Marcus du Sautoy: Symmetry, reality's riddle

131,857 views ・ 2009-10-29

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μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Young-ho Park κ²€ν† : K Bang
00:18
On the 30th of May, 1832,
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1832λ…„ 5μ›” 30일
00:22
a gunshot was heard
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μ΄μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ λ“€λ ΈλŠ”λ°
00:24
ringing out across the 13th arrondissement in Paris.
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그것은 파리의 13 μ•„λ‘±λ””μŠ€λ§μ—μ„œ μšΈλ €λ‚˜μ˜¨ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:27
(Gunshot)
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(μ΄μ†Œλ¦¬)
00:28
A peasant, who was walking to market that morning,
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κ·Έλ‚  μ•„μΉ¨ μ‹œμž₯으둜 κ±Έμ–΄κ°€λ˜ 농민 ν•œλͺ…이
00:31
ran towards where the gunshot had come from,
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μ΄μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ λ‚œ 곳으둜 λ›°μ–΄κ°€ λ³΄λ‹ˆ
00:33
and found a young man writhing in agony on the floor,
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μ Šμ€ 청년이 땅에 μ“°λŸ¬μΉœ 채, 고톡속에 λͺΈμ„ λ’€ν‹€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
00:37
clearly shot by a dueling wound.
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총으둜 결투λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‹€κ°€ 총에 λ§žμ€ 것이죠.
00:40
The young man's name was Evariste Galois.
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κ·Έ μ²­λ…„μ˜ 이름은 μ—λ°”λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈ κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
He was a well-known revolutionary in Paris at the time.
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ‹Ήμ‹œ νŒŒλ¦¬μ—μ„œ 잘 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 혁λͺ… λ‹Ήμ›μ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
00:47
Galois was taken to the local hospital
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κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„λŠ” 지역 λ³‘μ›μœΌλ‘œ ν›„μ†‘λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
00:50
where he died the next day in the arms of his brother.
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λ‹€μŒλ‚  κ·Έ λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” λ‚¨λ™μƒμ˜ ν’ˆμ— μ•ˆκ²¨ μˆ¨μ„ κ±°λ‘μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
And the last words he said to his brother were,
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"μ•Œν”„λ ˆμ•Ό, λ‚˜λ•œμ— μšΈμ§€λ§ˆ.
00:55
"Don't cry for me, Alfred.
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20μ‚΄μ΄λΌλŠ” μ Šμ€ λ‚˜μ΄μ— μ£½μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”
00:57
I need all the courage I can muster
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λ‚˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μš©κΈ°κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•΄"λΌλŠ” 말을 ν•˜κ³ 
00:59
to die at the age of 20."
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μˆ¨μ„ κ±°λ‘μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
It wasn't, in fact, revolutionary politics
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κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„κ°€ 유λͺ…ν•œ 것은 혁λͺ…을 μœ„ν•œ 그의
01:05
for which Galois was famous.
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μ •μΉ˜ ν™œλ™ λ•Œλ¬Έμ€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
01:07
But a few years earlier, while still at school,
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κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„κ°€ μ£½κΈ° λͺ‡ λ…„μ „ κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ
01:10
he'd actually cracked one of the big mathematical
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아직 학ꡐ에 닀닐 λ•Œ, κ·ΈλŠ” κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œ κ°€μž₯ 큰 μˆ˜ν•™μ 
01:12
problems at the time.
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λ‚œμ œ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό ν’€μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
01:14
And he wrote to the academicians in Paris,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„λŠ” 그의 이둠을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό μ¨μ„œ
01:16
trying to explain his theory.
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ— μžˆλŠ” μˆ˜ν•™ ν•™μˆ μ› νšŒμ›λ“€μ—κ²Œ λ³΄λƒˆμ§€μš”.
01:18
But the academicians couldn't understand anything that he wrote.
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그런데 그듀은 κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„κ°€ μ“΄ νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό 이해할 수 μ—†μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
01:21
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:22
This is how he wrote most of his mathematics.
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κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„λŠ” 그의 μˆ˜ν•™μ„ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ΄λŸ°μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μΌμ–΄μš”.
01:25
So, the night before that duel, he realized
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” 결투λ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° 전날에 μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄
01:27
this possibly is his last chance
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그날이 자기의 κ·€μ€‘ν•œ μˆ˜ν•™μ  λ°œκ²¬μ„ 세상에 μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
01:30
to try and explain his great breakthrough.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ κΈ°νšŒμΌμ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
01:32
So he stayed up the whole night, writing away,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” 밀을 μƒˆκ³  그의 λŒ€μΉ­μ— λŒ€ν•œ
01:35
trying to explain his ideas.
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아이디어λ₯Ό κΈ€λ‘œ λ‹΄μ•˜μ§€μš”.
01:37
And as the dawn came up and he went to meet his destiny,
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λ™ν‹€λ…˜μ— κ·ΈλŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ 운λͺ…을 맞으러 λ‚˜κ°”κ³ 
01:40
he left this pile of papers on the table for the next generation.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ±…μƒμœ„μ— 후손을 μœ„ν•΄ λŒ€μΉ­μ— λŒ€ν•œ 쒅이 더미λ₯Ό λ‚¨κ²Όμ§€μš”.
01:44
Maybe the fact that he stayed up all night doing mathematics
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ κ·Έκ°€ 밀을 μƒˆλ©° μˆ˜ν•™μ  μ„€λͺ…을 썼기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
01:47
was the fact that he was such a bad shot that morning and got killed.
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒλ‚  아침에 총을 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ„지 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
01:50
But contained inside those documents
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έκ°€ 남긴 λ¬Έμ„œμ—λŠ”
01:52
was a new language, a language to understand
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κ³Όν•™μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 근본적인 κ°œλ…μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜,
01:55
one of the most fundamental concepts
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즉 λŒ€μΉ­μ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ μ£ΌλŠ”
01:57
of science -- namely symmetry.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ–Έμ–΄κ°€ λ‹΄κ²¨μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:00
Now, symmetry is almost nature's language.
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λŒ€μΉ­μ€ μžμ—°μ˜ 언어라고도 말할 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
02:02
It helps us to understand so many
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λŒ€μΉ­μ€ κ³Όν•™ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ λΆ„μ•Όλ₯Ό
02:04
different bits of the scientific world.
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이해할 수 있게 도와 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
For example, molecular structure.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, λΆ„μžμ˜ ꡬ쑰라든지
02:08
What crystals are possible,
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μ–΄λ–€ κ²°μ •μ²΄μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λ“ μ§€
02:10
we can understand through the mathematics of symmetry.
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ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λŒ€μΉ­μ˜ μˆ˜ν•™μ„ 톡해 이해할 수 있죠.
02:14
In microbiology you really don't want to get a symmetrical object,
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그런데 λŒ€μΉ­μ μΈ λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ 미생물듀은 쒋지 μ•Šμ•„μš”.
02:16
because they are generally rather nasty.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그런 미생물은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ•…μ’…μ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:18
The swine flu virus, at the moment, is a symmetrical object.
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μš”μ¦˜ μœ ν–‰λ˜λŠ” 돼지독감 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ„ λŒ€μΉ­μ μΈ λͺ¨μ–‘μ΄μ§€μš”.
02:21
And it uses the efficiency of symmetry
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이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ λ²ˆμ‹μœ¨μ΄ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ
02:23
to be able to propagate itself so well.
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μ™•μ„±ν•œ 것도 κ·Έ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ λŒ€μΉ­μ„± λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
But on a larger scale of biology, actually symmetry is very important,
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μ˜ λ§Žμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œλ„ λŒ€μΉ­μ„±μ΄ 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•œλ°
02:30
because it actually communicates genetic information.
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” μœ μ „ 정보가 λŒ€μΉ­μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΅ν™˜λ˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
I've taken two pictures here and I've made them artificially symmetrical.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ˜ 사진듀은 μ œκ°€ μΌλΆ€λŸ¬ λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ λ˜λ„λ‘ μ‘°μž‘ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
And if I ask you which of these you find more beautiful,
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μ–΄λ–€ 사진이 더 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄μ§€ 물어보면
02:39
you're probably drawn to the lower two.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μ•„λž˜ μͺ½ 사진 λ‘κ°œλ₯Ό κ³ λ₯΄μ‹œκ² μ£ .
02:41
Because it is hard to make symmetry.
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” λŒ€μΉ­μ„ λ§Œλ“€κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
And if you can make yourself symmetrical, you're sending out a sign
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λŒ€μΉ­μ μœΌλ‘œ 잘 생긴 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
02:46
that you've got good genes, you've got a good upbringing
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μžκΈ°λŠ” 씨가 μ’‹κ³  잘 μ–‘μœ‘λ°›μ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λŒ€μΉ­μ μœΌλ‘œ 생겼고 λ”°λΌμ„œ
02:49
and therefore you'll make a good mate.
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쒋은 배우자감이라고 μ„ μ „ν•˜μ§€μš”.
02:51
So symmetry is a language which can help to communicate
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, λŒ€μΉ­μ„±μ€ μœ μ „μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €μ€„ 수 μžˆλŠ”
02:54
genetic information.
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쒋은 μ–Έμ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
Symmetry can also help us to explain
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λŒ€μΉ­μ„±μ€ λ˜ν•œ CERN에 μžˆλŠ” κ±°λŒ€ ν•˜λ“œλ‘  μΆ©λŒκΈ°μ—μ„œ
02:58
what's happening in the Large Hadron Collider in CERN.
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μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”λ°λ„ 도움을 μ£Όμ§€μš”.
03:01
Or what's not happening in the Large Hadron Collider in CERN.
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λ˜λŠ” μ™œ μž‘λ™ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”λ°λ„ 도움이 λ˜μ§€μš” (λΉ„κΌ¬λŠ” 농담)
03:04
To be able to make predictions about the fundamental particles
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LHCλ₯Ό 톡해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” κΈ°λ³Έμž…μžλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
03:06
we might see there,
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μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ ν•˜μžλ©΄
03:08
it seems that they are all facets of some strange symmetrical shape
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그것듀은 κ³ μ°¨μ›μ˜ 곡간에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” κ΄΄μƒν•œ λŒ€μΉ­μ 
03:12
in a higher dimensional space.
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λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ 츑면일지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
And I think Galileo summed up, very nicely,
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κ°ˆλ¦΄λ ˆμ˜€λŠ” 우리λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό 세계λ₯Ό κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ
03:16
the power of mathematics
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이해할 수 있게 ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ”
03:18
to understand the scientific world around us.
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μˆ˜ν•™μ˜ νž˜μ„ ν•¨μΆ•μ„±μžˆκ³  λ©‹μžˆκ²Œ ν‘œν˜„ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
03:20
He wrote, "The universe cannot be read
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κ·ΈλŠ”, "μš°μ£Όκ°€ μ”Œμ—¬μ§„ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό
03:22
until we have learnt the language
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 배우고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ 언어에
03:24
and become familiar with the characters in which it is written.
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μ΅μˆ™ν•΄ 질 λ•Œ κΉŒμ§€ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우주λ₯Ό 읽을 수 μ—†λ‹€" 라고 λ§ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
03:27
It is written in mathematical language,
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μš°μ£ΌλŠ” μˆ˜ν•™ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ μ”Œμ—¬μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometric figures,
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κ·Έ μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³μ€ μ‚Όκ°ν˜•, 원 및 기타 κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  λͺ¨μ–‘λ“€ μ΄κΈ°λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:33
without which means it is humanly impossible
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이런 것듀을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ μΈκ°„μ˜ νž˜μœΌλ‘œλŠ”
03:35
to comprehend a single word."
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ν•œλ§ˆλ””λ„ 이해할 수 μ—†μ§€μš”.
03:38
But it's not just scientists who are interested in symmetry.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, κ³Όν•™μžλ“€λ§Œ λŒ€μΉ­μ— 관심이 μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€μš”.
03:41
Artists too love to play around with symmetry.
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μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€λ“€λ„ λŒ€μΉ­μ— λ§Žμ€ 관심을 λ³΄μ˜€μ–΄μš”.
03:44
They also have a slightly more ambiguous relationship with it.
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그듀은 λ˜ν•œ λŒ€μΉ­κ³Ό μ•½κ°„ 애맀λͺ¨ν˜Έν•œ 관계λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œμ§€μš”.
03:47
Here is Thomas Mann talking about symmetry in "The Magic Mountain."
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ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ 만의 μ†Œμ„€ "마의 μ‚°"μ—λŠ” λŒ€μΉ­μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 문ꡬ가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
He has a character describing the snowflake,
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κ·Έ μ†Œμ„€μ˜ ν•œ μΊλ¦­ν„°λŠ”
03:53
and he says he "shuddered at its perfect precision,
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"(λ‚˜λŠ”) λˆˆμ†‘μ΄μ˜ μ™„λ²½ν•œ 정밀성에 λ¬΄μ„œμ›Œ λ–¨κ³ ,
03:56
found it deathly, the very marrow of death."
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그것이 마치 죽음의 본질 같이 λŠκ»΄μ§„λ‹€"κ³  λ§ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
03:59
But what artists like to do is to set up expectations
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€λ“€μ€ λŒ€μΉ­μ— λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 κΈ°λŒ€λ₯Ό 일단 λ†’μ—¬ 놓고
04:01
of symmetry and then break them.
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κ·Έ κΈ°λŒ€λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ κΉ¨νŠΈλ¦¬λŠ” 것을 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ§€μš”.
04:03
And a beautiful example of this
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μ œκ°€ 일본에 μžˆλŠ” λ™λ£ŒμΈ
04:05
I found, actually, when I visited a colleague of mine
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μΏ λ‘œμΉ΄μ™€ ꡐ수λ₯Ό 찾아갔을 λ•Œ
04:07
in Japan, Professor Kurokawa.
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λ°”λ‘œ 그런 일이 μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:09
And he took me up to the temples in Nikko.
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ‹ˆμ½”μ‹œ(εΈ‚)에 μžˆλŠ” 절둜 μ €λ₯Ό 데리고 κ°”μ§€μš”.
04:12
And just after this photo was taken we walked up the stairs.
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이 사진을 찍고 λ‚œ 직후에 μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ€ 계단을 μ˜¬λΌκ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:15
And the gateway you see behind
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그런데 μ‚¬μ§„μ˜ 뒀에 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 관문에
04:17
has eight columns, with beautiful symmetrical designs on them.
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κΈ°λ‘₯이 8개 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ° 이듀은 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ λ˜λŠ” λ””μžμΈμ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
04:20
Seven of them are exactly the same,
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그런데 그쀑 7κ°œλŠ” λ˜‘κ°™μ•˜μ§€λ§Œ
04:22
and the eighth one is turned upside down.
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ν•œκ°œλŠ” 꺼꾸둜 λ°•ν˜€ μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
04:25
And I said to Professor Kurokawa,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ μΏ λ‘œμΉ΄μ™€ κ΅μˆ˜μ—κ²Œ
04:27
"Wow, the architects must have really been kicking themselves
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"에이ꡬ, 이 κΈ°λ‘₯이 꺼꾸둜 λ°•ν˜”λ‹€λŠ” 것을
04:29
when they realized that they'd made a mistake and put this one upside down."
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건좕가가 μ•Œλ©΄ 까무러 μΉ˜κ² λ„€μš”" 라고 λ§ν–ˆλ”λ‹ˆ
04:32
And he said, "No, no, no. It was a very deliberate act."
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"μ•„λ‹ˆ, μ•„λ‹ˆ, 그건 μΌλΆ€λŸ¬ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•œκ±°μ˜ˆμš”" 라고 λ§ν•˜λ©°
04:35
And he referred me to this lovely quote from the Japanese
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λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 멋진 이야기λ₯Ό ν•΄μ£Όλ”κ΅°μš”.
04:37
"Essays in Idleness" from the 14th century,
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14μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ 일본 μž‘κ°€κ°€ μ“΄ "ν•œκ°€ν•œ μˆ˜ν•„"μ΄λΌλŠ” 책에
04:40
in which the essayist wrote, "In everything,
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"λͺ¨λ“  것에 μžˆμ–΄ 균일성은 λ°”λžŒμ§ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€.
04:42
uniformity is undesirable.
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무엇인가 λ‚¨κ²¨λ‘λŠ” 것이 더 ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό 돋ꡬ며,
04:45
Leaving something incomplete makes it interesting,
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λ°œμ „μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯성을 λŠλ‚„ 수 있게 ν•œλ‹€"
04:47
and gives one the feeling that there is room for growth."
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λΌλŠ” 문ꡬ가 μžˆλ‹€κ³  말해 μ£Όλ”κ΅°μš”.
04:50
Even when building the Imperial Palace,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” 제ꡭ의 ꢁ전을 지을 λ•Œλ„
04:52
they always leave one place unfinished.
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ν•œ 뢀뢄을 λ―Έμ™„μ„± μƒνƒœλ‘œ λ‘”λ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
But if I had to choose one building in the world
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λ§Œμ•½μ— μ œκ°€ 무인도 섬에 μ‚΄λ©΄μ„œ 제 λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€
04:59
to be cast out on a desert island, to live the rest of my life,
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평생을 μ‚΄ 집을 골라야 ν•œλ‹€λ©΄, μ €λŠ” λŒ€μΉ­ μ€‘λ…μžμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒ
05:02
being an addict of symmetry, I would probably choose the Alhambra in Granada.
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μ•„λ§ˆ κ·ΈλΌλ‚˜λ‹€μ— μžˆλŠ” μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌ ꢁ전을 택할지 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
This is a palace celebrating symmetry.
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이 ꢁ전은 λŒ€μΉ­μ„ μ°¬λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
Recently I took my family --
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μ €λŠ” μ΅œκ·Όμ— 제 κ°€μ‘±κ³Ό 같이
05:10
we do these rather kind of nerdy mathematical trips, which my family love.
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μ—¬κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°”μ—ˆλŠ”λ° 우리 가쑱은 이런 μˆ˜ν•™ λ§€λ‹ˆμ•„μ μΈ νœ΄κ°€λ₯Ό 즐기죠.
05:13
This is my son Tamer. You can see
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이건 제 μ•„λ“€ 타머인데 λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와같이
05:15
he's really enjoying our mathematical trip to the Alhambra.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌμ˜ μˆ˜ν•™μ  ν…Œλ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ νœ΄κ°€λ₯Ό μ •λ§λ‘œ 즐기고 있죠.
05:18
But I wanted to try and enrich him.
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μ €λŠ” 제 μ•„λ“€μ—κ²Œ 쒋은 ꡐ윑의 기회λ₯Ό μ£Όλ €κ³  ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
05:21
I think one of the problems about school mathematics
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ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ˜ 문제점 μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
05:23
is it doesn't look at how mathematics is embedded
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μˆ˜ν•™μ΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄κ³ μžˆλŠ” μ‹€μ œ 세계에 λ‚΄ν¬λ˜μ–΄
05:25
in the world we live in.
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μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 보여주지 μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
05:27
So, I wanted to open his eyes up to
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 제 아듀이 μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌ ꢁ전에
05:29
how much symmetry is running through the Alhambra.
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ λ§Žμ€μ§€ κΉ¨λ‹«κ²Œ 되기λ₯Ό λ°”λž¬μ£ .
05:32
You see it already. Immediately you go in,
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κ·Έ ꢁ전 μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€μž 마자 μˆ˜λ©΄μ—
05:34
the reflective symmetry in the water.
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λ°˜μ‚¬λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ λ³΄μ΄μ§€μš”.
05:36
But it's on the walls where all the exciting things are happening.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ •λ§λ‘œ ν₯λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 뢀뢄은 λ²½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
The Moorish artists were denied the possibility
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λ¬΄μ–΄μ˜ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€λ“€μ€ 영혼이 μžˆλŠ” 사물듀을
05:41
to draw things with souls.
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그림으둜 κ·Έλ¦¬λŠ” 것이 κΈˆμ§€λΌ μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
05:43
So they explored a more geometric art.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그듀은 κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ μΈ μ˜ˆμˆ μ„ μΆ”κ΅¬ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
05:45
And so what is symmetry?
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κ³Όμ—° λŒ€μΉ­μ΄λž€κ²ƒμ€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
05:47
The Alhambra somehow asks all of these questions.
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μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌ ꢁ전을 보면 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜κ²Œ 되죠.
05:50
What is symmetry? When [there] are two of these walls,
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λŒ€μΉ­μ΄λž€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΈκ°€μš”? 이런 벽이 λ‘κ°œκ°€ 있으면
05:52
do they have the same symmetries?
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λŒ€μΉ­μ€ 같은 μ’…λ₯˜μΈκ°€?
05:54
Can we say whether they discovered
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μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌ ꢁ전은 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λͺ¨λ“ 
05:56
all of the symmetries in the Alhambra?
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λŒ€μΉ­μ„ λ‹€ 보여 μ£Όλ‚˜μš”?
05:59
And it was Galois who produced a language
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λ‹΅ν•΄ 쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό
06:01
to be able to answer some of these questions.
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λ§Œλ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ°”λ‘œ κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„μ˜€μ§€μš”.
06:04
For Galois, symmetry -- unlike for Thomas Mann,
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λŒ€μΉ­μ—μ„œ 정적과 죽음만 λŠλ‚€ μž‘κ°€ ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ λ§Œκ³ΌλŠ” 달리
06:07
which was something still and deathly --
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κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄ λŒ€μΉ­μ€
06:09
for Galois, symmetry was all about motion.
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μ›€μ§μž„μ— κ΄€λ ¨λœ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
06:12
What can you do to a symmetrical object,
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λŒ€μΉ­ν•˜λŠ” 개체λ₯Ό 가지고 무엇을 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
06:14
move it in some way, so it looks the same
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 이듀을 움직인 ν›„ 움직이기
06:16
as before you moved it?
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μ „κ³Ό λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ 보이게 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
06:18
I like to describe it as the magic trick moves.
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μ „ μ΄λŸ°κ²ƒλ“€μ„ μ†μž„μˆ˜κ°™μ€ 마술의 μ›€μ§μž„μ΄λΌκ³  λ§ν•˜μ£ .
06:20
What can you do to something? You close your eyes.
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뭘 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” λ§μΌκΉŒμš”? μ§€κΈˆ λˆˆμ„ 감아 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:22
I do something, put it back down again.
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그럼 μ œκ°€ 뭘 움직이고 λ‚œ ν›„ 손을 λ—λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
It looks like it did before it started.
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그런데 움직이기 μ „κ³Ό λ˜‘ 같이 λ³΄μ΄μ§€μš”.
06:26
So, for example, the walls in the Alhambra --
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌ κΆμ „μ˜ 벽에 μžˆλŠ”
06:28
I can take all of these tiles, and fix them at the yellow place,
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벽에 μžˆλŠ” 타일듀을 λ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ„œ 여기에 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λ…Έλž‘ 점을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ
06:32
rotate them by 90 degrees,
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90도 νšŒμ „μ‹œν‚¨ ν›„
06:34
put them all back down again and they fit perfectly down there.
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벽에닀 λ‹€μ‹œ 뢙이면 κ·Έ μžλ¦¬μ— κΌ­ 끼게 λ˜μ§€μš”.
06:37
And if you open your eyes again, you wouldn't know that they'd moved.
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그리고 λˆˆμ„ 뜨면 κ·Έ 타일듀을 μ›€μ§μ˜€λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ „ν˜€ μ•Œ 수 μ—†μ§€μš”.
06:40
But it's the motion that really characterizes the symmetry
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μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌ ꢁ전에 μžˆλŠ” λŒ€μΉ­μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ€ 사싀
06:43
inside the Alhambra.
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μ›€μ§μž„ μ΄μ§€μš”.
06:45
But it's also about producing a language to describe this.
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λŒ€μΉ­μ„ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” 언어도 μ—­μ‹œ μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€μš”.
06:47
And the power of mathematics is often
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μˆ˜ν•™μ˜ νž˜μ€ μ’…μ’… μ–΄λ–€ 것을 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
06:50
to change one thing into another, to change geometry into language.
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λ°”κΎΈλŠ”λ° μžˆμ§€μš” -- κ·Έ μΌλ‘€λŠ” κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ„ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ λ°”κΎΈλŠ”κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
06:54
So I'm going to take you through, perhaps push you a little bit mathematically --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ „ 이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ μˆ˜ν•™μ˜ μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ μž μ‹œ λͺ¨μ‹œκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. --
06:57
so brace yourselves --
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μž μ‹œλ§Œ μ°Έμ•„ μ£Όμ„Έμš” --
06:59
push you a little bit to understand how this language works,
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μ €λŠ” λŒ€μΉ­μ„ 이해할 수 있게 λ„μ™€μ£ΌλŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λΌλŠ” 것이
07:02
which enables us to capture what is symmetry.
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μ–΄λ–€ 것인지 λͺ‡λ§ˆλ”” λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
So, let's take these two symmetrical objects here.
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여기에 μ§€κΈˆ λŒ€μΉ­λ˜λŠ” κ°œμ²΄κ°€ 2개 μžˆμ§€μš”.
07:07
Let's take the twisted six-pointed starfish.
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μ•½κ°„ νœ˜μ–΄μ§„ 닀리가 6개 달린 λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬λ¦¬λ₯Ό 보죠.
07:09
What can I do to the starfish which makes it look the same?
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이 λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬λ¦¬λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 움직이면 μ „κ³Ό λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ λ³΄μΌκΉŒμš”?
07:12
Well, there I rotated it by a sixth of a turn,
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κ·Έλ ‡μ£ . 1/6 νšŒμ „ μ‹œν‚€λ©΄ 되죠.
07:15
and still it looks like it did before I started.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λŒλ €λ„ μ „κ³Ό λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ λ³΄μ—¬μš”.
07:17
I could rotate it by a third of a turn,
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이걸 1/3 νšŒμ „μ‹œμΌœλ„ 되고,
07:20
or a half a turn,
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반 νšŒμ „λ„ μ’‹κ³ ,
07:22
or put it back down on its image, or two thirds of a turn.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ λ“€μ—ˆλ‹€κ°€ κ·Έμžλ¦¬μ— λ‹€μ‹œ 놔도 되고, 2/3 νšŒμ „ μ‹œμΌœλ„ 되고
07:25
And a fifth symmetry, I can rotate it by five sixths of a turn.
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5번째 λŒ€μΉ­μœΌλ‘œ 5/6νšŒμ „ μ‹œμΌœλ„ λ˜μ§€μš”.
07:29
And those are things that I can do to the symmetrical object
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λŒ€μΉ­λ˜λŠ” κ°œμ²΄κ°€ 움직인 후에도 λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ 보게
07:32
that make it look like it did before I started.
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λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 방법은 이런 것듀이죠.
07:35
Now, for Galois, there was actually a sixth symmetry.
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그런데 κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„λŠ” 6번째 λŒ€μΉ­μ„ 생각해 λƒˆμ§€μš”.
07:38
Can anybody think what else I could do to this
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜μ„œ 이것을 μ›€μ§μ—¬μ„œ 처음과 λ˜‘ 같이
07:40
which would leave it like I did before I started?
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되게 ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법을 μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹€ 수 μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
07:43
I can't flip it because I've put a little twist on it, haven't I?
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그런데 닀리가 νœ˜μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 뒀집을 μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μ§€μš”.
07:46
It's got no reflective symmetry.
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λ°˜μ‚¬λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 이야기죠.
07:48
But what I could do is just leave it where it is,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, μ œκ°€ 이것을 κ·Έλƒ₯ 놔뒀닀가, μœ„λ‘œ
07:51
pick it up, and put it down again.
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λ“€μ–΄μ˜¬λ Έλ‹€κ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ‚΄λ € 놓을 μˆ˜λŠ” μžˆμ§€μš”.
07:53
And for Galois this was like the zeroth symmetry.
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κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 이것이 제둜 λŒ€μΉ­ 같은 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
07:56
Actually, the invention of the number zero
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사싀 μ œλ‘œλΌλŠ” μˆ«μžλŠ” 인도인듀이
07:59
was a very modern concept, seventh century A.D., by the Indians.
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7세기에 λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 맀우 ν˜„λŒ€μ μΈ κ°œλ…μ΄μ§€μš”.
08:02
It seems mad to talk about nothing.
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μ—†λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것은 미친 행동 같이 보일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:05
And this is the same idea. This is a symmetrical --
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μ œλ‘œλŒ€μΉ­λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ£ . 그것도 λŒ€μΉ­μ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš” --
08:07
so everything has symmetry, where you just leave it where it is.
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κ°€λ§Œνžˆ 내버렀둬도 λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ λ˜λ‹ˆκΉŒ 어디든지 λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
08:09
So, this object has six symmetries.
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자, 이 κ°œμ²΄μ—λŠ” 6개의 λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ μžˆμ§€μš”.
08:12
And what about the triangle?
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그러면 μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ€ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
08:14
Well, I can rotate by a third of a turn clockwise
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이것을 μ‹œκ³„λ°©ν–₯으둜 1/3 νšŒμ „ μ‹œν‚€κ±°λ‚˜
08:18
or a third of a turn anticlockwise.
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λ˜λŠ” λ°˜μ‹œκ³„λ°©ν–₯으둜 1/3 νšŒμ „ μ‹œν‚¬ 수 있죠.
08:20
But now this has some reflectional symmetry.
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이 λͺ¨μ–‘은 λ°˜μ‚¬λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ λͺ‡κ°œ μžˆμ§€μš”.
08:22
I can reflect it in the line through X,
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X점을 ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λŠ” μ„ ,
08:24
or the line through Y,
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Y점을 ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λŠ” μ„ ,
08:26
or the line through Z.
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Z점을 ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λŠ” 기쀀선을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜μ‚¬ν•  수 있죠.
08:28
Five symmetries and then of course the zeroth symmetry
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그러면 5개의 λŒ€μΉ­κ³Ό κ·Έλƒ₯ λ“€μ—ˆλ‹€κ°€
08:31
where I just pick it up and leave it where it is.
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λ‹€μ‹œ κ·Έμžλ¦¬μ— λ†“λŠ” 제둜 λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ μžˆμ§€μš”.
08:34
So both of these objects have six symmetries.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ 6개의 λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
08:37
Now, I'm a great believer that mathematics is not a spectator sport,
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그런데 μ €λŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ„ κ΅¬κ²½ν•˜λŠ” μŠ€ν¬μΈ κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:40
and you have to do some mathematics
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ§„μ‹€λ‘œ 이해λ₯Ό ν•˜μ‹œλ €λ©΄
08:42
in order to really understand it.
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μ‹€μ§€λ‘œ μˆ˜ν•™μ„ ν•˜μ…”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:44
So here is a little question for you.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ μž‘μ€ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜λ‚˜ λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
08:46
And I'm going to give a prize at the end of my talk
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그리고 제 강연이 λλ‚ λ•Œ κ°€μž₯ μ •ν™•ν•œ 닡을
08:48
for the person who gets closest to the answer.
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생각해 λ‚΄μ‹  λΆ„κ»˜ μ œκ°€ 상을 ν•˜λ‚˜ λ“œλ¦¬μ§€μš”.
08:50
The Rubik's Cube.
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루빅 νλΈŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
How many symmetries does a Rubik's Cube have?
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λ£¨λΉ…νλΈŒμ— λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ λͺ‡κ°œ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:55
How many things can I do to this object
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이 νλΈŒμ— μ–΄λ–€ 행동을 μ·¨ν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ‹œ λ‚΄λ € λ†“μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ
08:57
and put it down so it still looks like a cube?
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μ „μ²˜λŸΌ 큐브둜 보이게 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법이 λͺ‡κ°€μ§€κ°€ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:59
Okay? So I want you to think about that problem as we go on,
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μ•„μ…¨μ£ ? 그럼 제 강연을 λ“€μœΌμ‹œλ©° 이 문제λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ 
09:02
and count how many symmetries there are.
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λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ λͺ‡κ°œ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ„Έμ–΄ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
09:04
And there will be a prize for the person who gets closest at the end.
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κ°€μž₯ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 닡을 ν•˜μ‹œλŠ” 뢄이 상을 νƒ€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
But let's go back down to symmetries that I got for these two objects.
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이 두 κ°œμ²΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€μΉ­μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ§€μš”.
09:12
What Galois realized: it isn't just the individual symmetries,
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κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 개체의 λŒ€μΉ­μ— μ§„μ •ν•œ νŠΉμ§•μ„ μ£ΌλŠ” 것은
09:15
but how they interact with each other
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각각 λŒ€μΉ­μ΄λΌκΈ° λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” κ·Έ λŒ€μΉ­λ“€μ΄
09:17
which really characterizes the symmetry of an object.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λŠ”κ°€μ— 달렀 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜μ§€μš”.
09:21
If I do one magic trick move followed by another,
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λ§Œμ•½μ— μ œκ°€ μ†μž„μˆ˜ 마술 μ›€μ§μž„μ„ ν•œλ²ˆν•˜κ³ , 또 ν•œλ²ˆ 더
09:24
the combination is a third magic trick move.
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마술 μ›€μ§μž„μ„ ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έ
09:26
And here we see Galois starting to develop
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마술 μ›€μ§μž„μ΄ λ˜μ§€μš”. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„κ°€
09:28
a language to see the substance
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물리적인 μ‹€μ²΄μ˜ λŒ€μΉ­μ— λŒ€ν•œ μΌμ’…μ˜ 좔상적인
09:31
of the things unseen, the sort of abstract idea
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생각과 같은 우리의 λˆˆμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ³Ό 수 μ—†λŠ” 것을 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•΄
09:33
of the symmetry underlying this physical object.
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μ£ΌλŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
For example, what if I turn the starfish
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ μ œκ°€ μœ„μ˜ λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬λ¦¬λ₯Ό
09:39
by a sixth of a turn,
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1/6 νšŒμ „ 돌리고, μž‡λ‹¬μ•„μ„œ
09:41
and then a third of a turn?
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1/3 νšŒμ „ 돌리면 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
09:43
So I've given names. The capital letters, A, B, C, D, E, F,
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μ œκ°€ λŒ€λ¬Έμžλ‘œ A, B, C, D, E, F λΌλŠ”
09:46
are the names for the rotations.
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νšŒμ „ 이름을 λΆ™μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:48
B, for example, rotates the little yellow dot
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예λ₯Όλ“€λ©΄ BλŠ” λ…Έλž€ 점을 λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬λ¦¬μ˜ B둜
09:51
to the B on the starfish. And so on.
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νšŒμ „μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”. λ“±λ“±.
09:54
So what if I do B, which is a sixth of a turn,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ Bλ₯Ό ν•˜λ©΄ 1/6 νšŒμ „μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 것이고,
09:56
followed by C, which is a third of a turn?
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κ·Έ 후에 1/3 νšŒμ „μΈ Cλ₯Ό ν•˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
09:59
Well let's do that. A sixth of a turn,
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자 이제 ν•΄ 보죠. 1/6 νšŒμ „ 돌리고,
10:01
followed by a third of a turn,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ— 1/3 νšŒμ „ν•˜μ£  그러면
10:03
the combined effect is as if I had just rotated it by half a turn in one go.
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이 두 μ›€μ§μž„μ„ ν•©μΉœ νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” ν•œκΊΌλ²ˆμ— 1/2νšŒμ „ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄λ‚˜ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ§€μš”.
10:08
So the little table here records
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이것은 이와 같은 λŒ€μΉ­λ“€μ˜ κ²°κ³Ό
10:10
how the algebra of these symmetries work.
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즉, λŒ€μΉ­μ˜ λŒ€μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν‘œμ˜ ν˜•μ‹(λŒ€μΉ­ν–‰λ ¬)으둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:13
I do one followed by another, the answer is
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μ œκ°€ λŒ€μΉ­μ μΈ μ›€μ§μž„λ“€μ„ λ‘λ²ˆ 연달아 ν•˜λ©΄
10:15
it's rotation D, half a turn.
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κ·Έ 닡이 D νšŒμ „, 즉 1/2 νšŒμ „μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:17
What I if I did it in the other order? Would it make any difference?
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μ œκ°€ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” μˆœμ„œλ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈλ©΄ 닡이 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ‚˜μ˜¬κΉŒμš”?
10:20
Let's see. Let's do the third of the turn first, and then the sixth of a turn.
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μ‹€μ§€λ‘œ ν•œλ²ˆ 해보죠. 1/3 νšŒμ „μ„ λ¨Όμ €ν•˜κ³ , λ‹€μŒμ— 1/6 νšŒμ „μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
Of course, it doesn't make any difference.
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λ¬Όλ‘ , μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° 차이가 μ—†μ£ .
10:26
It still ends up at half a turn.
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ—­μ‹œ 1/2 νšŒμ „μ΄μ§€μš”.
10:28
And there is some symmetry here in the way the symmetries interact with each other.
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λŒ€μΉ­λ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 데에도 λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:33
But this is completely different to the symmetries of the triangle.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이것은 μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ˜ λŒ€μΉ­λ“€κ³ΌλŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€μš”.
10:36
Let's see what happens if we do two symmetries
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이제 이 μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ„ λ‘λ²ˆ μ—°λ‹¬μ•„μ„œ λŒ€μΉ­μ‹œν‚€λ©΄
10:38
with the triangle, one after the other.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
10:40
Let's do a rotation by a third of a turn anticlockwise,
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λ°˜μ‹œκ³„λ°©ν–₯으둜 1/3 νšŒμ „μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
10:43
and reflect in the line through X.
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Xλ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λŠ” κΈ°μ€€μ„ μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜μ‚¬ν•΄ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:45
Well, the combined effect is as if I had just done the reflection in the line through Z
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이 두 μ›€μ§μž„μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” Zλ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λŠ” 기쀀선에 따라 λ°˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” 것과
10:49
to start with.
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€ μ΄μ§€μš”.
10:51
Now, let's do it in a different order.
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이제 λŒ€μΉ­ν•˜λŠ” μˆœμ„œλ₯Ό 바꿔보죠.
10:53
Let's do the reflection in X first,
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Xλ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λŠ” κΈ°μ€€μ„ μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜μ‚¬λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³ 
10:55
followed by the rotation by a third of a turn anticlockwise.
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λ°˜μ‹œκ³„λ°©ν–₯으둜 1/3 νšŒμ „μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
The combined effect, the triangle ends up somewhere completely different.
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이 두 μ›€μ§μž„μ„ ν•©μΉœ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ΄μ „κ³ΌλŠ” μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μœ„μΉ˜κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
It's as if it was reflected in the line through Y.
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 마치 Yλ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λŠ” κΈ°μ€€μ„ μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜μ‚¬ν•œ 것과 κ°™μ§€μš”.
11:05
Now it matters what order you do the operations in.
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이런 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” λŒ€μΉ­ μ΄λ™μ˜ μˆœμ„œκ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
And this enables us to distinguish
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이 사싀은 이 κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ˜ λŒ€μΉ­μ„
11:10
why the symmetries of these objects --
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ꡬ별할 수 있게 ν•΄μ£Όμ£ . 그런데, 이 두
11:12
they both have six symmetries. So why shouldn't we say
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κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘ 6개의 λŒ€μΉ­μ„ 가지고 μžˆλŠ”λ°
11:14
they have the same symmetries?
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μ™œ μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ€ μ΄λ“€μ˜ λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ κ°™λ‹€κ³  말할 수 μ—†μ„κΉŒμš”?
11:16
But the way the symmetries interact
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 λŒ€μΉ­μ„ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ”
11:18
enable us -- we've now got a language
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μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 가지고 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이 λŒ€μΉ­λ“€μ˜
11:20
to distinguish why these symmetries are fundamentally different.
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μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ 톡해 이 λŒ€μΉ­λ“€μ˜ 근본적인 차이λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:23
And you can try this when you go down to the pub, later on.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μˆ μ§‘μ— κ°€μ‹œλ©΄ 이걸 μ‹œλ„ν•΄ 보싀 수 있죠.
11:26
Take a beer mat and rotate it by a quarter of a turn,
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λΉ„μ–΄λ§€νŠΈλ₯Ό λ“€κ³  90도 돌린 λ‹€μŒμ— κ·Έ μž”λ°›μΉ¨λ₯Ό
11:29
then flip it. And then do it in the other order,
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λ’€μ§‘λŠ” κ±°μ£ . κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” κ·Έ λ°˜λŒ€ μˆœμ„œλ‘œ λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜μ£ .
11:31
and the picture will be facing in the opposite direction.
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그러면 κ·Έ μž”λ°›μΉ¨μ˜ 그림이 μ›λž˜μ˜ λ°˜λŒ€ λ°©ν–₯을 ν–₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
Now, Galois produced some laws for how these tables -- how symmetries interact.
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κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„λŠ” 이 λŒ€μΉ­ν–‰λ ¬, 즉 λŒ€μΉ­μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ 법칙을 μ œμ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:39
It's almost like little Sudoku tables.
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이것은 μž‘μ€ μˆ˜λ„μΏ  ν‘œμ™€ 거의 λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:41
You don't see any symmetry twice
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같은 λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ ν•œλ²ˆ 이상 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ”
11:43
in any row or column.
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ν–‰μ΄λ‚˜ 열은 ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ μ—†μ§€μš”.
11:45
And, using those rules, he was able to say
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이런 κ·œμΉ™μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” 6개의 λŒ€μΉ­μ΄
11:49
that there are in fact only two objects
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μžˆλŠ” κ°œμ²΄λŠ” 2개만 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을
11:51
with six symmetries.
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λ³΄μ—¬μ€¬μ§€μš”.
11:53
And they'll be the same as the symmetries of the triangle,
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그리고 이듀은 μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ˜ λŒ€μΉ­μ΄λ‚˜ λ˜λŠ”
11:56
or the symmetries of the six-pointed starfish.
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발이 6개 달린 λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬λ¦¬μ™€ κ°™μ§€μš”.
11:58
I think this is an amazing development.
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μ €λŠ” 이것은 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ λ°œμ „μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:00
It's almost like the concept of number being developed for symmetry.
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이것은 마치 λŒ€μΉ­μ— μˆ«μžλΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ΄ 개발된 것과 κ°™λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
In the front here, I've got one, two, three people
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μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬κΈ° 제 μ•žμ— ν•˜λ‚˜, λ‘˜, μ„Έλͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
12:06
sitting on one, two, three chairs.
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ν•˜λ‚˜, λ‘˜, μ„Έκ°œμ˜ μ˜μžμ— 앉아 μžˆμ§€μš”.
12:08
The people and the chairs are very different,
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각 μ˜μžμ— μ•Šμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 각각 맀우 λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ,
12:11
but the number, the abstract idea of the number, is the same.
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숫자, 즉 좔상적인 숫자의 κ°œλ…μ€ κ°™μ§€μš”.
12:14
And we can see this now: we go back to the walls in the Alhambra.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 이해할 수 μžˆμ§€μš”: μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌ κΆμ „μ˜ 벽으둜 λ˜λŒμ•„ κ°€λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
12:17
Here are two very different walls,
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이듀 두 벽에 μžˆλŠ” κ·Έλ¦Όλ“€μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘은
12:19
very different geometric pictures.
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κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:21
But, using the language of Galois,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄
12:23
we can understand that the underlying abstract symmetries of these things
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μ΄λ“€μ˜ 기본적인 좔상적 λŒ€μΉ­λ“€μ€ 사싀상 λ˜‘κ°™λ‹€λŠ” 것을
12:26
are actually the same.
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이해할 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
12:28
For example, let's take this beautiful wall
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예λ₯Όλ“€μ–΄, 꼭지점듀이 νœ˜μ–΄μ§„ μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ
12:30
with the triangles with a little twist on them.
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μž₯μ‹λœ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ 이 벽을 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
12:33
You can rotate them by a sixth of a turn
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μƒ‰κ°ˆμ€ λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κ³  이것을 1/6 νšŒμ „μ‹œμΌœ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
12:35
if you ignore the colors. We're not matching up the colors.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒ‰μ˜ λŒ€μ‘μ€ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:37
But the shapes match up if I rotate by a sixth of a turn
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μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ΄ λ§Œλ‚˜λŠ” 점을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ„œ 1/6 νšŒμ „
12:40
around the point where all the triangles meet.
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μ‹œν‚€λ©΄ λͺ¨λ“  μ‚Όκ°ν˜•λ“€μ΄ 겹치죠.
12:43
What about the center of a triangle? I can rotate
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μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ˜ 쀑심은 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”? μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ˜ 쀑심을
12:45
by a third of a turn around the center of the triangle,
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μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ„œ 1/3 νšŒμ „ μ‹œμΌœλ„
12:47
and everything matches up.
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λͺ¨λ“  것이 κ²ΉμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
And then there is an interesting place halfway along an edge,
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그리고 μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ˜ κ°€μž₯자리의 쀑간이 ν₯λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 곳인데
12:51
where I can rotate by 180 degrees.
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이 쀑간지점을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 180도
12:53
And all the tiles match up again.
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νšŒμ „μ‹œμΌœλ„ λͺ¨λ“  타일이 겹치게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:56
So rotate along halfway along the edge, and they all match up.
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자 μ§€κΈˆ κ·Έ 쀑간 지점을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ νšŒμ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ -- λ§žμ§€μš”?
12:59
Now, let's move to the very different-looking wall in the Alhambra.
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이제 μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌμ— μžˆλŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 벽을 λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
13:03
And we find the same symmetries here, and the same interaction.
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그런데 μ΄κ³³μ—μ„œλ„ 같은 λŒ€μΉ­κ³Ό μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
13:06
So, there was a sixth of a turn. A third of a turn where the Z pieces meet.
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1/6 νšŒμ „λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€κ³ , Z λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ 타일듀이 λ§Œλ‚˜λŠ” κ³³μ—μ„œ 1/3 νšŒμ „,
13:11
And the half a turn is halfway between the six pointed stars.
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그리고 1/2 νšŒμ „μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄은 6개 꼭지 λ³„λ“€μ˜ 쀑간 지점이죠.
13:15
And although these walls look very different,
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비둝 이듀 λ²½μž₯식이 맀우 λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
13:17
Galois has produced a language to say
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κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„λŠ” μ΄λ“€μ˜ 기본적인 λŒ€μΉ­μ„±μ€
13:20
that in fact the symmetries underlying these are exactly the same.
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λ˜‘κ°™λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ§ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
13:23
And it's a symmetry we call 6-3-2.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λŒ€μΉ­μ„ 6-3-2라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:26
Here is another example in the Alhambra.
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μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌμ—λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λŒ€μΉ­μ˜ μ˜ˆκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:28
This is a wall, a ceiling, and a floor.
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이것은 λ²½, 천μž₯, 그리고 λ§ˆλ£¨μ—μš”.
13:31
They all look very different. But this language allows us to say
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이듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ³΄μ΄μ§€μš”. κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„κ°€ λ§Œλ“ 
13:34
that they are representations of the same symmetrical abstract object,
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μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” 이듀이 λ‹€ 같은 좔상적인 λŒ€μΉ­μ  개체의 ν‘œν˜„μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:38
which we call 4-4-2. Nothing to do with football,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 4-4-2 라고 ν•˜λŠ”λ° μΆ•κ΅¬μ™€λŠ” μ „ν˜€ 관련이 μ—†κ³ 
13:40
but because of the fact that there are two places where you can rotate
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1/4 νšŒμ „μ„ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 곳이 2ꡰ데 있고
13:43
by a quarter of a turn, and one by half a turn.
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1/2 νšŒμ „μ„ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 곳이 ν•œκ΅°λ° μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
13:47
Now, this power of the language is even more,
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이 λŒ€μΉ­ μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ νŒŒμ›ŒλŠ” κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„κ°€
13:49
because Galois can say,
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"무어 μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€λ“€μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ
13:51
"Did the Moorish artists discover all of the possible symmetries
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λͺ¨λ“  λŒ€μΉ­μ„ μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌμ˜ 벽에 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ”κ°€?"λΌλŠ”
13:54
on the walls in the Alhambra?"
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λŒ€λ‹΄ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•  수 있게 ν–ˆμ£ .
13:56
And it turns out they almost did.
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μ•„λ‹Œκ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 그듀이 거의 λ‹€ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆλ”κ΅°μš”.
13:58
You can prove, using Galois' language,
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κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄
14:00
there are actually only 17
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μ•Œν•¨λΈŒλΌμ˜ λ²½μ—μ„œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ
14:02
different symmetries that you can do in the walls in the Alhambra.
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λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ 총 17개 λΌλŠ” 것을 증λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
14:06
And they, if you try to produce a different wall with this 18th one,
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λ§Œμ•½μ— μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 벽을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ 18번째 λŒ€μΉ­μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ €λ©΄
14:09
it will have to have the same symmetries as one of these 17.
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그것은 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ³  17개 μ€‘μ—μ„œ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ 골라야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:14
But these are things that we can see.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 이것은 우리의 눈으둜 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒλ§Œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—μš”.
14:16
And the power of Galois' mathematical language
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„μ˜ μˆ˜ν•™μ  μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό
14:18
is it also allows us to create
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μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 2차원 λ˜λŠ”
14:20
symmetrical objects in the unseen world,
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3μ°¨μ›μ˜ 세계λ₯Ό λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜μ„œ 4, 5 λ˜λŠ”
14:23
beyond the two-dimensional, three-dimensional,
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λ¬΄ν•œμ μΈ μ°¨μ›μ˜ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 눈으둜
14:25
all the way through to the four- or five- or infinite-dimensional space.
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λ³Ό 수 μ—†λŠ” μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λŒ€μΉ­ 개체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
14:28
And that's where I work. I create
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제 전곡뢄야가 λ°”λ‘œ 이 λΆ„μ•Όμ£ .
14:30
mathematical objects, symmetrical objects,
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μ €λŠ” κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ 맀우
14:32
using Galois' language,
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κ³ μ°¨μ›μ˜ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ
14:34
in very high dimensional spaces.
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μˆ˜ν•™μ μΈ 개체, λŒ€μΉ­μ μΈ 개체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
14:36
So I think it's a great example of things unseen,
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μ €λŠ” 이런 것듀은 μˆ˜ν•™ μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ νž˜μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ
14:38
which the power of mathematical language allows you to create.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” λˆˆμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ³Ό 수 μ—†λŠ” κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ˜ 쒋은 예라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:42
So, like Galois, I stayed up all last night
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 저도 κ°ˆλ£¨μ•„μ²˜λŸΌ μ–΄μ œ 밀늦게 μΌν•΄μ„œ
14:44
creating a new mathematical symmetrical object for you,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μˆ˜ν•™μ  λŒ€μΉ­ 개체λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
14:48
and I've got a picture of it here.
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κ·Έ 개체의 그림이 μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:50
Well, unfortunately it isn't really a picture. If I could have my board
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그런데 λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„ 사싀 이것이 κ·Έ 개체의 μ§„μ§œ 그림은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:53
at the side here, great, excellent.
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제 κ²Œμ‹œνŒμ„ 이 μ˜†μ— --κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:55
Here we are. Unfortunately, I can't show you
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자 μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„ μ œκ°€
14:57
a picture of this symmetrical object.
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이 λŒ€μΉ­μ²΄μ˜ 그림을 보여 λ“œλ¦΄ μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†λ„€μš”.
14:59
But here is the language which describes
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 이에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λŒ€μΉ­λ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ– ν•œ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„
15:02
how the symmetries interact.
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κ°–λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” μ—¬κΈ° μ ν˜€ 있죠.
15:04
Now, this new symmetrical object
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그런데 이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λŒ€μΉ­λ˜λŠ” κ°œμ²΄λŠ”
15:06
does not have a name yet.
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아직 이름을 가지고 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ§€μ•„μš”.
15:08
Now, people like getting their names on things,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 예λ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄ λ‹¬μ˜ λΆ„ν™”κ΅¬λΌλ˜μ§€,
15:10
on craters on the moon
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ™λ¬Όμ˜ μ’…μ΄λΌλ˜μ§€
15:12
or new species of animals.
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ν•˜λŠ” 것에 자기 이름을 λΆ™μ΄λŠ” 것을 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ£ .
15:14
So I'm going to give you the chance to get your name on a new symmetrical object
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 이 λŒ€μΉ­ 개체λ₯Ό μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ΄λ¦„μœΌλ‘œ
15:18
which hasn't been named before.
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처음으둜 λͺ…λͺ…ν•  기회λ₯Ό λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:20
And this thing -- species die away,
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그런데 쒅은 멸쒅될 μˆ˜λ„ 있고
15:22
and moons kind of get hit by meteors and explode --
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달은 μœ„μ„±κ³Ό λΆ€λ”›ν˜€ ν­λ°œν• μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ --
15:25
but this mathematical object will live forever.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μˆ˜ν•™μ  κ°œμ²΄λŠ” μ˜μ›νžˆ μ‚΄μ•„ 남을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:27
It will make you immortal.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이 κ°œμ±„λ₯Ό 톡해 μ˜μ›νžˆ 기얡될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:29
In order to win this symmetrical object,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜μ„œ 이 λŒ€μΉ­ 개체λ₯Ό μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°›μœΌμ‹œλ €λ©΄
15:32
what you have to do is to answer the question I asked you at the beginning.
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제 κ°•μ—°μ˜ 첫 λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ μ œκ°€ λ“œλ Έλ˜ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λ‹΅ν•˜μ…”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:35
How many symmetries does a Rubik's Cube have?
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루빅 νλΈŒμ— λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ λͺ‡κ°œ μžˆλŠλƒλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
15:39
Okay, I'm going to sort you out.
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자, 그러면 μ œκ°€ 승자λ₯Ό κ°€λ €λ‚΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:41
Rather than you all shouting out, I want you to count how many digits there are
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 각각 닡을 μ™ΈμΉ  ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†κ²Œ μš°μ„  μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 닡이 λͺ‡μžλ¦¬ μˆ˜μΈμ§€
15:44
in that number. Okay?
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μ§€κΈˆ μ„Έλ³΄μ„Έμš”. μ•„μ…¨μ£ ?
15:46
If you've got it as a factorial, you've got to expand the factorials.
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λ§Œμ•½μ— 닡이 κ³„μŠΉμ‹μΈ 경우 κ³„μŠΉκ°’μ„ κ΅¬ν•˜μ…”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:49
Okay, now if you want to play,
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자, 이제 승자λ₯Ό 뽑아야죠.
15:51
I want you to stand up, okay?
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ν•΄λ‹Ήλ˜λŠ” 뢄듀은 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ„Έμš”, μ•Œμ•˜μ£ ?
15:53
If you think you've got an estimate for how many digits,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 닡이 λŒ€μΆ© λͺ†μžλ¦¬ μˆ˜κ°€ λ˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•„μ‹œλŠ” 뢄은 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ„Έμš”.
15:55
right -- we've already got one competitor here.
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μ•„- 벌써 ν•œλΆ„μ΄ 일어 λ‚˜μ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:58
If you all stay down he wins it automatically.
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일어 λ‚˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 더 μ—†μœΌλ©΄ 이뢄이 μžλ™μœΌλ‘œ μ΄κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:00
Okay. Excellent. So we've got four here, five, six.
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λ„€, μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ‹  뢄이 4, 5, 6
16:03
Great. Excellent. That should get us going. All right.
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μ•„μ£Ό μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이 정도면 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 자 이제 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ£ .
16:08
Anybody with five or less digits, you've got to sit down,
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닡이 5자리 λ˜λŠ” κ·Έ μ΄ν•˜λ©΄ μ•‰μœΌμ„Έμš”.
16:11
because you've underestimated.
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μΆ”μΈ‘ν•˜μ‹  μˆ«μžκ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ μž‘κ±°λ“ μš”.
16:13
Five or less digits. So, if you're in the tens of thousands you've got to sit down.
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5자리 λ˜λŠ” κ·Έ μ΄ν•˜, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λͺ‡ 만개 μ΄ν•˜μ˜ 수인 경우 μ•‰μœΌμ„Έμš”.
16:17
60 digits or more, you've got to sit down.
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60자리 λ˜λŠ” κ·Έ μ΄μƒμ˜ μˆ«μžλ„ μ•‰μœΌμ„Έμš”.
16:20
You've overestimated.
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μΆ”μΈ‘ν•˜μ‹  μˆ˜κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:22
20 digits or less, sit down.
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20자리 λ˜λŠ” κ·Έ μ΄ν•˜λ„ μ•‰μœΌμ„Έμš”.
16:26
How many digits are there in your number?
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μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹  λ‹΅μ˜ μˆ«μžκ°€ λͺ‡κ°œμž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
16:31
Two? So you should have sat down earlier.
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λ‘˜μ΄μš”? μ•„, 그럼 전에 이미 μ•‰μœΌμ…”μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:33
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
16:34
Let's have the other ones, who sat down during the 20, up again. Okay?
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μ œκ°€ 20자리 숫자 이야기λ₯Ό ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ μ•‰μœΌμ‹  λΆ„λ“€
16:38
If I told you 20 or less, stand up.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
16:40
Because this one. I think there were a few here.
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μ•„κΉŒ λͺ‡ λΆ„ κ³„μ…¨λŠ”λ° --
16:42
The people who just last sat down.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ•‰μœΌμ‹  λΆ„λ“€ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:45
Okay, how many digits do you have in your number?
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닡이 λͺ‡μžλ¦¬ 수죠?
16:50
(Laughs)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
16:53
21. Okay good. How many do you have in yours?
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21자리. μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λͺ‡μžλ¦¬ 수죠?
16:55
18. So it goes to this lady here.
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18. μ•„ 그러면 μ—¬κΈ° 계신 μ—¬μžλΆ„μ΄ μŠΉμžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:58
21 is the closest.
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21이 κ°€μž₯ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ λ‹΅μ΄μ§€μš”.
17:00
It actually has -- the number of symmetries in the Rubik's cube
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μ‹œμ‹€ 루빅 νλΈŒμ— μžˆλŠ” λŒ€μΉ­μ˜ μˆ˜λŠ”
17:02
has 25 digits.
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25자리 μˆ«μžμ΄μ§€μš”.
17:04
So now I need to name this object.
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자, 이제 이름을 지을 μˆœκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:06
So, what is your name?
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성함이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜μ‹œμ£ ?
17:08
I need your surname. Symmetrical objects generally --
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성을 말씀해 μ£Όμ„Έμš”. λŒ€μΉ­μ μΈ λ¬Όμ²΄λŠ” 일반적으둜 --
17:11
spell it for me.
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μŠ€νŽ λ§μ„ μ£Όμ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?
17:13
G-H-E-Z
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G-H-E-Z
17:20
No, SO2 has already been used, actually,
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SO2λŠ” μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그건 이미 μˆ˜ν•™ μ–Έμ–΄μ—μ„œ
17:22
in the mathematical language. So you can't have that one.
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이미 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆκ±°λ“ μš”. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그건 μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μ—†μ–΄μš”.
17:24
So Ghez, there we go. That's your new symmetrical object.
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자 그럼 GHEZ 이라고 λͺ…λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이게 λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ λŒ€μΉ­ κ°œμ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:26
You are now immortal.
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이제 당신은 λΆˆμ‚¬ν•˜μ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:28
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
17:34
And if you'd like your own symmetrical object,
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ν˜Ήμ‹œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜μ„œ λŒ€μΉ­ 개체λ₯Ό μ†Œμœ ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμœΌμ‹œλ©΄
17:36
I have a project raising money for a charity in Guatemala,
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μ œκ°€ κ³Όν…Œλ§λΌμ— μžˆλŠ” μžμ„ λ‹¨μ²΄λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ κΈ°λΆ€κΈˆμ„ λͺ¨μœΌκ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
17:39
where I will stay up all night and devise an object for you,
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μ œκ°€ λ°€μž μ„ μ•ˆμžκ³  μˆ˜ν•™μ  개체λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
17:42
for a donation to this charity to help kids get into education in Guatemala.
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κΈ°λΆ€κΈˆμ€ κ³Όν…Œλ§λΌ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ κ΅μœ‘μ„ λŒλ³΄λŠ” μžμ„ λ‹¨μ²΄μ— κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:46
And I think what drives me, as a mathematician,
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μˆ˜ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ μ œκ°€ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 것은 우리의 λˆˆμ—
17:49
are those things which are not seen, the things that we haven't discovered.
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보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 것듀, 아직 λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:53
It's all the unanswered questions which make mathematics a living subject.
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아직 닡을 λͺ» 찾은 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ€ μˆ˜ν•™μ„ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” κ³Όλͺ©μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:57
And I will always come back to this quote from the Japanese "Essays in Idleness":
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그리고 μ €λŠ” μ’…μ’… 일본 μž‘κ°€μ˜ "ν•œκ°€ν•œ μˆ˜ν•„"에 λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” 문ꡬλ₯Ό λ˜μƒˆκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€:
18:00
"In everything, uniformity is undesirable.
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"λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ— μžˆμ–΄ 균일성은 λ°”λžŒμ§ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€.
18:03
Leaving something incomplete makes it interesting,
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무엇인가 λ‚¨κ²¨λ‘λŠ” 것이 더 ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό 돋ꡬ며,
18:06
and gives one the feeling that there is room for growth." Thank you.
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λ°œμ „μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯성을 λŠλ‚„ 수 있게 ν•œλ‹€". κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
18:09
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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