƒœκ³„λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈλŠ” λ“± λͺ¨λ“  일듀을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
I'm starting the story with the first atomic bomb at Trinity,
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μ €λŠ” 첫번째 μ›μžν­νƒ„ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈ : Trinity둜 λΆ€ν„° 말씀 λ“œλ¦¬λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
which was the Manhattan Project. It was a little bit like TED:
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이것은 Manhattan ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ˜ μΌλΆ€μ˜€λŠ”λ°, μ’€ TED와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜μ£ .
01:09
it brought a whole lot of very smart people together.
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이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈκ°€ μ•„μ£Ό λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λͺ¨μ΄κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
And three of the smartest people were
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이 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ 쀑 μ„Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ°”λ‘œ
01:14
Stan Ulam, Richard Feynman and John von Neumann.
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Stan Ulam, Richard Feynman, 그리고 John von Neumann μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
01:18
And it was Von Neumann who said, after the bomb,
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μ›ν­νˆ¬ν•˜ ν›„ von Neumann이 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
he was working on something much more important than bombs:
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κ·ΈλŠ” 폭탄보닀 훨씬 더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 무언가λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€:
01:24
he's thinking about computers.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 컴퓨터에 κ΄€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
So, he wasn't only thinking about them; he built one. This is the machine he built.
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그리고 μƒκ°λ§Œ ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이것이 κ·Έκ°€ λ§Œλ“  κΈ°κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:34
He built this machine,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이 기계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆκ³ ,
01:36
and we had a beautiful demonstration of how this thing really works,
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 기계가 μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ 이둠을 κ°–κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
with these little bits. And it's an idea that goes way back.
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이 μž‘μ€ λΉ„νŠΈλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠. 그런데 이 생각은 훨씬 이전뢀터 μ‹œμž‘λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
The first person to really explain that
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졜초둜 이것을 μ„€λͺ…ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
01:45
was Thomas Hobbes, who, in 1651,
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1651λ…„μ˜ Thomas Hobbesμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
explained how arithmetic and logic are the same thing,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 계산과 논리가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 같은 지 μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
and if you want to do artificial thinking and artificial logic,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μΈμœ„μ μΈ 생각과 좔둠을 ν•  λ•Œ,
01:54
you can do it all with arithmetic.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것을 κ³„μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€μ‹ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
He said you needed addition and subtraction.
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ”ν•˜κΈ°μ™€ λΉΌκΈ°κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
Leibniz, who came a little bit later -- this is 1679 --
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쑰금 더 뒀에--1679λ…„--LeibnizλŠ”
02:04
showed that you didn't even need subtraction.
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심지어 빼기도 ν•„μš” μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
You could do the whole thing with addition.
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단지 λ§μ…ˆλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨λ“  것을 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
Here, we have all the binary arithmetic and logic
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이것듀이 컴퓨터 혁λͺ…을 μΌμœΌν‚¨
02:11
that drove the computer revolution.
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이진 μ‚°μˆ λ²•κ³Ό 논리ꡬ쑰 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
And Leibniz was the first person to really talk about building such a machine.
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그리고 LeibnizλŠ” 처음으둜 이런 κΈ°κ³„μ˜ μ œμž‘μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–˜κΈ°ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμΈλ°μš”,
02:17
He talked about doing it with marbles,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이것을 κ΅¬μŠ¬μ„ 가지고 μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
having gates and what we now call shift registers,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§€κΈˆ 이동 λ ˆμ§€μŠ€ν„°λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°œμ˜ ꡬ멍이 뚫렀 있고,
02:21
where you shift the gates, drop the marbles down the tracks.
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ꡬ멍의 문듀이 열리면 길을 따라 ꡬ슬이 ꡴러 떨어지죠.
02:24
And that's what all these machines are doing,
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ λͺ¨λ“  컴퓨터듀이 μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” μ›λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
except, instead of doing it with marbles,
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단지 κ΅¬μŠ¬μ„ κ°–κ³  ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ μ—
02:28
they're doing it with electrons.
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μ „μžλ“€μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
And then we jump to Von Neumann, 1945,
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그리고 λ‹€μ‹œ 1945λ…„μ˜ von Neumannn으둜 λŒμ•„ 가보죠,
02:34
when he sort of reinvents the whole same thing.
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그해에 κ·ΈλŠ” Leibniz 의 발λͺ…ν’ˆκ³Ό λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 것을 μž¬κ³ μ•ˆ ν•΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
And 1945, after the war, the electronics existed
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μ „μŸμ΄ λλ‚œ 1945λ…„μ—λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 기계λ₯Ό μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ”
02:39
to actually try and build such a machine.
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μ „μžκ³΅ν•™μ΄ λ°œλ‹¬ν•΄ μžˆλŠ” μ‹œκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
So June 1945 -- actually, the bomb hasn't even been dropped yet --
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그리고 1945λ…„ 6μ›” μ›μžν­νƒ„μ΄ 아직 떨어지지 μ•Šμ•˜μ„ λ•Œ,
02:46
and Von Neumann is putting together all the theory to actually build this thing,
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von Neumann은 λͺ¨λ“  이둠을 μ’…ν•©ν•΄μ„œ 이것을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
which also goes back to Turing,
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이것은 λ˜ν•œ TuringκΉŒμ§€ 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°€μ£ ,
02:52
who, before that, gave the idea that you could do all this
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이전에 κ·ΈλŠ” μ˜μ‹ μ—†λŠ” μž‘μ€ μœ ν•œ μ‚¬μƒμ˜ 기계(Finite State Automata)둜
02:55
with a very brainless, little, finite state machine,
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이 λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 아이디어λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
just reading a tape in and reading a tape out.
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단지 ν…Œμ΄ν”„λ₯Ό 읽고 좜λ ₯ν•΄ λ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
The other sort of genesis of what Von Neumann did
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von Neumann이 μ°½μ‘°ν•œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것은
03:05
was the difficulty of how you would predict the weather.
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날씨λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ–΄λ €μšΈμ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
Lewis Richardson saw how you could do this with a cellular array of people,
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Lewis Richardson은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ„Έν¬μ²˜λŸΌ 쀄지어 μ„Έμ›Œ 놓고 μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
giving them each a little chunk, and putting it together.
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그리고 κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 쑰각듀을 λ‚˜λˆ  μ£Όκ³  짜 λ§žμΆ”κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
Here, we have an electrical model illustrating a mind having a will,
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여기에 인간이 μ˜μ§€λ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆ λ•Œλ₯Ό 전기적인 λͺ¨λΈλ‘œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
03:19
but capable of only two ideas.
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단지 두 μ‚¬μƒλ§Œ κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:22
And that's really the simplest computer.
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그건 μ •λ§λ‘œ κ°€μž₯ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜€μ£ .
03:25
It's basically why you need the qubit,
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이것이 기본적으둜 μ™œ 이진법이 ν•„μš”ν•œ 지λ₯Ό λ§ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
because it only has two ideas.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이것은 단지 두가지 μƒκ°λ§Œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κΈ°λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
And you put lots of those together,
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그리고 이것듀을 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λͺ¨μ•„ 놓은것이,
03:31
you get the essentials of the modern computer:
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ν˜„λŒ€ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έ κ³¨κ²©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
the arithmetic unit, the central control, the memory,
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μ—°μ‚°μž₯치, μ€‘μ•™ν†΅μ œμž₯치, κΈ°μ–΅μž₯치,
03:37
the recording medium, the input and the output.
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기둝맀체, 그리고 μž…μΆœλ ₯이 여기에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
But, there's one catch. This is the fatal -- you know,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ λ‹€ μ•„λŠ” 치λͺ…적인 결점이 ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
we saw it in starting these programs up.
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이런 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ“€μ„ μ‹€ν–‰ν• λ•Œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
03:47
The instructions which govern this operation
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싀행듀을 ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” λͺ…령은
03:49
must be given in absolutely exhaustive detail.
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μ•„μ£Ό μ² μ €νžˆ ꡬ체적으둜 μ£Όμ–΄μ Έμ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
So, the programming has to be perfect, or it won't work.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ°μ€ μ™„λ²½ν•΄μ•Όν•˜κ³ , 그렇지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ μ˜€μž‘λ™ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
If you look at the origins of this,
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μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ 근원을 보면,
03:56
the classic history sort of takes it all back to the ENIAC here.
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κ·Έ 였래된 μ—­μ‚¬λŠ” ENIAC κΉŒμ§€ 이λ₯΄κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
But actually, the machine I'm going to tell you about,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ €λŠ” κΈ°κ³„λŠ”,
04:02
the Institute for Advanced Study machine, which is way up there,
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Grand Study Machine μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ μž‘λ™λ˜μ—ˆλ˜,
04:05
really should be down there. So, I'm trying to revise history,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 거기에 있던 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 역사λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•΄μ„œ,
04:07
and give some of these guys more credit than they've had.
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κ·ΈλΆ„λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‹€μ œ 그뢄듀이 κ°€μ‘Œλ˜ μ˜μ˜ˆλ³΄λ‹€ 더 λ§Žμ€ 영예λ₯Ό λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μžν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
Such a computer would open up universes,
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우주λ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ μ—΄ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” κ·Έ 컴퓨터듀은
04:12
which are, at the present, outside the range of any instruments.
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μ§€κΈˆ ν˜„μž¬μ˜ μ–΄λ–€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 기계듀 보닀도 μš°μˆ˜ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
So it opens up a whole new world, and these people saw it.
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이 컴퓨터듀은 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 세계λ₯Ό μ—΄μ—ˆκ³ , μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ·Έκ±Έ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
The guy who was supposed to build this machine
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이 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 이 컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ λ»”ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œ
04:21
was the guy in the middle, Vladimir Zworykin, from RCA.
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κ°€μš΄λ° μ„œ μžˆλŠ” RCA의 Vladimir Zworykinμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
RCA, in probably one of the lousiest business decisions
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RCAλŠ” μ•„λ§ˆλ„ λΉ„μ¦ˆλ‹ˆμŠ€ 역사상 κ°€μž₯ 어리석은 결정을 ν•˜κ²Œλ˜μ–΄
04:27
of all time, decided not to go into computers.
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컴퓨터 μͺ½μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 가지 μ•Šκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
But the first meetings, November 1945, were at RCA's offices.
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1945λ…„ 11μ›” RCA μ‚¬λ¬΄μ‹€μ—μ„œ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 첫번째 νšŒμ˜μ—μ„œ
04:35
RCA started this whole thing off, and said, you know,
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RCAλŠ” μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 이 λͺ¨λ“  것듀을 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμœΌλ©΄μ„œλ„,
04:39
televisions are the future, not computers.
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TVκ°€ λ―Έλž˜μ΄μ§€ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  λ§ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
The essentials were all there --
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기본적으둜 ν•„μš”ν•œ 것듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:44
all the things that make these machines run.
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이 기계듀을 μž‘λ™ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 것 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
Von Neumann, and a logician, and a mathematician from the army
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λ―Έ μœ‘κ΅°μ— 있던 λ…Όλ¦¬ν•™μžμ΄μž μˆ˜ν•™μžμΈ von Neumann이
04:51
put this together. Then, they needed a place to build it.
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이것듀을 λͺ¨λ‘ μ·¨ν•©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 그듀은 이것을 λ§Œλ“€ 곡간이 ν•„μš”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
When RCA said no, that's when they decided to build it in Princeton,
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RCA κ°€ μž₯μ†Œ μ œκ³΅μ„ κ±°λΆ€ν•΄μ„œ 이것을 ν”„λ¦°μŠ€ν„΄μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
where Freeman works at the Institute.
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Freeman은 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ μΌν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
That's where I grew up as a kid.
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κ±°κΈ°μ—μ„œ μ €λŠ” μ–΄λ¦° μ‹œμ ˆμ„ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
That's me, that's my sister Esther, who's talked to you before,
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이게 저이고, 이것은 전에 μ΄κ³³μ—μ„œ κ°•μ—°ν–ˆλ˜ 제 λˆ„λ‚˜μΈ Estherμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
so we both go back to the birth of this thing.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ νƒ„μƒμœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
That's Freeman, a long time ago,
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μ΄μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 였래 μ „μ˜ freeman이고,
05:10
and that was me.
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이μͺ½μ΄ μ ‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
And this is Von Neumann and Morgenstern,
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그리고 von Neumann이고 Morgenstern인데,
05:14
who wrote the "Theory of Games."
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이듀이 κ²Œμž„μ΄λ‘ μ„ μ°½μ•ˆν•΄ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
All these forces came together there, in Princeton.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν”„λ¦°μŠ€ν„΄μ— ν•¨κ»˜ λͺ¨μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
Oppenheimer, who had built the bomb.
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OppenheimerλŠ” μ›μžν­νƒ„μ„ μ œμ‘°ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
The machine was actually used mainly for doing bomb calculations.
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이 κΈ°κ³„λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ ν­νƒ„μ˜ 계산을 ν•˜λŠ” 것이 λͺ©μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
And Julian Bigelow, who took
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Julian BigelowλŠ”
05:28
Zworkykin's place as the engineer, to actually figure out, using electronics,
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μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄λ‘œμ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄
05:32
how you would build this thing. The whole gang of people who came to work on this,
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컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
and women in front, who actually did most of the coding, were the first programmers.
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μ•žμ—΄μ— μžˆλŠ” μ—¬μžλΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 코딩을 ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œ, 졜초의 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ¨Έμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
These were the prototype geeks, the nerds.
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이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 졜초의 μ»΄ν“¨ν„°κ΄‘λ“€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
They didn't fit in at the Institute.
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그듀은 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œ 체질이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
This is a letter from the director, concerned about --
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μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ˜ 이사가 μ“΄ νŽΈμ§€μΈλ°, κ·ΈλŠ” κ±±μ •ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό--
05:49
"especially unfair on the matter of sugar."
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"섀탕을 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ§€λ‚˜μΉ˜κ²Œ 많이 λ¨Ήμ–΄μ„œ"
05:52
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:53
You can read the text.
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이 글듀을 읽어볼 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:00
This is hackers getting in trouble for the first time.
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처음으둜 컴퓨터 전문가듀이 고생을 ν–ˆλ˜ λ•Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
(Laughter).
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:09
These were not theoretical physicists.
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그듀은 이둠 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
They were real soldering-gun type guys, and they actually built this thing.
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그듀은 λ‚©λ•œμ„ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ ν•΄λŒ€λŠ” 그런 λ₯˜μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œ, 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ§„μ§œλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:16
And we take it for granted now, that each of these machines
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 이 λͺ¨λ“  컴퓨터듀이 수 λ§Žμ€ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λ₯Ό κ°–κ³ 
06:18
has billions of transistors, doing billions of cycles per second without failing.
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μ‹€μˆ˜ 없이 μ΄ˆλ‹Ή μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅κ°œμ˜ 연산을 ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
They were using vacuum tubes, very narrow, sloppy techniques
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μ΄λ•ŒλŠ” 진곡관이 μ“°μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 맀우 ν—ˆμ ‘ν•œ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ
06:27
to get actually binary behavior out of these radio vacuum tubes.
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λΌλ””μ˜€ μ§„κ³΅κ΄€μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 이진법적인 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λŒμ–΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
They actually used 6J6, the common radio tube,
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μ΄λ•ŒλŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 6J6λΌλŠ” λΌλ””μ˜€ 진곡관을 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆκ³ ,
06:35
because they found they were more reliable than the more expensive tubes.
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이것이 가격이 더 λΉ„μ‹Ό 진곡관보닀 더 μ•ˆμ •μ μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
And what they did at the Institute was publish every step of the way.
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그리고 그듀은 κ·Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ“  과정을 κΈ€λ‘œ λ‚¨κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:43
Reports were issued, so that this machine was cloned
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λ³΄κ³ μ„œκ°€ λ°œν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, κ·Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 세계 κ°μ§€μ˜ μ•½ 15 곳에
06:46
at 15 other places around the world.
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이 κΈ°κ³„λ“€μ˜ λ³΅μ œν’ˆμ΄ λ‚˜μ˜€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:49
And it really was. It was the original microprocessor.
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이것이 졜초의 microprocessor μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
All the computers now are copies of that machine.
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μ§€κΈˆμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” 이 κΈ°κ³„μ˜ λ³΅μ œν’ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:55
The memory was in cathode ray tubes --
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λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬λŠ” CRTμ•ˆμ— λ“€μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°--
06:58
a whole bunch of spots on the face of the tube --
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κ·Έ μ§„κ³΅κ΄€μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°œμ˜ 뢀뢄듀은
07:01
very, very sensitive to electromagnetic disturbances.
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μΈκ·Όν•œ μ „μžκΈ°μž₯에 맀우 λ―Όκ°ν•΄μ„œ λ°©ν•΄λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
So, there's 40 of these tubes,
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40개의 진곡관이 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
07:06
like a V-40 engine running the memory.
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마치 V-40 엔진이 λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬λ₯Ό λŒλ¦¬λŠ” 것과 같은 κ΅¬μ‘°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:10
The input and the output was by teletype tape at first.
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” μž…μΆœλ ₯ μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” μ „μ‹  ν…Œμ΄ν”„ ν˜•νƒœμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
This is a wire drive, using bicycle wheels.
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이것은 μžμ „κ±° 바퀴λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 와이어 λ“œλΌμ΄λΈŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
This is the archetype of the hard disk that's in your machine now.
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이것은 μ§€κΈˆμ˜ ν•˜λ“œλ””μŠ€ν¬μ˜ 전신이 λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
Then they switched to a magnetic drum.
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κ·Έ 후에 자기 λ“œλŸΌμœΌλ‘œ λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
This is modifying IBM equipment,
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이것이 λ³€ν˜•λœ IBM μž₯μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
which is the origins of the whole data-processing industry, later at IBM.
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이것이 후일에 IBM의 데이타 ν”„λ‘œμ„Έμ‹± μ‚°μ—…μ˜ 기원이 된 μž₯μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
And this is the beginning of computer graphics.
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그리고 이것이 컴퓨터 κ·Έλž˜ν”½μ˜ μ‹œμž‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:33
The "Graph'g-Beam Turn On." This next slide,
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λ‹€μŒ μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œμ˜ "Graph'g-Beam Turn On"μž₯μΉ˜λŠ”
07:36
that's the -- as far as I know -- the first digital bitmap display, 1954.
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μ œκ°€ μ•„λŠ” ν•œ 1954년에 λ°œν‘œλœ 졜초의 디지털 λΉ„νŠΈλ§΅ ν™”λ©΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
So, Von Neumann was already off in a theoretical cloud,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ von Neumann은 졜초둜 μ΄λ‘ μƒμ˜ λͺ¨ν˜Έν•¨μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜
07:46
doing abstract sorts of studies of how you could build
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좔상적인 μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ λΆ€ν„° μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄
07:49
reliable machines out of unreliable components.
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λ―ΏκΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ λΆ€λΆ„λ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 믿을 수 μžˆλŠ” 기계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
Those guys drinking all the tea with sugar in it
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섀탕을 λ„£κ³  μ°¨λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ‹  이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘
07:54
were writing in their logbooks, trying to get this thing to work, with all
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이 기계λ₯Ό μž‘λ™μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μž‘μ—…μΌμ§€λ₯Ό 써 λ‚˜κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
these 2,600 vacuum tubes that failed half the time.
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두 λ²ˆμ— ν•œ λ²ˆμ€ 였λ₯˜λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 2,600개의 진곡관을 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
And that's what I've been doing, this last six months, is going through the logs.
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μ €λŠ” μ§€λ‚œ 6κ°œμ›”λ™μ•ˆ 이 λ‘œκ·Έλ“€μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
"Running time: two minutes. Input, output: 90 minutes."
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"μž‘λ™μ‹œκ°„:2λΆ„,μž…μΆœλ ₯:90λΆ„"
08:09
This includes a large amount of human error.
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이것은 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ μΈκ°„μ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
So they are always trying to figure out, what's machine error? What's human error?
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그리고 그듀은 이것듀을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄λ €κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, μ–΄λ–€ 것이 κΈ°κ³„μ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜μΈκ°€? μ–΄λ–€ 것이 μΈκ°„μ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜ 인가?
08:15
What's code, what's hardware?
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μ–΄λ–€ 것이 μ½”λ“œμ΄κ³  μ–΄λ–€ 것이 ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄μΈκ°€?
08:17
That's an engineer gazing at tube number 36,
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이것은 36번 진곡관을 보고 μžˆλŠ” μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:19
trying to figure out why the memory's not in focus.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ™œ λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬κ°€ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μž‘λ™ μ•ˆν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λ €κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
He had to focus the memory -- seems OK.
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λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬λ₯Ό μ‘°μ •ν–ˆκ³  이상이 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:24
So, he had to focus each tube just to get the memory up and running,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 각 진곡관을 μ‘°μ •ν•΄μ„œ λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬λ₯Ό μž‘λ™ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:28
let alone having, you know, software problems.
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μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” κ·Έλƒ₯ 놔두고 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
"No use, went home." (Laughter)
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μ†Œμš© μ—†μ–΄μ„œ ν‡΄κ·Όν–ˆλ‹€.(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:32
"Impossible to follow the damn thing, where's a directory?"
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이 λΉŒμ–΄ 먹을 것을 λ”°λΌκ°ˆ μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†κ΅°, 어디에 디렉토리가 μžˆλŠ”κ±°μ§€?
08:35
So, already, they're complaining about the manuals:
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그듀은 μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ 메뉴얼을 λΆˆν‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
"before closing down in disgust ... "
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"μ—­κ²¨μšΈ 지경이 λ˜μ–΄ 그만 λ‘˜ λ•Œ κΉŒμ§€"
08:41
"The General Arithmetic: Operating Logs."
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일반 μˆ˜ν•™--μž‘μ—… 일지,
08:43
Burning lots of midnight oil.
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λ°€ λŠ¦κ²ŒκΉŒμ§€ μΌν•˜λ©΄μ„œ.
08:46
"MANIAC," which became the acronym for the machine,
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MANIAC 은 이 κΈ°κ³„μ˜ 이름이 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ ,
08:48
Mathematical and Numerical Integrator and Calculator, "lost its memory."
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Mathematical And Numerical Integrator And Calculator, "λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬λ₯Ό μžƒμ–΄λ²„λ Έλ‹€"
08:51
"MANIAC regained its memory, when the power went off." "Machine or human?"
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"MANIAC은 μ „κΈ°κ°€ 꺼져도 λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€", "기계인가, 인간인가?"
08:57
"Aha!" So, they figured out it's a code problem.
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"μ•„ν•˜" 그리고 그듀은 κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜λ‹€; 이것은 μ½”λ“œμ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ˜€λ‹€;
09:00
"Found trouble in code, I hope."
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"μ½”λ“œμ˜ 문제이면 μ’‹κ² λ‹€"
09:02
"Code error, machine not guilty."
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"μ½”λ“œμ˜ λ¬Έμ œλ‹€, κΈ°κ³„λŠ” 죄가 μ—†λ‹€"
09:05
"Damn it, I can be just as stubborn as this thing."
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"λΉŒμ–΄λ¨Ήμ„, λ‚˜λ„ 이 κΈ°κ³„μ²˜λŸΌ κ³ μ§‘λΆˆν†΅ 짓을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λ‹ˆ."
09:08
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:13
"And the dawn came." So they ran all night.
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"그리고 μƒˆλ²½μ΄ μ™”λ‹€." κ·Έ 기계듀은 λ°€μƒˆ λ‚΄λ‚΄ μž‘λ™ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
Twenty-four hours a day, this thing was running, mainly running bomb calculations.
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폭탄 계산을 주둜 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ ν•˜λ£¨ 24μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ μž‘λ™ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
"Everything up to this point is wasted time." "What's the use? Good night."
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"μ—¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  것듀은 μ‹œκ°„ λ‚­λΉ„μ˜€λ‹€." "무엇에 μ“ΈκΉŒ? μ•ˆλ…•"
09:24
"Master control off. The hell with it. Way off." (Laughter)
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"주전원 차단. 이런 λΉŒμ–΄λ¨Ήμ„. μ™„μ „νžˆ 꺼져버렀라"(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:28
"Something's wrong with the air conditioner --
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"μ—μ–΄μ½˜μ— λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€--
09:30
smell of burning V-belts in the air."
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v-λ²¨νŠΈκ°€ νƒ€λŠ” λƒ„μƒˆκ°€ λ‚œλ‹€."
09:33
"A short -- do not turn the machine on."
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"ν•©μ„ --컴퓨터 킀지 말것."
09:35
"IBM machine putting a tar-like substance on the cards. The tar is from the roof."
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"IBMκΈ°κ³„λŠ” μΉ΄λ“œμ— 타λ₯΄κ°™μ€ κ±Έ 발라 λ†“μ•˜λ‹€. 지뢕에 λ°”λ₯΄λŠ” 타λ₯΄λ§μ΄λ‹€"
09:40
So they really were working under tough conditions.
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이처럼 그듀은 정말 μ–΄λ €μš΄ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ μΌν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:42
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:43
Here, "A mouse has climbed into the blower
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μ—¬κΈ°, "μ₯ ν•œλ§ˆλ¦¬κ°€ 솑풍기에 λ“€μ–΄κ°”λ‹€
09:45
behind the regulator rack, set blower to vibrating. Result: no more mouse."
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μ œμ–΄μž₯치 μ„ λ°˜λ’€μ˜ 솑풍기λ₯Ό μ§„λ™ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ‹€. κ²°κ³Ό: μ₯λ₯Ό λ°•λ©Έν•˜μž."
09:49
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:54
"Here lies mouse. Born: ?. Died: 4:50 a.m., May 1953."
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"μ—¬κΈ° μ₯κ°€ μž λ“€λ‹€. μΆœμƒ? 1953λ…„ 5μ›” μƒˆλ²½ 4μ‹œ 50λΆ„ 사망."
10:01
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:02
There's an inside joke someone has penciled in:
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여기에 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ μ—°ν•„λ‘œ 써놓은 쑰크가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€:
10:04
"Here lies Marston Mouse."
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"μ—¬κΈ° Marston Mouse μž λ“€λ‹€."
10:06
If you're a mathematician, you get that,
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만일 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μˆ˜ν•™μžλΌλ©΄, μ•„μ‹€κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€,
10:08
because Marston was a mathematician who
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ Marston은 μˆ˜ν•™μžμ΄λ©΄μ„œ
10:09
objected to the computer being there.
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컴퓨터가 그곳에 μžˆλŠ” 것을 λ°˜λŒ€ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:12
"Picked a lightning bug off the drum." "Running at two kilocycles."
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"2ν‚¬λ‘œ 사이클 μ†λ„μ˜ λ“œλŸΌμ—μ„œ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λΉ λ₯Έ μ₯λ₯Ό μž‘λ‹€."
10:16
That's two thousand cycles per second --
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이건 μΌμ΄ˆμ— 2,000사이클이죠--
10:18
"yes, I'm chicken" -- so two kilocycles was slow speed.
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"그래, λ‚œ 닭이닀"--2 ν‚¬λ‘œ 사이클은 느린 μ†λ„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
The high speed was 16 kilocycles.
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λΉ λ₯Έ μ†λ„λΌλŠ” 것이 16ν‚¬λ‘œ μ‚¬μ΄ν΄μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
I don't know if you remember a Mac that was 16 Megahertz,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 16λ©”κ°€ν—€λ₯΄μ―” μ†λ„μ˜ λ§€ν‚¨ν† μ‹œ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ•„μ‹œλŠ”μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
that's slow speed.
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그건 느린 μ†λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:29
"I have now duplicated both results.
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"λ‚˜λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ 이 두결과λ₯Ό λ³΅μ œν–ˆλ‹€.
10:32
How will I know which is right, assuming one result is correct?
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ˜¬λ°”λ₯΄λ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•  λ•Œ, μ–΄λ–€ 것이 λ§žλŠ”μ§€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ”κ°€?
10:35
This now is the third different output.
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μ§€κΈˆ 이것은 μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έ λ‹€λ₯Έ 좜λ ₯물이닀.
10:37
I know when I'm licked."
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λ‚˜λŠ” λ‚΄κ°€ μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•ˆλ‹€."
10:39
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:41
"We've duplicated errors before."
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"μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 전에 μ—λŸ¬λ₯Ό μž¬ν˜„ν–ˆλ‹€."
10:43
"Machine run, fine. Code isn't."
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"κΈ°κ³„λŠ” μž‘λ™ν•œλ‹€. μ½”λ“œλŠ” ν‹€λ Έλ‹€."
10:46
"Only happens when the machine is running."
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"기계가 μž‘λ™ν•  λ•Œλ§Œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 생긴닀."
10:48
And sometimes things are okay.
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그리고 λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것이 μ •μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:52
"Machine a thing of beauty, and a joy forever." "Perfect running."
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'κΈ°κ³„λŠ” μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ 것이고 μ˜μ›ν•œ 즐거움이닀.""μ™„μ „ν•œ μž‘λ™."
10:56
"Parting thought: when there's bigger and better errors, we'll have them."
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"ν‡΄κ·Όν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ“  생각: μ–Έμ  κ°€ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더 크고 λ‚˜μ€ μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν•˜κ²Œ 될 것이닀."
11:00
So, nobody was supposed to know they were actually designing bombs.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 아무도 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 폭탄을 μ œμ‘°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λͺ°λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:03
They're designing hydrogen bombs. But someone in the logbook,
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그듀은 μˆ˜μ†Œν­νƒ„μ„ λ””μžμΈν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ μž‘μ—…μΌμ§€μ—,
11:05
late one night, finally drew a bomb.
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μ–΄λŠ λŠ¦μ€ λ°€, λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 폭탄을 κ·Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
So, that was the result. It was Mike,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그게 κ²°κ³Όλ¬Όμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이것이 Mikeμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:09
the first thermonuclear bomb, in 1952.
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1952년에 처음으둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ ν•΅μœ΅ν•© ν­νƒ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
That was designed on that machine,
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이 폭탄이 이 κΈ°κ³„μ—μ„œ λ””μžμΈλ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
11:14
in the woods behind the Institute.
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이 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œ λ’€μͺ½μ˜ μˆ²μ†μ—μ„œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:16
So Von Neumann invited a whole gang of weirdos
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ von Neumann은 μ—¬λŸ¬λͺ…μ˜ κ΄΄μ§œλ“€μ„ 뢈러 λͺ¨μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:20
from all over the world to work on all these problems.
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이 λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μ „μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:23
Barricelli, he came to do what we now call, really, artificial life,
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Barrcelli λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 인곡 생λͺ…체라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 것을 κ°–κ³ ,
11:27
trying to see if, in this artificial universe --
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이 인곡적인 μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ, 이 것을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λ €ν–ˆλŠ”λ°--
11:30
he was a viral-geneticist, way, way, way ahead of his time.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ‹œλŒ€λ₯Ό 훨씬 μ•žμ„œκ°„ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μœ μ „ν•™μžμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
He's still ahead of some of the stuff that's being done now.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ§€κΈˆ 이루어져 μžˆλŠ” 것보닀도 더 μ•žμ„œ κ°”λ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
Trying to start an artificial genetic system running in the computer.
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μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ—μ„œ 인곡적인 μœ μ „ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ κ°€λ™μ‹œν‚€λ € ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:41
Began -- his universe started March 3, '53.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 1953λ…„ 3μ›” 3일 그의 우주λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:44
So it's almost exactly -- it's 50 years ago next Tuesday, I guess.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ λ‹€μŒ μ£Ό ν™”μš”μΌμ΄λ©΄ λ”± 50주년이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:49
And he saw everything in terms of --
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그리고 κ·ΈλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것을 이런 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€--
11:51
he could read the binary code straight off the machine.
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이 κΈ°κ³„μ—μ„œ λ°”λ‘œ 2진법 μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό 읽을 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:53
He had a wonderful rapport.
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κ·ΈλŠ” ꡉμž₯ν•œ μ‹ λ’°λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
Other people couldn't get the machine running. It always worked for him.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ² μž‘λ™ ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ˜ 기계가 κ·Έμ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ μž‘λ™ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:58
Even errors were duplicated.
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μ‹€μˆ˜ λ§ˆμ €λ„ λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ μž¬ν˜„ν•΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
12:00
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:01
"Dr. Barricelli claims machine is wrong, code is right."
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"Barricelli λ°•μ‚¬λŠ” λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 기계가 틀리고, μ½”λ“œλŠ” λ§žλ‹€."
12:04
So he designed this universe, and ran it.
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그리고 κ·ΈλŠ” 이 우주λ₯Ό λ””μžμΈν–ˆκ³ , 이 기계λ₯Ό μž‘λ™ μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:07
When the bomb people went home, he was allowed in there.
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폭탄을 μ œμ‘°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ ν‡΄κ·Όν–ˆμ„ λ•Œλ„, κ·ΈλŠ” 거기에 μžˆλŠ” 것이 ν—ˆμš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:10
He would run that thing all night long, running these things,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이런 것듀을 돌리렀고, 이 기계λ₯Ό ν•˜λ£¨ 쒅일 μž‘λ™μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:13
if anybody remembers Stephen Wolfram,
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Stephen Wolfram을 κΈ°μ–΅ ν•˜μ‹€μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
12:15
who reinvented this stuff.
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κ·Έκ°€ 이것을 μž¬κ°œλ°œμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:17
And he published it. It wasn't locked up and disappeared.
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그리고 이것을 μΆœνŒν–ˆλŠ” 데, 관리 μ†Œν™€λ‘œ λΆ„μ‹€λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
It was published in the literature.
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λ³΄κ³ μ„œ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ 좜판됐던 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:21
"If it's that easy to create living organisms, why not create a few yourself?"
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"만일 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄, μ™œ 슀슀둜 그것듀을 λ§Œλ“€μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?"
12:24
So, he decided to give it a try,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” 이것을 μ‹œλ„ν–ˆκ³ ,
12:26
to start this artificial biology going in the machines.
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이 기계에 인곡적인 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό λ„£κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:30
And he found all these, sort of --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” 이것듀을 μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, μΌμ’…μ˜--
12:32
it was like a naturalist coming in
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μžμ—°μ£Όμ˜μžκ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ„œ
12:34
and looking at this tiny, 5,000-byte universe,
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이 μž‘κ³  μž‘μ€ 5,000λ°”μ΄νŠΈμ˜ μš°μ£Όμ†μ„ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ 보닀가,
12:37
and seeing all these things happening
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것듀이 μ΄κ³³μ—μ„œλ„ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것을 λ³΄λŠ”λ°
12:39
that we see in the outside world, in biology.
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이것듀은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒνƒœν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 컴퓨터 λ°–μ—μ„œλ„ λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:42
This is some of the generations of his universe.
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이것이 그만의 우주의 λ°œμ „ λ‹¨κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:48
But they're just going to stay numbers;
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그것듀은 단지 μˆ«μžμ— λΆˆκ³Όν•œλ°;
12:50
they're not going to become organisms.
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그것듀은 μœ κΈ°μ²΄κ°€ λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
They have to have something.
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이것은 λ­”κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것이 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:53
You have a genotype and you have to have a phenotype.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μœ μ „μžν˜•μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμœΌλ©΄μ„œ λ™μ‹œμ— ν‘œν˜„ν˜•μ„ κ°€μ Έμ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:55
They have to go out and do something. And he started doing that,
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밖에 λ‚˜κ°€μ„œ λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν–ˆκ³ ,
12:58
started giving these little numerical organisms things they could play with --
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이 μž‘μ€ μˆ˜ν•™μ μΈ μœ κΈ°μ²΄μ— 그듀이 κ°–κ³  놀 수 μžˆλŠ” λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό μ£ΌκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:01
playing chess with other machines and so on.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 기계듀과 체슀λ₯Ό λ‘κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 것과 같은 것 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:03
And they did start to evolve.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 기계듀이 μ§„ν™”ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:05
And he went around the country after that.
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그리고 κ·ΈλŠ” μ΄ν›„λ‘œ 이곳 저곳을 μ—¬ν–‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:07
Every time there was a new, fast machine, he started using it,
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그런데 κ°€λŠ” κ³³ λ§ˆλ‹€ 더 λΉ λ₯Έ 기계가 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ , κ·ΈλŠ” 그것듀을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:11
and saw exactly what's happening now.
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그리고 μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 지 μ •ν™•νžˆ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:13
That the programs, instead of being turned off -- when you quit the program,
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ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ κ΄€λ‘˜ λ•Œ-- 컴퓨터λ₯Ό 끄기 λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”,
13:19
you'd keep running
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계속 λŒμ•„κ°€κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
and, basically, all the sorts of things like Windows is doing,
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그리고 이 λͺ¨λ“  것듀이 기본적으둜, μ§€κΈˆμ˜ μœˆλ„μš°μ¦ˆκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ--
13:25
running as a multi-cellular organism on many machines,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 기계에 μžˆλŠ” 닀세포 유기체 처럼 μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠--
13:27
he envisioned all that happening.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이 λͺ¨λ“  것을 미리 μ˜ˆκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:28
And he saw that evolution itself was an intelligent process.
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그리고 이 진화 자체λ₯Ό 지적인 κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
It wasn't any sort of creator intelligence,
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이것은 μ–΄λ–€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 창쑰주의 지λŠ₯이 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ ,
13:34
but the thing itself was a giant parallel computation
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이것 μžμ²΄κ°€ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 병렬적인 계산μž₯μΉ˜μ˜€λ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:37
that would have some intelligence.
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μ•½κ°„μ˜ 지λŠ₯을 κ°€μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:39
And he went out of his way to say
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그리고 κ·ΈλŠ” 그의 λ°©μ‹λŒ€λ‘œ λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:41
that he was not saying this was lifelike,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이것이 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ ,
13:44
or a new kind of life.
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λ˜ν•œ μ–΄λ–€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 생λͺ…체도 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ ;
13:46
It just was another version of the same thing happening.
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이것은 단지 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 일이 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ²„μ „μœΌλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것과 κ°™λ‹€κ³  λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:49
And there's really no difference between what he was doing in the computer
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그리고 μ§€κΈˆ κ·Έκ°€ 이 μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ—μ„œ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것과 μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° 차이도 μ—†λŠ” 것이
13:52
and what nature did billions of years ago.
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅λ…„ 전에 μžμ—°μ΄ ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:55
And could you do it again now?
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ§€κΈˆ 그것을 λ‹€μ‹œ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
13:57
So, when I went into these archives looking at this stuff, lo and behold,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ 이것듀을 보기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μžλ£Œλ³΄κ΄€μ„œμ— 갔을 λ•Œ,
14:01
the archivist came up one day, saying,
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자료 관리인이 μ–΄λŠλ‚ μ€ 제게 λ§ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”,
14:03
"I think we found another box that had been thrown out."
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"μ—¬κΈ° 버렀져 있던 λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒμž ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
14:06
And it was his universe on punch cards.
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그리고 그것은 μ²œκ³΅μΉ΄λ“œμ— μžˆλŠ” 그의 μš°μ£Όμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:08
So there it is, 50 years later, sitting there -- sort of suspended animation.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것은 거기에 계속 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 50λ…„ 후에 발견된 μΌμ’…μ˜ μ—°κΈ°λœ μ• λ‹ˆλ©”μ΄μ…˜κ°™μ€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:14
That's the instructions for running --
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이것이 μž‘λ™ μ„€λͺ…μ„œμ΄κ³ --
14:16
this is actually the source code
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이것이 μ†ŒμŠ€ μ½”λ“œμ΄κ³ 
14:18
for one of those universes,
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κ·Έ μš°μ£Όλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ 것 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:20
with a note from the engineers
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κΈ°μˆ μžλ“€μ˜ λ…ΈνŠΈμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:22
saying they're having some problems.
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λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:23
"There must be something about this code that you haven't explained yet."
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"이 μ½”λ“œμ—λŠ” 아직 μ„€λͺ… μ•ˆλœ 무언가가 λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ μžˆλ‹€."
14:28
And I think that's really the truth. We still don't understand
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그리고 그것은 μ •λ§λ‘œ μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 아직 이해 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 것은
14:31
how these very simple instructions can lead to increasing complexity.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ λͺ…령듀이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 점점 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ§€λŠ” μƒνƒœ κΉŒμ§€ 올 수 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ” κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:35
What's the dividing line between
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μ–΄λŠ λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ
14:37
when that is lifelike and when it really is alive?
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 것 같은 비생λͺ…체와 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό κ΅¬λΆ„ν• κΉŒμš”?
14:41
These cards, now, thanks to me showing up, are being saved.
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이 μΉ΄λ“œλ“€μ΄ μžκΈ°λ“€μ„ μ‚΄λ €μ€˜μ„œ 고맙닀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:45
And the question is, should we run them or not?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 질문이 ν•˜λ‚˜ λ‚˜μ˜€μ£ , 이것을 μž‘λ™μ‹œν‚€λŠλƒ λ§ˆλŠλƒ?
14:47
You know, could we get them running?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μž‘λ™μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
14:49
Do you want to let it loose on the Internet?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 인터넷에 이것이 곡개되기λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
14:50
These machines would think they --
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이 기계듀은 μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 생각할 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€--
14:52
these organisms, if they came back to life now --
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이 μœ κΈ°μ²΄λ“€μ΄, λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄,
14:55
whether they've died and gone to heaven, there's a universe.
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μ£½μ–΄μ„œ ν•˜λŠ˜λ‘œ κ°”λ˜ μ•ˆ κ°”λ˜, 거기에 μš°μ£Όκ°€ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€--
14:57
My laptop is 10 thousand million times
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제 λ…ΈνŠΈλΆμ€ 100얡배정도 더 큰 ν¬κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:02
the size of the universe that they lived in when Barricelli quit the project.
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Barricelliκ°€ κ·Έ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ₯Ό κ΄€λ‘μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œμ˜ 크기보닀 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:07
He was thinking far ahead, to
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κ·ΈλŠ” 더 멀리 λ‚΄λ‹€ λ³΄μ•˜κ³ ,
15:09
how this would really grow into a new kind of life.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 생λͺ…μ²΄λ‘œ 자라게 된 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:12
And that's what's happening!
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이것이 μ§€κΈˆ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€!
15:14
When Juan Enriquez told us about
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Juan Enriquezκ°€ λ§ν•œ 것 처럼
15:16
these 12 trillion bits being transferred back and forth,
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이 12μ‘° λΉ„νŠΈμ˜ μœ μ „μ²΄ 데이타λ₯Ό μ£Όκ³  λ°›λŠ” 곳이
15:20
of all this genomics data going to the proteomics lab,
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이 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμœ μ „μ •λ³΄ν•™ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ΄μ£ ,
15:24
that's what Barricelli imagined:
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이것이 Barricelliκ°€ μƒμƒν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€:
15:26
that this digital code in these machines
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이 기계듀 μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” 디지털 μ½”λ“œκ°€
15:29
is actually starting to code --
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€--
15:31
it already is coding from nucleic acids.
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벌써 ν•΅μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° 코딩을 μ‹œμž‘ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:34
We've been doing that since, you know, since we started PCR
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, PCR(리보핡산 검사)λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 이래둜 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 계속 이것을 ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
and synthesizing small strings of DNA.
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그리고 DNA의 쑰그만 λˆμ„ ν•©μ„±ν•΄ μ™”λ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:43
And real soon, we're actually going to be synthesizing the proteins,
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그리고 곧 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ„ ν•©μ„±ν•΄ λ‚Ό κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:46
and, like Steve showed us, that just opens an entirely new world.
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Steveκ°€ 보여쀀 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 세계λ₯Ό λ§žμ΄ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:51
It's a world that Von Neumann himself envisioned.
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이것이 von Neumann이 μ˜ˆκ²¬ν–ˆλ˜ μ„Έμƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:54
This was published after he died: his sort of unfinished notes
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이것은 κ·Έκ°€ 죽은 λ’€ 좜판된 것인데: 그의 이 λ―Έμ™„μ„± λ…ΈνŠΈλŠ”
15:57
on self-reproducing machines,
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자체적으둜 λ³΅μ œν•˜λŠ” 기계에 κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:59
what it takes to get the machines sort of jump-started
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 이 기계듀은 μΌμ’…μ˜ μ‹œλ™μ„ κ±Έμ–΄μ„œ
16:02
to where they begin to reproduce.
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λ³΅μ œν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:04
It took really three people:
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이것은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 이 μ„Έ μ‚¬λžŒ:
16:06
Barricelli had the concept of the code as a living thing;
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BarricelliλŠ” 이 μ½”λ“œμ˜ κ°œλ…μ„ 생λͺ…μ²΄λ‘œ κ°„μ£Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:09
Von Neumann saw how you could build the machines --
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von Neumann은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 기계듀을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” 지 λ³΄μ—¬μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:12
that now, last count, four million
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ§€κΈˆ 졜근 κ³„μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ 4λ°±λ§ŒλŒ€μ˜
16:15
of these Von Neumann machines is built every 24 hours;
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von Neumann 기계λ₯Ό ν•˜λ£¨ λ§Œμ— λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:18
and Julian Bigelow, who died 10 days ago --
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10일 전에 μž‘κ³ ν•œ Julian Bigelow--
16:22
this is John Markoff's obituary for him --
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κ·Έλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ John Markoff의 λΆ€κ³ μ—μ„œ--
16:25
he was the important missing link,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ missing linkμ˜€λ‹€κ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:27
the engineer who came in
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κ·Έ κΈ°μˆ μžλŠ”
16:29
and knew how to put those vacuum tubes together and make it work.
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이 진곡관듀을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‘°λ¦½ν•΄μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  쀄을 μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:32
And all our computers have, inside them,
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ“°λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ λΆ€ν’ˆλ“€μ€
16:34
the copies of the architecture that he had to just design
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κ·Έλ•Œ κ·Έκ°€ λ””μžμΈν–ˆλ˜ κ·Έ ꡬ쑰의 λ³΅μ œν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ
16:38
one day, sort of on pencil and paper.
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κ³Όκ±° κ·Έ μ–΄λŠλ‚  쒅이와 μ—°ν•„λ§Œ κ°–κ³  λ””μžμΈν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:41
And we owe a tremendous credit to that.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 찬사λ₯Ό 보내야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:43
And he explained, in a very generous way,
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그리고 κ·Έκ°€ μ•„μ£Ό 일반적인 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ,
16:47
the spirit that brought all these different people to
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이런 λͺ¨λ“  λ₯˜μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 뢈러λͺ¨μ•˜λ˜ 정신에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:49
the Institute for Advanced Study in the '40s to do this project,
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40λ…„λŒ€μ— 이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ°μœ„ν•΄ Advanced Study μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:52
and make it freely available with no patents, no restrictions,
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그리고 아무 νŠΉν—ˆλ‚˜ μ œν•œ 없이 자유슀럽게 μ“°κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:55
no intellectual property disputes to the rest of the world.
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μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ 아무 지적 μž¬μ‚°κΆŒ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 없도둝 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:58
That's the last entry in the logbook
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이것이 κ·Έ μž‘μ—…μΌμ§€μ— λ‚¨κ²Όλ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ¬Έκ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
17:01
when the machine was shut down, July 1958.
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1958λ…„ 7월에 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ 기계λ₯Ό 끌 λ•Œ.
17:04
And it's Julian Bigelow who was running it until midnight
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그리고 ν•œλ°€μ€‘ κΉŒμ§€ 이 기계λ₯Ό μž‘λ™ μ‹œμΌ°λ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ°”λ‘œ Julian Bigelow이며,
17:07
when the machine was officially turned off.
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κ³΅μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ 전원을 내렸을 λ•Œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:09
And that's the end.
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이것이 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:11
Thank you very much.
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λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:13
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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