Zahra Al-Mahdi: The infinite alchemy of storytelling | TED Fellows

46,290 views ใƒป 2021-06-30

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
[ืขืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื]
ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90,
ืฉื ื’ื•ื“ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื.
00:14
[SHAPE YOUR FUTURE]
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
00:18
I grew up in Kuwait in the early โ€™90s,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื,
00:20
where I was raised by screens.
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
00:22
The main windows to reality for me were television and the internet.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืกื™ืคืจื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืกืชืจื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื ืจืื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื.
00:27
Not because of their accuracy,
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื,
00:29
but because there were storytelling machines.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
00:31
These machines told stories that contradict one another,
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ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื”
00:34
but all somehow seem true.
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00:35
The Arab region knew Kuwait to be one of the leading voices in media,
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ืฉืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ.
00:38
specifically for comedy shows and theater.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
00:41
The rest of the world knew Kuwait to be a small country
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ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ื ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
00:43
that was located between Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran during the Gulf War.
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ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ ืื ื™ ื•ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื”.
00:48
Both stories are true.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™:
00:50
These screens that I drive my sense of reality from
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
00:53
told me different and sometimes contradicting stories
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื”,
00:55
about who I am and where I come from.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
00:57
And that was the only way I understood anything around me:
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:00
By placing it into different sets of stories.
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ืืœื ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
01:02
When social media came around,
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ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™
01:04
it changed the way screens worked for me.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช,
01:06
It wasn't only a window for observations anymore,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
01:09
but an interactive one,
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01:10
one I could use to identify everything around me
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืขื ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
01:13
in even more varied in multiple ways,
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01:15
and to know myself better
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01:16
and actually participate in the storytelling process.
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื
ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:19
It started with these drawings,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืžื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื โ€œืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.โ€
01:21
mostly crosshatched on photographs that I took with my iPhone.
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01:24
With time, I started to animate them onto videos
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื
01:27
that told stories from different perspectives
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ืฉื“ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืื• ืื—ื“ ืžื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
01:29
in a mocumentary series titled "Bird Watch."
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ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืชื”ื•ืช ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
01:32
It consists of scripted interviews by imagined minority voices
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ืžื” ืื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ื ื• ื—ื–ืจื”?
ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืคื˜?
01:36
discussing a general issue or one of common interests.
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ื’ืฉื?
01:39
The title of the series is meant to ponder the idea,
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01:41
What if birds were watching back?
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ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”
01:43
What would they think of our obsession with speed and oil?
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ืฉื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
01:47
Would they think we were dumb for standing under the rain?
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื™ื”,
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”, ืœืขืฉืŸ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
01:50
The second episode, for example, is an interview with a little girl
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื• ืกื‘ืชื”,
01:53
that tries to explain her definition of health,
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ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื
01:55
where she says she wants to be like her father,
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื•ื›ืจืช.
01:57
be strong, smoke and tell children not to.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ.
02:00
And also like her grandmother,
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ื–ื” ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•
02:02
cook good food, be loved by everyone
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื”.
02:04
and have diabetes.
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02:06
She also introduces us to the stomach animal.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
02:09
It's the head of an animal that's connected to our stomachs
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืขืฉืข
02:12
and its objective is to continue eating even after we're full.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืœื™
ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”.
02:15
You see, Kuwait has one of the highest rates of childhood obesity.
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ืคืจืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืžืจื‘ื” ืกื•ืกื™ื
02:18
Presenting it in an amusing story
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02:20
while pointing out that children are themselves a minor voice
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ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืกื•ืก ืฉืœื›ื
02:23
is a great way to really put the statistic into perspective.
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ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
ื”ื™ื, ื”ืกื•ืกื”, ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:26
Another episode is an interview with a horse breeder
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื•ื•ื’ ืื•ืชื” ืจืง ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื’ื–ืข,
02:28
who talks about the rules of making sure your well-bred horse
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื ืœื”ื™ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืจืขืœื”.
02:32
is taken care of.
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02:33
She, the horse, must not be seen by others,
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ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืจืžื˜ืจ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื—ื™ืง
02:35
must only mate with the same breed,
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02:37
must not be ridden by other men
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02:39
and must be veiled.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืื• ืืงืฉืŸ ื—ื™,
ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืงื™ืจื•ืช
02:42
Making a story about a parameter of repression towards women funny,
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ืฉืœ ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”, ืื™ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:47
especially when it has animation or live action,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ืœื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ 2014,
02:50
is a great way to walk clear through walls
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02:52
of censorship, intolerance and political correctness.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื•ื’ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช.
02:55
I tried to implement the ideas behind these two episodes
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02:58
before or during my first art solo in 2014,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
ื”ืชื ืกื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
03:01
but I still had to put it into a story to both be understood and accepted.
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ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืืงืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื–ืจ
03:06
By speaking in someone else's voice,
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ื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข,
03:08
I was experimenting with detachment from ideas
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ืฉื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืชื™ืฉืžืข,
03:11
I grew up thinking where axioms.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:13
We're in a strange place
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ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ืฆื“ืง.
03:15
where our problem is the abundance of information,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
03:18
where the majority of people have a platform to be heard,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื˜.
03:21
but representation is still an issue.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื
03:22
Representing a certain group, giving them justice.
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03:25
All of these stories can naturally contradict,
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ืื• ืชืื•ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
03:27
even if they differ slightly.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
03:30
We as humans are not merely the shape of body that we occupy
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช
03:33
or the specific description of behavior.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœืชื™ ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื
03:37
We're a multiplicity of stories,
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ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืื ื™ ื•ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ืขืชื™
03:39
stories that often come in repetitive patterns
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03:41
that can be rewritten and reread.
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ื‘ืœื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•,
03:44
Having been raised by screens
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03:46
that told me different stories about who I am and where I come from
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
ื ืงืจืื™ื ื•ื ืงืจืื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
03:49
confused me in the best way possible.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜,
03:51
I saw that history is not as static as we thought,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื›ืœ ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
03:54
that stories can be told, retold,
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03:56
read and reread.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื”,
03:58
A change of context,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:59
change of perspective in hindsight
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืชืขื•ื“ ืžื˜ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:01
can assign different values to everything and everyone around us.
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ืœืชืช ืœืจืฉืขื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:05
The way I see it,
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืจืขื™ื
04:07
that's where artists are most important.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
04:09
To present metadocumentations of our history,
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
04:12
to give villains their origin story.
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ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
04:14
Nothing and no one can be said to be good or bad
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ื•ืื– ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
04:16
in isolation of the story around it.
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ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
04:18
It's much like learning a new word.
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04:20
You have to use it in a sentence for it to make sense.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
04:23
And then to challenge its meaning,
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04:25
you begin to use it in an infinite amount of stories.
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04:30
Thank you.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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