Marcus du Sautoy: Symmetry, reality's riddle

131,795 views ใƒป 2009-10-29

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: erez garty ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shlomo Adam
00:18
On the 30th of May, 1832,
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ื‘-30 ืœืžืื™ 1832
00:22
a gunshot was heard
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ื ืฉืžืขื” ื™ืจื™ื™ื”
00:24
ringing out across the 13th arrondissement in Paris.
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ืฉื”ื“ื”ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”-13 ื‘ืคืจื™ื–
00:27
(Gunshot)
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(ื™ืจื™ื™ื”)
00:28
A peasant, who was walking to market that morning,
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ืื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ
00:31
ran towards where the gunshot had come from,
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ืจืฅ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืžื ื• ื ืฉืžืขื” ื”ื™ืจื™ื™ื”
00:33
and found a young man writhing in agony on the floor,
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ื•ืžืฆื ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืชืคืชืœ ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”
00:37
clearly shot by a dueling wound.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ื• ืงืจื‘
00:40
The young man's name was Evariste Galois.
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ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ื’ืœื•ืื”
00:43
He was a well-known revolutionary in Paris at the time.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืคื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”
00:47
Galois was taken to the local hospital
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ื’ืœื•ืื” ื ืœืงื— ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘
00:50
where he died the next day in the arms of his brother.
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ื™ื•
00:53
And the last words he said to his brother were,
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ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื—ื™ื• ื”ื™ื•
00:55
"Don't cry for me, Alfred.
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"ืืœ ืชื‘ื›ื” ืขืœื™ ืืœืคืจื“
00:57
I need all the courage I can muster
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื–ื•ืจ
00:59
to die at the age of 20."
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 20"
01:03
It wasn't, in fact, revolutionary politics
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจืกืžื” ืืช ื’ืœื•ืื”
01:05
for which Galois was famous.
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ืืฉืจ ื’ืœื•ืื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื”
01:07
But a few years earlier, while still at school,
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ืืœื ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
01:10
he'd actually cracked one of the big mathematical
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
01:12
problems at the time.
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”
01:14
And he wrote to the academicians in Paris,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืืงื“ืžืื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–
01:16
trying to explain his theory.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•
01:18
But the academicians couldn't understand anything that he wrote.
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ืืš ื”ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘
01:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:22
This is how he wrote most of his mathematics.
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ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•
01:25
So, the night before that duel, he realized
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ืœื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื• ืงืจื‘, ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:27
this possibly is his last chance
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ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
01:30
to try and explain his great breakthrough.
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ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื•
01:32
So he stayed up the whole night, writing away,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืขืจ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืชื‘
01:35
trying to explain his ideas.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•
01:37
And as the dawn came up and he went to meet his destiny,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉื—ืจ ืขืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื•
01:40
he left this pile of papers on the table for the next generation.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืขืจื™ืžืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
01:44
Maybe the fact that he stayed up all night doing mathematics
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืขืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
01:47
was the fact that he was such a bad shot that morning and got killed.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืœืฃ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื ื”ืจื’
01:50
But contained inside those documents
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ืืš ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื”
01:52
was a new language, a language to understand
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ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉืคื” ืœื”ื‘ื ืช
01:55
one of the most fundamental concepts
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:57
of science -- namely symmetry.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข - ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
02:00
Now, symmetry is almost nature's language.
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ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
02:02
It helps us to understand so many
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:04
different bits of the scientific world.
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืข
02:06
For example, molecular structure.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™.
02:08
What crystals are possible,
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ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
02:10
we can understand through the mathematics of symmetry.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
02:14
In microbiology you really don't want to get a symmetrical object,
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ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื
02:16
because they are generally rather nasty.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื“ื™ ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ื™ื
02:18
The swine flu virus, at the moment, is a symmetrical object.
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™
02:21
And it uses the efficiency of symmetry
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื ืฆืœ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
02:23
to be able to propagate itself so well.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
02:27
But on a larger scale of biology, actually symmetry is very important,
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ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
02:30
because it actually communicates genetic information.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™
02:32
I've taken two pictures here and I've made them artificially symmetrical.
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
02:36
And if I ask you which of these you find more beautiful,
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ื•ืื ืืฉืืœ ืืชื›ื ืื™ื–ื• ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื,
02:39
you're probably drawn to the lower two.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืชืžืฉื›ื• ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช
02:41
Because it is hard to make symmetry.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
02:44
And if you can make yourself symmetrical, you're sending out a sign
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ื•ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื, ืืชื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืžืกืจ
02:46
that you've got good genes, you've got a good upbringing
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื’ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘
02:49
and therefore you'll make a good mate.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืชื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ื˜ื•ื‘
02:51
So symmetry is a language which can help to communicate
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ
02:54
genetic information.
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ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™.
02:56
Symmetry can also help us to explain
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ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
02:58
what's happening in the Large Hadron Collider in CERN.
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ CERN
03:01
Or what's not happening in the Large Hadron Collider in CERN.
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ืื• ืžื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื...
03:04
To be able to make predictions about the fundamental particles
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“
03:06
we might see there,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื,
03:08
it seems that they are all facets of some strange symmetrical shape
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืคืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื”
03:12
in a higher dimensional space.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:14
And I think Galileo summed up, very nicely,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ืœื™ืœืื• ืกื™ื›ื ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“
03:16
the power of mathematics
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ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
03:18
to understand the scientific world around us.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
03:20
He wrote, "The universe cannot be read
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘: "ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
03:22
until we have learnt the language
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ืื ืœื ื ืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื”
03:24
and become familiar with the characters in which it is written.
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ื•ื ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื•ื‘.
03:27
It is written in mathematical language,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
03:29
and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometric figures,
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ื•ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
03:33
without which means it is humanly impossible
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ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื
03:35
to comprehend a single word."
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื• ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช."
03:38
But it's not just scientists who are interested in symmetry.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
03:41
Artists too love to play around with symmetry.
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ื’ื ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ืขื ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
03:44
They also have a slightly more ambiguous relationship with it.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื™ืชื”.
03:47
Here is Thomas Mann talking about symmetry in "The Magic Mountain."
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ื”ื ื” ืชื•ืžืก ืžืืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘"ื”ืจ ื”ืงืกื"
03:50
He has a character describing the snowflake,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื• ื”ืžืชืืจ ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื’
03:53
and he says he "shuddered at its perfect precision,
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ืฉื”ื•ื "ื ื—ืจื“ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื“ื™ื•ืงื• ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื
03:56
found it deathly, the very marrow of death."
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ืจืื” ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืืช ืขืฆื ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช."
03:59
But what artists like to do is to set up expectations
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื”ืืžื ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช
04:01
of symmetry and then break them.
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ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ืื– ืœืกื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ
04:03
And a beautiful example of this
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ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืคื” ืœื›ืš
04:05
I found, actually, when I visited a colleague of mine
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ืžืฆืืชื™, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™
04:07
in Japan, Professor Kurokawa.
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ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื•ืงื•ื•ื”
04:09
And he took me up to the temples in Nikko.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืงื•.
04:12
And just after this photo was taken we walked up the stairs.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช.
04:15
And the gateway you see behind
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ื•ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ
04:17
has eight columns, with beautiful symmetrical designs on them.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื•ืช
04:20
Seven of them are exactly the same,
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ืฉื‘ืข ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
04:22
and the eighth one is turned upside down.
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ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื”
04:25
And I said to Professor Kurokawa,
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ื•ืื– ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื•ืงื•ื•ื”
04:27
"Wow, the architects must have really been kicking themselves
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"ื•ื•ืื•, ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื˜ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื
04:29
when they realized that they'd made a mistake and put this one upside down."
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืฉื”ื ืฉืžื• ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืš"
04:32
And he said, "No, no, no. It was a very deliberate act."
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ "ืœื, ืœื, ืœื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ"
04:35
And he referred me to this lovely quote from the Japanese
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื ื—ืžื“ ื”ื–ื”
04:37
"Essays in Idleness" from the 14th century,
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ืž"ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ื”" ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-14
04:40
in which the essayist wrote, "In everything,
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ืฉื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ "ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ
04:42
uniformity is undesirable.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื™ื”.
04:45
Leaving something incomplete makes it interesting,
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ื”ืฉืืจืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
04:47
and gives one the feeling that there is room for growth."
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ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
04:50
Even when building the Imperial Palace,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ
04:52
they always leave one place unfinished.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ"
04:56
But if I had to choose one building in the world
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ืืš ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
04:59
to be cast out on a desert island, to live the rest of my life,
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ืœื”ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืชื• ืขืœ ืื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™
05:02
being an addict of symmetry, I would probably choose the Alhambra in Granada.
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ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื•ืจ ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืืœื”ืžื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื’ืจื ื“ื”.
05:06
This is a palace celebrating symmetry.
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ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
05:08
Recently I took my family --
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™--
05:10
we do these rather kind of nerdy mathematical trips, which my family love.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื™ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช.
05:13
This is my son Tamer. You can see
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ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืžืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
05:15
he's really enjoying our mathematical trip to the Alhambra.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืืœื”ืžื‘ืจื”.
05:18
But I wanted to try and enrich him.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื•.
05:21
I think one of the problems about school mathematics
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
05:23
is it doesn't look at how mathematics is embedded
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ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:25
in the world we live in.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:27
So, I wanted to open his eyes up to
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืคืงื•ื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืœืจืื•ืช
05:29
how much symmetry is running through the Alhambra.
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ื›ืžื” ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืืœื”ืžื‘ืจื”.
05:32
You see it already. Immediately you go in,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื,
05:34
the reflective symmetry in the water.
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ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื.
05:36
But it's on the walls where all the exciting things are happening.
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ืืš ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื
05:39
The Moorish artists were denied the possibility
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ืžื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื ืžื ืขื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
05:41
to draw things with souls.
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ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ืฉืžื”
05:43
So they explored a more geometric art.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืงืจื• ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช
05:45
And so what is symmetry?
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”?
05:47
The Alhambra somehow asks all of these questions.
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ื”ืืœืืžื‘ืจื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
05:50
What is symmetry? When [there] are two of these walls,
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ืžื”ื™ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”? ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื•
05:52
do they have the same symmetries?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื–ื”ื”?
05:54
Can we say whether they discovered
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•
05:56
all of the symmetries in the Alhambra?
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืืœื”ืžื‘ืจื”
05:59
And it was Galois who produced a language
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื’ืœื•ืื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืฉืคื”
06:01
to be able to answer some of these questions.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
06:04
For Galois, symmetry -- unlike for Thomas Mann,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืœื•ืื”, ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” -- ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืžืก ืžืืŸ
06:07
which was something still and deathly --
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื ื•ืžืช
06:09
for Galois, symmetry was all about motion.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืœื•ืื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.
06:12
What can you do to a symmetrical object,
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ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืขืฆื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™,
06:14
move it in some way, so it looks the same
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืจืื” ื–ื”ื”
06:16
as before you moved it?
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื–?
06:18
I like to describe it as the magic trick moves.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืชืขืœื•ืœ ืงืกืžื™ื
06:20
What can you do to something? You close your eyes.
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ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฉื”ื•? ืืชื ืขื•ืฆืžื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
06:22
I do something, put it back down again.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื•, ืžื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•
06:24
It looks like it did before it started.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
06:26
So, for example, the walls in the Alhambra --
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ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืœื”ืžื‘ืจื”,
06:28
I can take all of these tiles, and fix them at the yellow place,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืืจื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”
06:32
rotate them by 90 degrees,
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ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘-90 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
06:34
put them all back down again and they fit perfectly down there.
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืžืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืชืชืืžื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
06:37
And if you open your eyes again, you wouldn't know that they'd moved.
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ื•ื›ืฉืชืคืงื—ื• ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ืœื ืชื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื–ื–ื•
06:40
But it's the motion that really characterizes the symmetry
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
06:43
inside the Alhambra.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื”ืžื‘ืจื”.
06:45
But it's also about producing a language to describe this.
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ืืš ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืคื” ืฉืชืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
06:47
And the power of mathematics is often
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ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช
06:50
to change one thing into another, to change geometry into language.
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืœืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืœืฉืคื”
06:54
So I'm going to take you through, perhaps push you a little bit mathematically --
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ืื– ืืขืฉื” ืœื›ื ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจืš, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืงืฆืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”--
06:57
so brace yourselves --
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--ืื– ืชื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื—ื–ืง
06:59
push you a little bit to understand how this language works,
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ืื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ืคื•ืขืœืช,
07:02
which enables us to capture what is symmetry.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
07:04
So, let's take these two symmetrical objects here.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
07:07
Let's take the twisted six-pointed starfish.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืฉืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ื.
07:09
What can I do to the starfish which makes it look the same?
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ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ?
07:12
Well, there I rotated it by a sixth of a turn,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
07:15
and still it looks like it did before I started.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™.
07:17
I could rotate it by a third of a turn,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
07:20
or a half a turn,
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ืื• ื—ืฆื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
07:22
or put it back down on its image, or two thirds of a turn.
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•, ืื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
07:25
And a fifth symmetry, I can rotate it by five sixths of a turn.
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ื•ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช: ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
07:29
And those are things that I can do to the symmetrical object
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ื•ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™
07:32
that make it look like it did before I started.
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ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™.
07:35
Now, for Galois, there was actually a sixth symmetry.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช.
07:38
Can anybody think what else I could do to this
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•
07:40
which would leave it like I did before I started?
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ืฉื™ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™?
07:43
I can't flip it because I've put a little twist on it, haven't I?
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืขื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื˜, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:46
It's got no reflective symmetry.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช.
07:48
But what I could do is just leave it where it is,
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื,
07:51
pick it up, and put it down again.
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ืœื”ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื”.
07:53
And for Galois this was like the zeroth symmetry.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืœื•ืื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืืคืก.
07:56
Actually, the invention of the number zero
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืก
07:59
was a very modern concept, seventh century A.D., by the Indians.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
08:02
It seems mad to talk about nothing.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœื•ื.
08:05
And this is the same idea. This is a symmetrical --
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™--
08:07
so everything has symmetry, where you just leave it where it is.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™, ืื ืชืฉืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•.
08:09
So, this object has six symmetries.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืขืฆื ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
08:12
And what about the triangle?
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ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ?
08:14
Well, I can rotate by a third of a turn clockwise
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ
08:18
or a third of a turn anticlockwise.
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
08:20
But now this has some reflectional symmetry.
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ืืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงืฆืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช.
08:22
I can reflect it in the line through X,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ื“ืจืš X
08:24
or the line through Y,
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ืื• ื“ืจืš Y
08:26
or the line through Z.
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ืื• ื“ืจืš Z
08:28
Five symmetries and then of course the zeroth symmetry
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ื—ืžืฉ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ืืคืก
08:31
where I just pick it up and leave it where it is.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•
08:34
So both of these objects have six symmetries.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
08:37
Now, I'm a great believer that mathematics is not a spectator sport,
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
08:40
and you have to do some mathematics
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืกื•ืง ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
08:42
in order to really understand it.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช.
08:44
So here is a little question for you.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื
08:46
And I'm going to give a prize at the end of my talk
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™
08:48
for the person who gets closest to the answer.
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ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:50
The Rubik's Cube.
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ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช.
08:52
How many symmetries does a Rubik's Cube have?
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ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช?
08:55
How many things can I do to this object
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื”
08:57
and put it down so it still looks like a cube?
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ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื‘ื™ื”?
08:59
Okay? So I want you to think about that problem as we go on,
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ื˜ื•ื‘? ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”,
09:02
and count how many symmetries there are.
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ื•ืชืกืคืจื• ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ.
09:04
And there will be a prize for the person who gets closest at the end.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืจืก ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
09:08
But let's go back down to symmetries that I got for these two objects.
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ืืš ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
09:12
What Galois realized: it isn't just the individual symmetries,
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ืžื” ืฉื’ืœื•ืื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ: ืœื ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช,
09:15
but how they interact with each other
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ืืœื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ
09:17
which really characterizes the symmetry of an object.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื.
09:21
If I do one magic trick move followed by another,
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ืื ืืขืฉื” ืงืกื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“
09:24
the combination is a third magic trick move.
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ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืกื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
09:26
And here we see Galois starting to develop
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื’ืœื•ืื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืชื—
09:28
a language to see the substance
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ืฉืคื” ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช
09:31
of the things unseen, the sort of abstract idea
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœื-ื ืจืื™ื, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜
09:33
of the symmetry underlying this physical object.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™
09:36
For example, what if I turn the starfish
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื” ืื ืื ื™ ืืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื
09:39
by a sixth of a turn,
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ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
09:41
and then a third of a turn?
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ื•ืื– ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ?
09:43
So I've given names. The capital letters, A, B, C, D, E, F,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ABCDEF
09:46
are the names for the rotations.
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ื›ืฉืžื•ืช ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื
09:48
B, for example, rotates the little yellow dot
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B ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”
09:51
to the B on the starfish. And so on.
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ืœ-B ืฉืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”
09:54
So what if I do B, which is a sixth of a turn,
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืื ืื‘ืฆืข B, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘
09:56
followed by C, which is a third of a turn?
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” C ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘
09:59
Well let's do that. A sixth of a turn,
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช. ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
10:01
followed by a third of a turn,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
10:03
the combined effect is as if I had just rotated it by half a turn in one go.
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ื—ื™ื“.
10:08
So the little table here records
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ืžืชืขื“ืช
10:10
how the algebra of these symmetries work.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
10:13
I do one followed by another, the answer is
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ืืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
10:15
it's rotation D, half a turn.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ D, ื—ืฆื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘
10:17
What I if I did it in the other order? Would it make any difference?
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ืžื” ืื ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื—ืจ? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื”?
10:20
Let's see. Let's do the third of the turn first, and then the sixth of a turn.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื”. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ืื—"ื› ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
10:24
Of course, it doesn't make any difference.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
10:26
It still ends up at half a turn.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื”"ื› ื—ืฆื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
10:28
And there is some symmetry here in the way the symmetries interact with each other.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื•.
10:33
But this is completely different to the symmetries of the triangle.
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ืืš ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ.
10:36
Let's see what happens if we do two symmetries
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
10:38
with the triangle, one after the other.
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื•.
10:40
Let's do a rotation by a third of a turn anticlockwise,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ,
10:43
and reflect in the line through X.
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ื•ื ืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืงื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš X
10:45
Well, the combined effect is as if I had just done the reflection in the line through Z
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืงืคืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงื• ืฉืœ Z
10:49
to start with.
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ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”
10:51
Now, let's do it in a different order.
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ื›ืขืช ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”.
10:53
Let's do the reflection in X first,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืงืฃ ืงื•ื“ื ื‘-X
10:55
followed by the rotation by a third of a turn anticlockwise.
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ื•ืื—"ื› ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ
10:59
The combined effect, the triangle ends up somewhere completely different.
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘, ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
11:02
It's as if it was reflected in the line through Y.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืงืคื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื• ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”-Y
11:05
Now it matters what order you do the operations in.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื“ืจ ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช
11:08
And this enables us to distinguish
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
11:10
why the symmetries of these objects --
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ืœืžื” ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•--
11:12
they both have six symmetries. So why shouldn't we say
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ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช. ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ
11:14
they have the same symmetries?
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช?
11:16
But the way the symmetries interact
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ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
11:18
enable us -- we've now got a language
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• -- ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช ืฉืคื”
11:20
to distinguish why these symmetries are fundamentally different.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
11:23
And you can try this when you go down to the pub, later on.
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืฉืชืœื›ื• ืœืคืื‘, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ.
11:26
Take a beer mat and rotate it by a quarter of a turn,
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ืชืงื—ื• ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื•ืชืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ืจื‘ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
11:29
then flip it. And then do it in the other order,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื”. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื—ืจ,
11:31
and the picture will be facing in the opposite direction.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืชืคื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš.
11:35
Now, Galois produced some laws for how these tables -- how symmetries interact.
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ื’ืœื•ืื” ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
11:39
It's almost like little Sudoku tables.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืชืฉื‘ืฆื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืงื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
11:41
You don't see any symmetry twice
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ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืฃ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื
11:43
in any row or column.
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ื‘ืืฃ ืฉื•ืจื” ืื• ื˜ื•ืจ.
11:45
And, using those rules, he was able to say
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžืจ
11:49
that there are in fact only two objects
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื
11:51
with six symmetries.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืฉ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
11:53
And they'll be the same as the symmetries of the triangle,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ,
11:56
or the symmetries of the six-pointed starfish.
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ืื• ืกื™ืžื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ื.
11:58
I think this is an amazing development.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
12:00
It's almost like the concept of number being developed for symmetry.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืกืคืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
12:04
In the front here, I've got one, two, three people
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื
12:06
sitting on one, two, three chairs.
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืกืื•ืช
12:08
The people and the chairs are very different,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
12:11
but the number, the abstract idea of the number, is the same.
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ืืš ื”ืžืกืคืจ, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ, ื–ื”ื”
12:14
And we can see this now: we go back to the walls in the Alhambra.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืขืช: ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื”ืžื‘ืจื”
12:17
Here are two very different walls,
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ื”ื ื” ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
12:19
very different geometric pictures.
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
12:21
But, using the language of Galois,
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ืืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ืื”,
12:23
we can understand that the underlying abstract symmetries of these things
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
12:26
are actually the same.
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ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
12:28
For example, let's take this beautiful wall
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื”ื–ื”
12:30
with the triangles with a little twist on them.
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืงืœ.
12:33
You can rotate them by a sixth of a turn
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘
12:35
if you ignore the colors. We're not matching up the colors.
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ืื ืชืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
12:37
But the shapes match up if I rotate by a sixth of a turn
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ืืš ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืื ืืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘
12:40
around the point where all the triangles meet.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.
12:43
What about the center of a triangle? I can rotate
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ? ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘
12:45
by a third of a turn around the center of the triangle,
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ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ,
12:47
and everything matches up.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชืื™ื.
12:49
And then there is an interesting place halfway along an edge,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงืฆื”,
12:51
where I can rotate by 180 degrees.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘-180 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
12:53
And all the tiles match up again.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจืฆืคื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
12:56
So rotate along halfway along the edge, and they all match up.
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ืื ื›ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื”, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื‘.
12:59
Now, let's move to the very different-looking wall in the Alhambra.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื™ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืืœื”ืžื‘ืจื”
13:03
And we find the same symmetries here, and the same interaction.
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ื•ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
13:06
So, there was a sixth of a turn. A third of a turn where the Z pieces meet.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘. ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืงื™ Z ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื
13:11
And the half a turn is halfway between the six pointed stars.
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ื•ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืฉืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ื.
13:15
And although these walls look very different,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืจืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
13:17
Galois has produced a language to say
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ื’ืœื•ืื” ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืคื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช
13:20
that in fact the symmetries underlying these are exactly the same.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
13:23
And it's a symmetry we call 6-3-2.
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ื•ื–ื• ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” 6-3-2.
13:26
Here is another example in the Alhambra.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืืœื”ืžื‘ืจื”
13:28
This is a wall, a ceiling, and a floor.
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ื”ื ื” ืงื™ืจ, ืชืงืจื” ื•ืจืฆืคื”.
13:31
They all look very different. But this language allows us to say
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ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืืš ื”ืฉืคื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ
13:34
that they are representations of the same symmetrical abstract object,
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ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืขืฆื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜,
13:38
which we call 4-4-2. Nothing to do with football,
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ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• 4-4-2. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ,
13:40
but because of the fact that there are two places where you can rotate
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘
13:43
by a quarter of a turn, and one by half a turn.
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ื‘ืจื‘ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
13:47
Now, this power of the language is even more,
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ื›ื— ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
13:49
because Galois can say,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื’ืœื•ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ,
13:51
"Did the Moorish artists discover all of the possible symmetries
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"ื”ืื ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช
13:54
on the walls in the Alhambra?"
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ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื”ืžื‘ืจื”"?
13:56
And it turns out they almost did.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื’ื™ืœื•.
13:58
You can prove, using Galois' language,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ืื”
14:00
there are actually only 17
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง 17
14:02
different symmetries that you can do in the walls in the Alhambra.
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ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื”ืžื‘ืจื”
14:06
And they, if you try to produce a different wall with this 18th one,
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ื•ื”ื, ืื ืชื ืกื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื™ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”18
14:09
it will have to have the same symmetries as one of these 17.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”17
14:14
But these are things that we can see.
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ืืš ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
14:16
And the power of Galois' mathematical language
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ื•ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ืื”
14:18
is it also allows us to create
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
14:20
symmetrical objects in the unseen world,
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ืขืฆืžื™ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”,
14:23
beyond the two-dimensional, three-dimensional,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“, ื•ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“,
14:25
all the way through to the four- or five- or infinite-dimensional space.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™- ืื• ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
14:28
And that's where I work. I create
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ื•ืฉื ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ
14:30
mathematical objects, symmetrical objects,
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ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ืขืฆืžื™ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
14:32
using Galois' language,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ืื”
14:34
in very high dimensional spaces.
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ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
14:36
So I think it's a great example of things unseen,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ,
14:38
which the power of mathematical language allows you to create.
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ืฉื”ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ.
14:42
So, like Galois, I stayed up all last night
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ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื•ืื”, ื ืฉืืจืชื™ ืขืจ ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
14:44
creating a new mathematical symmetrical object for you,
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ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืขืฆื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.
14:48
and I've got a picture of it here.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
14:50
Well, unfortunately it isn't really a picture. If I could have my board
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ืฉืœื™
14:53
at the side here, great, excellent.
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ืคื” ื‘ืฆื“, ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืขื•ืœื”.
14:55
Here we are. Unfortunately, I can't show you
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ืื•-ืงื™ื™, ืœืฆืขืจื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
14:57
a picture of this symmetrical object.
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™.
14:59
But here is the language which describes
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ืืš ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉืคื” ืืฉืจ ืžืชืืจืช
15:02
how the symmetries interact.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
15:04
Now, this new symmetrical object
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ืœืขืฆื ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
15:06
does not have a name yet.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
15:08
Now, people like getting their names on things,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
15:10
on craters on the moon
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ืขืœ ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
15:12
or new species of animals.
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ืื• ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
15:14
So I'm going to give you the chance to get your name on a new symmetrical object
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืืช ืฉืžื›ื ืœืขืฆื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ
15:18
which hasn't been named before.
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ืฉื˜ืจื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืฉื.
15:20
And this thing -- species die away,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” -- ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืœื”ื,
15:22
and moons kind of get hit by meteors and explode --
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ื•ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื--
15:25
but this mathematical object will live forever.
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ืืš ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืชื—ื™ื” ืœื ืฆื—.
15:27
It will make you immortal.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืชื›ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช.
15:29
In order to win this symmetrical object,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช,
15:32
what you have to do is to answer the question I asked you at the beginning.
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ืžื” ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
15:35
How many symmetries does a Rubik's Cube have?
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ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช?
15:39
Okay, I'm going to sort you out.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืกื ืŸ ืืชื›ื.
15:41
Rather than you all shouting out, I want you to count how many digits there are
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืฆืขืงื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืกืคืจื• ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ
15:44
in that number. Okay?
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
15:46
If you've got it as a factorial, you've got to expand the factorials.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืขืฆืจืช, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืจื•ืช
15:49
Okay, now if you want to play,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง, ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
15:51
I want you to stand up, okay?
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืžื“ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘?
15:53
If you think you've got an estimate for how many digits,
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช,
15:55
right -- we've already got one competitor here.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ -- ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืชื—ืจื” ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ--
15:58
If you all stay down he wins it automatically.
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ืื ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืฉืืจื• ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื›ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
16:00
Okay. Excellent. So we've got four here, five, six.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืขื•ืœื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ืฉื™ืฉื”.
16:03
Great. Excellent. That should get us going. All right.
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ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืขื•ืœื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื–ื”. ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
16:08
Anybody with five or less digits, you've got to sit down,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืžืฉ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ื” ื ื ืœืฉื‘ืช.
16:11
because you've underestimated.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื ืžื•ืš ืžื“ื™.
16:13
Five or less digits. So, if you're in the tens of thousands you've got to sit down.
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ื—ืžืฉ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช. ืื ืืชื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฉื‘ืช.
16:17
60 digits or more, you've got to sit down.
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ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืชื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฉื‘ืช.
16:20
You've overestimated.
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ื”ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™.
16:22
20 digits or less, sit down.
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ืขืฉืจื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช, ืœืฉื‘ืช.
16:26
How many digits are there in your number?
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ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœืš?
16:31
Two? So you should have sat down earlier.
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื? ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ื.
16:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:34
Let's have the other ones, who sat down during the 20, up again. Okay?
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืืœื• ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘-20 ืกืคืจื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
16:38
If I told you 20 or less, stand up.
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ืื ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื 20 ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช, ืขื™ืžื“ื•.
16:40
Because this one. I think there were a few here.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื›ืืŸ.
16:42
The people who just last sat down.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
16:45
Okay, how many digits do you have in your number?
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ?
16:50
(Laughs)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:53
21. Okay good. How many do you have in yours?
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21. ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœืš?
16:55
18. So it goes to this lady here.
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18. ื”ืคืจืก ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื‘ืจืช ื›ืืŸ.
16:58
21 is the closest.
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21 ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘.
17:00
It actually has -- the number of symmetries in the Rubik's cube
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” -- ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช
17:02
has 25 digits.
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ื™ืฉ 25 ืกืคืจื•ืช
17:04
So now I need to name this object.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืฉื ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
17:06
So, what is your name?
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ืžื” ืฉืžืš?
17:08
I need your surname. Symmetrical objects generally --
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ืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืš. ืขืฆืžื™ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื“"ื›--
17:11
spell it for me.
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ืชืื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื™
17:13
G-H-E-Z
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G-H-E-Z
17:20
No, SO2 has already been used, actually,
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ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื ื‘-SO2
17:22
in the mathematical language. So you can't have that one.
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ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช, ืื– ืืช ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื•.
17:24
So Ghez, there we go. That's your new symmetrical object.
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ืื– ื’ืฅ, ื”ื ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœืš.
17:26
You are now immortal.
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ืืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืช ืืœืžื•ื•ืช.
17:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:34
And if you'd like your own symmetrical object,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืžืฉืœื›ื,
17:36
I have a project raising money for a charity in Guatemala,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืžื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ื’ื•ืื˜ืžืืœื”,
17:39
where I will stay up all night and devise an object for you,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืฉืืจ ืขืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืืชื›ื ืŸ ืขืฆื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื,
17:42
for a donation to this charity to help kids get into education in Guatemala.
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ื›ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืฆื“ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื’ื•ืื˜ืžืืœื”.
17:46
And I think what drives me, as a mathematician,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื™, ื›ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™,
17:49
are those things which are not seen, the things that we haven't discovered.
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ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ืจืื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื’ืœื•.
17:53
It's all the unanswered questions which make mathematics a living subject.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ืขื ื•, ื•ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ื—ื™
17:57
And I will always come back to this quote from the Japanese "Essays in Idleness":
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ื•ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืž"ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ื”"
18:00
"In everything, uniformity is undesirable.
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"ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื”
18:03
Leaving something incomplete makes it interesting,
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ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
18:06
and gives one the feeling that there is room for growth." Thank you.
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ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”" ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
18:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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