A climate change solution that's right under our feet | Asmeret Asefaw Berhe

122,472 views ใƒป 2019-09-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:12
So one of the most important solutions
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:15
to the global challenge posed by climate change
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ืœืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื’ืœื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
00:18
lies right under our foot every day.
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ืžื•ื ื— ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•, ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื:
00:22
It's soil.
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ืื“ืžื”.
00:24
Soil's just the thin veil that covers the surface of land,
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื”ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ื“ืง ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
00:29
but it has the power to shape our planet's destiny.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื•.
00:34
See, a six-foot or so of soil,
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ื›ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš,
00:37
loose soil material that covers the earth's surface,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื“ืžืชื™ ืจื•ืคืฃ ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:41
represents the difference between life and lifelessness in the earth system,
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ืจ-ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:47
and it can also help us combat climate change
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ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ื’ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
00:50
if we can only stop treating it like dirt.
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ืื ืจืง ื ืคืกื™ืง ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืš.
00:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:56
Climate change is happening,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื,
00:58
the earth's atmosphere is warming,
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ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชื—ืžืžืช
01:00
because of the increasing amount of greenhouse gases
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
01:03
we keep releasing into the atmosphere.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:06
You all know that.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
01:08
But what I assume you might not have heard
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื
01:10
is that one of the most important things our human society could do
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
01:15
to address climate change
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
01:17
lies right there in the soil.
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ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
01:21
I'm a soil scientist who has been studying soil since I was 18,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืื“ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืื– ื’ื™ืœ 18,
01:26
because I'm interested in unlocking the secrets of soil
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”
01:29
and helping people understand this really important climate change solution.
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ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ื”ื–ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:35
So here are the facts about climate.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืงืœื™ื:
01:38
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere
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ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:41
has increased by 40 percent
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ืขืœื” ื‘-40%
01:44
just in the last 150 years or so.
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ื‘ื›-150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:46
Human actions are now releasing 9.4 billion metric tons of carbon
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ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื 9.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ
01:52
into the atmosphere,
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
01:54
from activities such as burning fossil fuels
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
01:58
and intensive agricultural practices,
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ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื“ืžื”,
02:01
and other ways we change the way we use land,
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02:03
including deforestation.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
02:07
But the concentration of carbon dioxide that stays in the atmosphere
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
02:12
is only increasing by about half of that,
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ืขื•ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื–ื”,
02:16
and that's because half of the carbon we keep releasing into the atmosphere
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
02:20
is currently being taken up by land and the seas
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ื ืงืœื˜ ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื
02:24
through a process we know as carbon sequestration.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื• ื›"ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ".
02:27
So in essence, whatever consequence you think we're facing
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื›ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
02:32
from climate change right now,
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02:34
we're only experiencing the consequence of 50 percent of our pollution,
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ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืจืง ืž-50% ืžื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:41
because the natural ecosystems are bailing us out.
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•.
02:45
But don't get too comfortable,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข,
02:47
because we have two major things working against us right now.
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ื›ื™ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
02:52
One: unless we do something big,
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ื”ืื—ื“: ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื™,
02:57
and then fast,
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ื•ืžื”ืจ,
02:59
emissions will continue to rise.
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ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ.
03:02
And second: the ability of these natural ecosystems
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™: ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:07
to take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
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ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
03:10
and sequester it in the natural habitats
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
03:13
is currently getting compromised,
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ื ืชื•ื ื” ื›ืขืช ื‘ืกื›ื ื”,
03:15
as they're experiencing serious degradation because of human actions.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื—ืชื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืขืงื‘ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื“ื.
03:21
So it's not entirely clear
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
03:23
that we will continue to get bailed out by these natural ecosystems
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ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืืœื” ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•
03:27
if we continue on this business-as-usual path that we've been.
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ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”"ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ" ืฉืœื ื•.
03:33
Here's where the soil comes in:
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื“ืžื”:
03:35
there is about three thousand billion metric tons of carbon in the soil.
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ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ.
ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 315 ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:40
That's roughly about 315 times the amount of carbon
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03:43
that we release into the atmosphere currently.
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03:46
And there's twice more carbon in soil than there is in vegetation and air.
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ื•ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:52
Think about that for a second.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืจื’ืข.
03:54
There's more carbon in soil
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ
03:56
than there is in all of the world's vegetation,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
04:00
including the lush tropical rainforests and the giant sequoias,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ืคืขื™ื ื•ืขืฆื™ ื”ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื,
04:05
the expansive grasslands,
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ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืจืขื” ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื,
04:08
all of the cultivated systems,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช
04:11
and every kind of flora you can imagine on the face of the earth,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช,
04:15
plus all the carbon that's currently up in the atmosphere, combined,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ืจื’ืข - ื’ื ื™ื—ื“,
04:20
and then twice over.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
04:23
Hence, a very small change in the amount of carbon stored in soil
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืกื ืช ื‘ืื“ืžื”
04:28
can make a big difference in maintenance of the earth's atmosphere.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:34
But soil's not just simply a storage box for carbon, though.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื“ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืกืชื ืžื—ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ.
04:38
It operates more like a bank account,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืง,
04:41
and the amount of carbon that's in soil at any given time
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ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ
04:44
is a function of the amount of carbon coming in and out of the soil.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืื“ืžื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืžื ื”.
04:49
Carbon comes into the soil through the process of photosynthesis,
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ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื“ืžื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”,
04:53
when green plants take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
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ืฉื‘ื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
04:56
and use it to make their bodies,
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืคื,
04:59
and upon death, their bodies enter the soil.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื’ื•ืคื™ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืื“ืžื”.
05:02
And carbon leaves the soil
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ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”
05:04
and goes right back up into the atmosphere
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ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
05:07
when the bodies of those formerly living organisms
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ื›ืฉื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืืœื”
05:10
decay in soil by the activity of microbes.
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ื ืจืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืขืงื‘ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
05:14
See, decomposition releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,
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ื”ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
05:18
as well as other greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide,
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ืœืฆื“ ืฉืืจ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื›ืžื• ืžืชืืŸ ื•ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ,
05:22
but it also releases all the nutrients we all need to survive.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื’ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื ื•.
05:28
One of the things that makes soil such a fundamental component
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื›ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™
05:32
of any climate change mitigation strategy
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
05:35
is because it represents a long-term storage of carbon.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืš-ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ.
05:39
Carbon that would have lasted maybe a year or two
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื”-ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
05:43
in decaying residue if it was left on the surface
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ื›ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื ื ืจืงื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
05:46
can stay in soil for hundreds of years, even thousands and more.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:52
Soil biogeochemists like me
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ื‘ื™ื•-ื’ื™ืื•ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™
05:55
study exactly how the soil system makes this possible,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื–ืืช,
05:59
by locking away the carbon in physical association with minerals,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื,
06:04
inside aggregates of soil minerals,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืื“ืžืชื™ื™ื,
06:07
and formation of strong chemical bonds
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื
06:11
that bind the carbon to the surfaces of the minerals.
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ืฉืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื.
06:16
See when carbon is entrapped in soil,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืื“ืžื”,
06:18
in these kinds of associations with soil minerals,
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ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื” ืขื ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื ืื“ืžืชื™ื™ื,
06:21
even the wiliest of the microbes can't easily degrade it.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื•.
06:25
And carbon that's not degrading fast
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ื•ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชืคืจืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
06:28
is carbon that's not going back into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.
06:33
But the benefit of carbon sequestration
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
06:35
is not just limited to climate change mitigation.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
06:39
Soil that stores large amounts of carbon is healthy, fertile, soft.
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ืื“ืžื” ืฉืื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืคื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืจื›ื”.
06:45
It's malleable. It's workable.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“.
06:48
It makes it like a sponge.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช-ืกืคื•ื’.
06:51
It can hold on to a lot of water and nutrients.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
06:55
Healthy and fertile soils like this
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ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
06:57
support the most dynamic, abundant and diverse habitat for living things
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ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื•ืคืขื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
07:02
that we know of anywhere on the earth system.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:07
It makes life possible for everything from the tiniest of the microbes,
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ืื“ืžื” ื›ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ, ืžื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
07:13
such as bacteria and fungi,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
07:15
all the way to higher plants,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:18
and fulfills the food, feed and fiber needs for all animals,
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืื•ื›ืœ, ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:23
including you and I.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืชื›ื ื•ืื•ืชื™.
07:25
So at this point, you would assume that we should be treating soil
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื“ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•
07:29
like the precious resource that it is.
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ื›ืืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื™ืงืจ ืฉื”ื™ื.
07:32
Unfortunately, that's not the case.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.
07:34
Soils around the world are experiencing unprecedented rates of degradation
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ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืชื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช-ืชืงื“ื™ื
07:40
through a variety of human actions that include deforestation,
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ื“ืจืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
07:45
intensive agricultural production systems,
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช,
07:48
overgrazing,
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ืžืจืขื”-ื™ืชืจ,
07:49
excessive application of agricultural chemicals,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืคืจื– ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื,
07:53
erosion and similar things.
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ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
07:57
Half of the world's soils are currently considered degraded.
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ื“ื”.
08:02
Soil degradation is bad for many reasons,
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ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ืื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืจืขื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
08:05
but let me just tell you a couple.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืจืง ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ.
08:08
One: degraded soils have diminished potential to support plant productivity.
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ื”ืื—ืช: ืœืื“ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉื—ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื™ืจื•ื“ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—,
08:15
And hence, by degrading soil,
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืข"ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืื“ืžื”
08:18
we're compromising our own abilities to provide the food and other resources
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ืื ื• ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•-ืื ื• ืœืกืคืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
08:23
that we need for us
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ื•
08:25
and every member of living things on the face of the earth.
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช.
08:31
And second:
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช:
08:34
soil use and degradation, just in the last 200 years or so,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉื—ืชืชื”, ื‘ื›-200 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
08:38
has released 12 times more carbon into the atmosphere
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ืฉื—ืจืจ ืคื™ 12 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
08:43
compared to the rate at which we're releasing carbon
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ืจื’ืข.
08:47
into the atmosphere right now.
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08:50
I'm afraid there's even more bad news.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
08:52
This is a story of soils at high latitudes.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
08:56
Peatlands in polar environments
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ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื
08:59
store about a third of the global soil carbon reserves.
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ืžืื—ืกื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื.
09:03
These peatlands have a permanently frozen ground underneath,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืงืจืงืข ืงืคื•ืื” ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข,
09:06
the permafrost,
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ืงืจื—-ืขื“,
09:07
and the carbon was able to build up in these soils over long periods of time
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ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื
09:13
because even though plants are able to photosynthesize during the short,
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ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”
ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื,
09:18
warm summer months,
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09:20
the environment quickly turns cold and dark,
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชืงืจืจืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
09:24
and then microbes are not able to efficiently break down the residue.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืคืจืง ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื.
09:28
So the soil carbon bank in these polar environments
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื ืง ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืื“ืžืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:31
built up over hundreds of thousands of years.
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ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
09:36
But right now, with atmospheric warming,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
09:39
the permafrost is thawing and draining.
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ืงืจื— ื”ืขื“ ืžืคืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžืชื ืงื–.
09:43
And when permafrost thaws and drains,
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ื•ื”ื”ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื– ื”ืืœื”
09:46
it makes it possible for microbes to come in
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก
09:49
and rather quickly decompose all this carbon,
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ื•ืœืคืจืง ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
09:52
with the potential to release hundreds of billions of metric tons of carbon
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ื›ืฉื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ
09:57
into the atmosphere in the form of greenhouse gases.
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ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.
10:01
And this release of additional greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
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ื•ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
10:05
will only contribute to further warming
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ืจืง ื™ืชืจื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช
10:08
that makes this predicament even worse,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืขื’ื•ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:11
as it starts a self-reinforcing positive feedback loop
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื•ืœืื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
10:17
that could go on and on and on,
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ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“,
10:19
dramatically changing our climate future.
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ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืงืœื™ืžื ื•.
10:23
Fortunately, I can also tell you that there is a solution
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
10:28
for these two wicked problems of soil degradation and climate change.
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ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
10:32
Just like we created these problems,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
10:35
we do know the solution,
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ,
10:37
and the solution lies in simultaneously working
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ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช
10:40
to address these two things together,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ืช-ืื—ืช,
10:43
through what we call climate-smart land management practices.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงืจืงืข ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื—ื›ื".
10:48
What do I mean here?
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ืœืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™?
10:49
I mean managing land in a way that's smart
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื›ื
10:53
about maximizing how much carbon we store in soil.
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ืฉืžืžืจื‘ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
10:57
And we can accomplish this
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ื•ืืช ื–ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
10:59
by putting in place deep-rooted perennial plants,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืฉืชื•ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืจื‘-ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื,
11:03
putting back forests whenever possible,
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ืฉื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ื˜ืข ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™,
11:06
reducing tillage and other disturbances from agricultural practices,
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ืฉื ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
11:10
including optimizing the use of agricultural chemicals and grazing
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ื•ืžืจืขื”
11:15
and even adding carbon to soil, whenever possible,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
11:19
from recycled resources such as compost and even human waste.
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ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืžืคื•ืกื˜ ื•ืืฃ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
11:24
This kind of land stewardship is not a radical idea.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
11:29
It's what made it possible for fertile soils
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช
11:32
to be able to support human civilizations since time immemorial.
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“.
11:37
In fact, some are doing it just right now.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
11:41
There's a global effort underway to accomplish exactly this goal.
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ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืžืืžืฅ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
11:46
This effort that started in France is known as the "4 per 1000" effort,
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ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›"4 ืœ-1000".
11:51
and it sets an aspirational goal
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช
11:55
to increase the amount of carbon stored in soil by 0.4 percent annually,
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ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืกื ืช ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘-0.4% ื‘ืฉื ื”
12:03
using the same kind of climate-smart land management practices
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงืจืงืข ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื—ื›ื
12:06
I mentioned earlier.
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ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
12:08
And if this effort's fully successful,
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ื•ืื ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื•,
12:12
it can offset a third of the global emissions
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช
12:15
of fossil-fuel-derived carbon into the atmosphere.
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ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
12:19
But even if this effort is not fully successful,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฆืœื— ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•,
12:23
but we just start heading in that direction,
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ื•ืื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
12:26
we still end up with soils that are healthier, more fertile,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:31
are able to produce all the food and resources that we need
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื
12:35
for human populations and more,
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ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:37
and also soils that are better capable
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ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื’ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
12:40
of sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
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12:43
and helping with climate change mitigation.
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
12:47
I'm pretty sure that's what politicians call a win-win solution.
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ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื
"ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื".
12:51
And we all can have a role to play here.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง.
12:55
We can start by treating the soil with the respect that it deserves:
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื“ืžื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”:
13:01
respect for its ability as the basis of all life on earth,
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ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช,
13:06
respect for its ability to serve as a carbon bank
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ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ
13:10
and respect for its ability to control our climate.
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ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:15
And if we do so,
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ื•ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ,
13:17
we can then simultaneously address
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ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช
13:19
two of the most pressing global challenges of our time:
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•:
13:24
climate change and soil degradation.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืื“ืžื”.
13:26
And in the process, we would be able to provide food and nutritional security
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ื•ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš, ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกืคืง ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™
13:32
to our growing human family.
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ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
13:35
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:36
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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