Chris Anderson (Wired): Technology's Long Tail

45,460 views ใƒป 2007-04-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Saar Grin ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:25
I'd like to speak about technology trends,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:29
which is something that many of you follow --
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•
00:33
but we also follow, for related reasons.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื–ื”, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช
00:37
Obviously, being a technology magazine, technology trends
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
00:40
are something that we write about and need to know about.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ
00:44
But also it's part of being any monthly magazine --
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
00:47
you live in the future. And we have a long lead-time.
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ . ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ื” ืืจื•ืš
00:50
We have to plan issues many months in advance;
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืคืกื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืจืืฉ
00:52
we have to guess at what public appetites are going to be six months,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ,ืฉื™ืฉื”
00:55
nine months down the road. So we're in the forecasting business.
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ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™
01:00
We also, like a lot of companies, create a product
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ืื ื—ื ื•,ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจ
01:02
that's based on technology trends.
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:03
In this case, ours is about ideas and information, and, if we're lucky,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ืข, ื•ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื—
01:08
some entertainment. But the concept's quite the same.
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ื’ื ืงืฆืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ.ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื–ื”ื”
01:12
And so we have to understand
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:14
not only why tech's important, where it's going,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืžื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,ืœืืŸ ืคื ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช
01:16
but also, very importantly, when -- the timing is everything.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื,ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ืžืชื™ - ื”ืชื™ื–ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
01:22
And it's interesting, when you look at the predictions made
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ - ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื•
01:26
during the peak of the boom in the 1990s, about e-commerce,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™
01:31
or Internet traffic, or broadband adoption, or Internet advertising,
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ืื• ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืื• ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืคืก ืจื—ื‘, ืื• ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
01:36
they were all right -- they were just wrong in time.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืฆื“ืงื• - ืจืง ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™
01:40
Almost every one of those has come true just a few years later.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™
01:43
But the difference of a few years on stock-market valuations
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ืžื ื™ื•ืช
01:47
is obviously extreme. And that's why timing is everything.
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ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.. ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืชื™ื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
01:52
You've probably seen something like this before.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
01:54
This is the classic Gartner Hype Curve, which talks about
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ื–ื”ื• Gartner Hype Curve ืงืœืืกื™, ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
01:56
kind of the trajectory of a technology's lifespan.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
01:59
And just for fun, we put a bunch of technologies on it,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ,ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืจืฃ
02:01
to show whether they were kind of rising for the first high peak,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”
02:05
or whether they were about to crash
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ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช
02:06
into the trough of disillusionment,
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ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”
02:09
or rise back in the slope of enlightenment, etc.
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ืื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืจืื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื›ื•
02:14
And this is one way to do technology forecasting: get a sense
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช - ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:17
of where technology is and then anticipate the next upturn.
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืขืช ื•ืื– ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื”
02:21
We tend to do any technology that we think is sufficiently important;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
02:24
we'll typically do it twice. Once, we want to do it first.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:28
We want to be the first to do it, for the geeks who appreciate that,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ,ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
02:31
we'll catch it right there at the technology-trigger.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ,ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืืžืช
02:33
You can see in 1997, we put Linux on the cover.
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ืชืจืื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ 1997 ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื™
02:37
But then it comes back. And sufficiently big technologies
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ,ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ. ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
02:41
are going to hit the mainstream, and they're going to burst out.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
02:43
And then it's time to do it again. Last year.
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ื•ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” .
02:48
And that's one way that we try to time technology trends.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชื–ืžืŸ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
02:52
I'd like to talk about a way of thinking about technology trends
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
02:55
that I call my "grand unified theory of predicting the future,"
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช
02:59
but it's closer to a petite unified theory of predicting the future.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ
03:05
It's based on the presumption, the observation even,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช
03:08
that all important technologies go through four stages in their life --
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื
03:13
at least one of the four stages, sometimes all four of the stages.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื”, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื”
03:17
And at each one of these stages, can be seen as a collision --
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช
03:22
a collision with something else --
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ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ -
03:25
for example, a critical price-line that changes both the technology
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืžืฉื ื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:29
and also changes its effect on the world. It's an inflection point.
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:33
And these are the inflection points that tell you
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ื•ืืœื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœืš
03:36
what the next chapter in that technology's life is going to be,
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ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:40
and maybe how you can do something about it.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืžื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
03:44
The first is the critical price.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ
03:46
The first stage in a technology's advance
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:48
is that it'll fall below a critical price.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื” ื™ืจื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ืงืจื™ื˜ื™
03:52
After it falls below a critical price, it will tend,
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ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ,ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
03:54
if it's successful, to rise above a critical mass, a penetration.
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ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืกื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช,ื”ื™ื ืชืฆืœื™ื—
03:59
Many technologies, at that point, displace another technology,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
04:05
and that's another important point.
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ื•ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
04:09
And then finally, a lot of technologies commoditize.
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ื•ืื–,ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ืฃ ื ืคื•ืฅ
04:12
Towards the end of their life, they become nearly free.
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ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ื ื
04:15
Each one of those is an opportunity to do something about it;
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื›ื–ื• ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
04:18
it's an opportunity for the technology to change.
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ื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
04:20
And even if you missed, you know, the first boom of Wi-Fi --
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืคืกืคืกืชื ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช
04:24
you know, Wi-Fi did the critical price, it did the critical mass,
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ืœืžืฉืœ , WiFi ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืกื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
04:28
but hasn't done displacement yet, and hasn't done free yet --
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื ื
04:31
there's still more opportunity in that.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:33
I'd like to demonstrate what I mean by this
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื“ื’ื™ื ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ
04:35
by telling the story of the DVD,
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื” DVD
04:37
which is a technology which has done all of these.
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ืฉื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจืช ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื
04:40
The DVD, as you know, was introduced in the mid-1990s
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ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื, ื” DVD ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 1990
04:43
and it was quite expensive. But you can see that by 1998,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจ.. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 1998
04:48
it had fallen below 400 dollars, and 400 dollars was a psychological threshold.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืจื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœ $400 ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืฃ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
04:53
And it started to take off. And you can see that the units
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืžืจื™ื. ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช
04:57
started to trend up, the hidden inflection point -- it was taking off.
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ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ืขืœื™ื”..ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื”
05:03
The next thing it hit, a year later, was critical mass. In this case,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื–ื” ื”ืžืจื™ื..ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ"ื› ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืืกื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™
05:08
20 percent is often a good proxy for critical mass in a household.
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20 ืื—ื•ื– ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืืฆื‘ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžืืกื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
05:12
And what's interesting here
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ
05:14
is that something else took off along with it: home-theater units.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื” - ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืชื™
05:19
Suddenly you have a DVD in the house;
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืš DVD ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
05:21
you've got high-quality digital video;
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
05:23
you have a reason to have a big-screen television;
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
05:25
you have a reason for Dolby 5.1 surround-sound.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกืจืื•ื ื“
05:29
And maybe you have reasons for starting to connect them,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื”ื
05:31
and bring the rest of your entertainment in.
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ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ
05:33
What's interesting also is -- note that Netflix was founded in 1999.
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ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉ Netflix ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ 1999
05:37
Reed Hastings is here. He clearly saw that that was a moment,
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Reed Hastings ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ,ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืจืื” ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื’ืข
05:42
that was an inflection point that he could do something with.
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ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
05:46
The next phase it hit was displacement.
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช
05:48
You can see around 2001 it finally out-sold the VCR.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001 ื–ื” ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•
05:52
And here too, you can see the implications in the world at large.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:58
Netflix was right -- the Netflix model could capitalize on the DVD
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Netflix ืฆื“ืงื• - ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ Nextflix ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื” DVD
06:02
in a way that the video-rental stores couldn't.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืœื ื™ื›ืœื•
06:05
Among the DVD's many assets is that it's very small;
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื” DVD ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ
06:08
you can stick it in the mailer and post it cheaply.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคื” ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื‘ื–ื•ืœ
06:11
That gave an advantage; that was an implication
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
06:15
of the technology's rise that wasn't obvious to everybody.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื›ื•ืœื
06:19
And then finally, DVDs are approaching free.
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ื•ืื–,ื” DVD ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ื ื
06:22
There's a company called Apex, a no-name Chinese firm,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื Apex , ื—ื‘ืจื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช
06:24
who has, several times in the past year, been the number-one
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
06:28
DVD seller in America. Their average price, for last year, was 48 dollars.
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ืกืคืง ื” DVD ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘. ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื” $48
06:35
You're aware of the
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ืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
06:37
perhaps apocryphal Wal-Mart stampede
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ืืช ื”ื ื”ื™ืจื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœ Walmart
06:41
over the 30-dollar DVD.
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ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ DVD ื‘ 30 ื“ื•ืœืจ
06:45
But they're getting very, very cheap,
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ,ืžืžืฉ ื–ื•ืœื™ื
06:47
and look at the interesting implication of it. As they get cheaper,
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” - ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:51
the premium brands, the Sonys and such, are losing market share,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• Sony ,ืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง
06:54
and the no-names, the Apexes, are gaining them.
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืžื• Apex ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง
06:56
They're being commodified, and that's what happens
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ืฃ ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื
06:58
when things go to zero. It's a tough market out there.
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ื›ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ื ื..ื–ื” ืฉื•ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื•ื—
07:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:06
Now they've introduced these four ways of looking at technology,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:09
these four stages of technology's life.
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ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:11
I'd like to talk about some other technologies out there,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
07:14
just technologies on our radar -- and I'll use this lens,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืง - ื•ืืฉืชืžืฉ
07:17
these four, as a way to kind of tell you
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ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ืจืš
07:19
where each one of those technologies is in its development.
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ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
07:22
They're not necessarily the top-10 technologies out there --
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 10 ื”ื˜ื›ื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
07:25
they're just examples of technologies
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ืืœื• ืกืชื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
07:26
that are in each one of these periods.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
07:29
But I think that the implications of them approaching
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช
07:32
these crossovers, these intersections, are interesting to think about.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ืฉืœื”ื,ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
07:35
Start with gene sequencing.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™
07:37
As you probably know, gene sequencing -- in a large part,
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ,ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
07:40
because it's built on computers -- is falling in price
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ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ
07:43
at a kind of a Moore's Law-like level.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื•ืง Moore
07:45
It is now possible -- will be possible,
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ - ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
07:48
and if Craig Venter indeed comes today,
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ื•ืื Craig Venter ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ื
07:51
he may tell you something about this --
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”
07:52
to sequence the human genome for 40 million dollars by the end of this year.
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ืœืจืฆืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืชืžื•ืจืช 40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”
07:57
That's as opposed to billions just a few years ago.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
08:02
You know, our ability to capture the tools of creation
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื..ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื”
08:07
is getting closer and closer.
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ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:09
What's interesting is that at the same time, the number of genes
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื
08:12
that we're discovering is rising very quickly.
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ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
08:14
Each one of these genes has potential diagnostic test.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
08:17
There will come a day
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ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื
08:19
when you can have hundreds of thousands of tests done, very cheaply,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ืš
08:23
if you want to know. You can learn about your own mosaic.
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ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช.ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืื™ืงื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
08:28
Here's another technology that's approaching a critical price.
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ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืจืฃ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™
08:31
This is a fascinating research from WHO that shows the effect
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ (WHO) ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜
08:35
of generic drugs on anti-retroviral drug compounds and cocktails.
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ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช
08:42
In January 2000, the price was 10,000 dollars, or 27 dollars a day.
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ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2000 ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” 10000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,ืื• 27 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื
08:48
The generics came in, first in Brazil and elsewhere,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช..ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ืื—"ื› ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ
08:51
and the effect was just dramatic on pricing.
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ื•ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™
08:55
Today it's less than 50 cents a day.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 50 ืกื ื˜ ืœื™ื•ื
09:00
And what's interesting is if you look at the price elasticity,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื
09:05
if you look at the correlation between these two,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืฉื•ืง
09:08
as the anti-retrovirals come down, the number of people you can treat
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื•,ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
09:11
goes radically up. And the Clinton Foundation and WHO
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ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืจืืกื˜ื™ืช. Clinton Foundation ื• WHO ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
09:17
believe that they can treat three million people worldwide by 2005 --
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ 2005
09:21
two million in sub-Saharan Africa.
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ืžืชื•ื›ื 2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
09:23
And the falling price of drugs has a lot to do with that.
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
09:26
Linux is another good example.
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ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
09:28
Now we've switched to critical mass.
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ื›ืขืช ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœืžืืกื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
09:30
These are now technologies that are hitting critical mass.
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ืืœื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืืกื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
09:32
If you look here, here's Linux in red, and it's hit 20 percent.
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ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ,ื‘ืื“ื•ื,ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ 20 %
09:38
Interestingly, it's done a crossover before,
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ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ
09:40
but not the crossovers that matter.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
09:42
The crossover that's going to matter is the one with the blue.
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ
09:45
But you can look and see the direction those lines are going,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
09:47
you can see that at the 20 percent, it's now taken seriously.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ 20% ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช
09:50
It's not just for the geeks any more.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืœื—ื ื•ื ื™ื
09:54
That is, I imagine, what people in Redmond
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช,ืื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ Redmond ( ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜) ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื•
09:56
wake up in the middle of the night thinking about.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœื•
09:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:00
Another technology that we see all around us out here is hybrid cars.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืช
10:04
I don't know whether anybody has a Prius 2004, but they're fantastic.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืคืจื™ื•ืก,ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™
10:07
And if you look at the trends here, by about 2008 --
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ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ,ื›ืืŸ,ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ 2008
10:11
and I don't think this is a crazy forecast --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข
10:13
they'll be two percent of auto sales.
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ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• 2% ืžื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช
10:15
Two percent isn't 20 percent, but in the car business,
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2% ื–ื” ืœื 20% ,ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืกืงื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
10:18
which is slow moving, that's huge; that's arrival.
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ืฉื–ื” ืขืกืง ืื™ื˜ื™,ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ..ื–ื• ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช
10:24
At two percent, you start seeing them on the roads everywhere.
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ื‘ 2% ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
10:27
And what's interesting about the hybrids taking off
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื
10:31
is you've now introduced electric motors to the automobile industry.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘
10:35
It's the first radical change in automobile technology in 100 years.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ 100 ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
10:39
And once you have electric motors, you can do anything:
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื
10:42
you can change the structure of the car in any way you want.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื‘
10:45
You can have regenerative braking; you can have drive-by-wire;
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช,ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™
10:48
you can have replaceable body shapes --
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ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื
10:50
it's a little thing that starts with a hybrid,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืช
10:52
but it can lead to a whole new era of the car.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
10:55
Voice Over IP is something you may have heard something about.
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Voice over IP ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื•
10:58
Again, it's kind of coming out of nowhere;
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘,ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื
10:59
it's a little hard to use right now.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข
11:01
There's a company created by the Kazaa founders called Skype.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช Skype
11:05
Look at these numbers. They launched it in August of last year;
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื..ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
11:08
they already have nearly four million registered users --
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื 4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื
11:13
that's critical mass.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืืกื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
11:16
And the same thing's happening on the carrier side.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
11:19
You're looking at IP taking over from some of the traditional
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช
11:23
telecom standards. This is a tipping point --
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ื‘ IP.. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื”
11:27
if Malcolm's here, forgive me -- and it's going to change the economics,
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ืื Malcolm (Gladwell) ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ,ื”ื•ื ื™ืกืœื— ืœื™..ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”
11:31
and the speed, and the players in the industry.
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ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื”.
11:35
It's going to look a little bit like that.
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ื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื›ื”
11:41
And finally, free. Free is really, really interesting.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ..ื—ื™ื ื..ื—ื™ื ื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช,ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
11:47
Free is something that comes with digital, because
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ื—ื™ื ื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื ืขื ื”ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
11:53
the reproduction costs are essentially free. It comes with IP,
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ื”ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ื ื.ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื IP
11:59
because it's such an efficient protocol. It comes with fiber optics,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืกื›ื ื™. ื–ื” ื‘ื ืขื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื
12:02
because there's so much bandwidth.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืคืก
12:03
Free is really, you know, the gift of Silicon Valley to the world.
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ื”"ื—ื™ื ื" ื–ื• ืžืชื ื” ืฉืœ ื” Silicon Valley ืœืขื•ืœื
12:08
It's an economic force; it's a technical force.
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ื–ื” ื›ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™,ื›ื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื™
12:11
It's a deflationary force, if not handled right.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื“ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™
12:15
It is abundance, as opposed to scarcity.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉืคืข, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ
12:18
Free is probably the most interesting thing.
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ื”"ื—ื™ื ื" ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
12:20
And here you have just the number of songs
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื
12:23
that can be stored on a hard drive.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื—
12:25
You know, there could be a film's [unclear] there,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืกืจื˜ื™ื
12:29
but it's basically, every song ever made could be stored
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื•ืงืœื˜
12:32
on 400 dollars worth of storage by 2008. It takes that entire element,
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ื‘ื“ื™ืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 400 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008. ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ
12:39
the physical element, of songs off the table.
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ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื•ืกื—ื”
12:43
And you've seen the numbers.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื
12:44
I mean, you know, the music industry is imploding
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ...ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืฆื˜ืžืงืช
12:48
in front of our very eyes, and Hollywood's worried as well.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•..ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ
12:51
They're facing a force that they haven't faced before.
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ื”ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืžื•ืœื• ืงื•ื“ื
12:56
And their response is draconian, and not necessarily
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ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื“ืจืืงื•ื ื™ืช,ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉื–ื”
13:03
the one that's going to get them out of this.
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ื™ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื
13:07
And finally, I'll give you one last example of free --
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ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ "ื—ื™ื ื"
13:10
perhaps the most powerful of all. I mentioned fiber optics --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื
13:13
their abundance tends to make things free.
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ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื–ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื
13:15
This is the price of a phone call to India per minute.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื“ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•.
13:19
And what's interesting is that it was just 1990
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ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง 1990
13:22
when it was more than two dollars a minute.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื“ืงื”
13:25
India had, still has, a regulated phone system and so did we.
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ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื” ืขื ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ..ื•ื’ื ืœื ื•
13:33
It was surprisingly non-innovative, moved very slowly,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื’ื•ืฉืžืช ื•ืœื ืžื—ื“ืฉืช ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ืช
13:38
but then there was just so much fiber out there,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืชืงื ื•
13:41
you couldn't hold back, and look how quickly the price fell.
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ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ,ื•ืชืจืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืจื“ื•
13:45
It's seven cents a minute, in many cases.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ืกื ื˜ ืœื“ืงื”
13:49
And the consequence of cheap phone calling, free phone calling,
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ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืœื•ืช, ื–ื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
13:54
to India, is the pissed-off programmer, is the outsourcing.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื™ื,ื–ื” ื”ืื•ื˜ืกื•ืจืกื™ื ื’
13:59
It is probably one of the most dramatic shifts in globalization
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
14:03
and one of the most powerful economic tools
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:06
that we're seeing in our world today.
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ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
14:07
The force of India, and then China, and any other country
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ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช
14:12
that can contact our markets
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
14:14
and will work with our companies -- because the communications are free --
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• - ื›ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื ื
14:19
is just beginning to be felt.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ
14:21
And I think that's probably one
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืื—ืช
14:22
of the most important technology trends that we're looking at today.
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ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
14:24
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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