The science of cells that never get old | Elizabeth Blackburn

571,894 views ใƒป 2017-12-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Igal Opendik ืžื‘ืงืจ: hila scherba
00:13
Where does the end begin?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืกื•ืฃ?
00:15
Well, for me, it all began with this little fellow.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
00:20
This adorable organism --
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ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื” --
00:21
well, I think it's adorable --
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืœื --
00:23
is called Tetrahymena and it's a single-celled creature.
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ืฉืžื• ื˜ื˜ืจื”ื™ืžื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื“-ืชืื™.
00:27
It's also been known as pond scum.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช".
00:29
So that's right, my career started with pond scum.
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ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช.
00:33
Now, it was no surprise I became a scientist.
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ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช.
00:36
Growing up far away from here,
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ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื›ืืŸ,
00:38
as a little girl I was deadly curious
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืกืงืจื ื™ืช
00:41
about everything alive.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™.
00:43
I used to pick up lethally poisonous stinging jellyfish and sing to them.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืกืคืช ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืจื” ืœื”ืŸ.
00:49
And so starting my career,
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ื›ืš, ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™,
00:52
I was deadly curious about fundamental mysteries
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืกืงืจื ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช
00:56
of the most basic building blocks of life,
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:59
and I was fortunate to live in a society where that curiosity was valued.
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ืœืžื–ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
01:05
Now, for me, this little pond scum critter Tetrahymena
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ื˜ื˜ืจื”ื™ืžื ื”,
01:07
was a great way to study the fundamental mystery
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื ื•ื— ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
01:10
I was most curious about:
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืกื™ืงืจื ื” ืื•ืชื™:
01:12
those bundles of DNA in our cells called chromosomes.
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ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช ื”-DNA ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืœื ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื.
01:16
And it was because I was curious about the very ends of chromosomes,
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ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื”ืกืชืงืจื ืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื
01:22
known as telomeres.
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ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื.
01:25
Now, when I started my quest,
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ื›ืฉืจืง ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
01:27
all we knew was that they helped protect the ends of chromosomes.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื.
01:31
It was important when cells divide.
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื.
01:33
It was really important,
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ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
01:34
but I wanted to find out what telomeres consisted of,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืžื” ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
01:38
and for that, I needed a lot of them.
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:41
And it so happens that cute little Tetrahymena
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื˜ื˜ืจื”ื™ืžื ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืžื•ื“
01:44
has a lot of short linear chromosomes,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื,
01:47
around 20,000,
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20,000 ื‘ืขืจืš,
01:48
so lots of telomeres.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื.
01:51
And I discovered that telomeres consisted of special segments
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
01:55
of noncoding DNA right at the very ends of chromosomes.
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ืฉืœ DNA ืœื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืงืฆื” ื›ืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื.
01:59
But here's a problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื”.
02:01
Now, we all start life as a single cell.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื ืื—ื“.
02:04
It multiples to two. Two becomes four. Four becomes eight,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฆืœ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืขื”, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืœืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
02:07
and on and on to form the 200 million billion cells
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื 200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืชืื™ื
02:10
that make up our adult body.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
02:12
And some of those cells have to divide thousands of times.
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ื—ืœืง ืžืชืื™ื ืืœื• ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืคืขืžื™ื.
02:17
In fact, even as I stand here before you,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื•, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžื•ืœื›ื
02:20
all throughout my body, cells are furiously replenishing
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ืชืื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง
02:23
to, well, keep me standing here before you.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื.
02:27
So every time a cell divides, all of its DNA has to be copied,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืชื ืžืชืคืฆืœ, ื›ืœ ื”-DNA ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืขืชืง,
02:31
all of the coding DNA inside of those chromosomes,
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ื›ืœ ื”-DNA ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื,
02:34
because that carries the vital operating instructions
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
02:38
that keep our cells in good working order,
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™,
02:41
so my heart cells can keep a steady beat,
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ื›ืš, ืชืื™ ืœื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื—ื–ืง ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:46
which I assure you they're not doing right now,
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ื”ืืžืช, ื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืจื’ืข,
02:48
and my immune cells
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ื•ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
02:51
can fight off bacteria and viruses,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
02:56
and our brain cells can save the memory of our first kiss
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ื•ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
03:01
and keep on learning throughout life.
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
03:04
But there is a glitch in the way DNA is copied.
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ืื•ืœื, ื”ืขืชืงืช ื”-DNA ืœื ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:09
It is just one of those facts of life.
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:12
Every time the cell divides and the DNA is copied,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืชื ืžืชืคืฆืœ ื•ื”-DNA ืžื•ืขืชืง,
03:15
some of that DNA from the ends gets worn down and shortened,
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ืงืฆืช ืž-DNA ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื ืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืชืงืฆืจ,
03:19
some of that telomere DNA.
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ืงืฆืช ืžื”-DNA ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืžืจ.
03:22
And think about it
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”
03:24
like the protective caps at the ends of your shoelace.
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ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืื’ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
03:27
And those keep the shoelace, or the chromosome, from fraying,
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ื•ื”ื ืืœื” ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื•ื›ื™ื, ืื• ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื,
03:33
and when that tip gets too short, it falls off,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื’ืœื˜ ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืจ ืžื™ื“ื™, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉืจ,
03:38
and that worn down telomere sends a signal to the cells.
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ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ืœืชื:
03:43
"The DNA is no longer being protected."
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"ื”-DNA ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื“".
03:45
It sends a signal. Time to die.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ืื•ืช: "ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื•ืช".
03:47
So, end of story.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
03:49
Well, sorry, not so fast.
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ืจื’ืข, ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ.
03:53
It can't be the end of the story,
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ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื›ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
03:54
because life hasn't died off the face of the earth.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื ืขืœืžื• ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:57
So I was curious:
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ืื– ืชื”ื™ืชื™:
03:59
if such wear and tear is inevitable,
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ืื ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช,
04:02
how on earth does Mother Nature make sure
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ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื•ื•ื“ื
04:05
we can keep our chromosomes intact?
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
04:08
Now, remember that little pond scum critter Tetrahymena?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื - ื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ื˜ื˜ืจื”ื™ืžื ื”?
04:13
The craziest thing was, Tetrahymena cells never got old and died.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืื™ ื”ื˜ื˜ืจื”ื™ืžื ื” ืœื ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืชื™ื.
04:18
Their telomeres weren't shortening as time marched on.
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ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืžืชืงืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:25
Sometimes they even got longer.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืืจื›ื™ื.
04:27
Something else was at work,
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ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืืŸ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ,
04:29
and believe me, that something was not in any textbook.
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ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืืฃ ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
04:32
So working in my lab with my extraordinary student Carol Greider --
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ืื–, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืฉืจืช ืงืืจื•ืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื“ืจ --
04:35
and Carol and I shared the Nobel Prize for this work --
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ืื’ื‘, ืื ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• --
04:39
we began running experiments
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื
04:42
and we discovered cells do have something else.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืœืชืื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
04:45
It was a previously undreamed-of enzyme
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื ื–ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉืœื ื—ืœืžื• ืขืœื™ื• ืงื•ื“ื
04:48
that could replenish, make longer, telomeres,
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื,
04:52
and we named it telomerase.
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ื•ืงืจืื ื• ืœื• ื˜ืœื•ืžืจืื–.
04:55
And when we removed our pond scum's telomerase,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืกืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจืื– ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช,
04:59
their telomeres ran down and they died.
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ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชืงืฆืจื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•.
05:02
So it was thanks to their plentiful telomerase
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจืื– ื”ืฉื•ืคืข ืฉืœื”ื
05:05
that our pond scum critters never got old.
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ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื.
05:10
OK, now, that's an incredibly hopeful message
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ
05:14
for us humans to be receiving from pond scum,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช,
05:18
because it turns out
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ื›ื™ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ
05:19
that as we humans age, our telomeres do shorten,
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ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื, ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื›ืŸ ืžืชืงืฆืจื™ื,
05:23
and remarkably, that shortening is aging us.
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ื•ื”ืคืœื ื•ืคืœื, ื”ื”ืชืงืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžื–ืงื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื ื•.
05:27
Generally speaking, the longer your telomeres,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:29
the better off you are.
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ื›ืš ืืชื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:32
It's the overshortening of telomeres
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ื”ืชืงืฆืจื•ืช-ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื
05:34
that leads us to feel and see signs of aging.
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ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
05:38
My skin cells start to die
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ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืช
05:40
and I start to see fine lines, wrinkles.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื, ืงืžื˜ื™ื.
05:43
Hair pigment cells die.
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ืชืื™ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืžืชื™ื.
05:45
You start to see gray.
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ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
05:47
Immune system cells die.
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ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชื™ื.
05:50
You increase your risks of getting sick.
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ืื– ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื™ื.
05:52
In fact, the cumulative research from the last 20 years
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
05:56
has made clear that telomere attrition
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ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื
05:59
is contributing to our risks of getting cardiovascular diseases,
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ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื,
06:04
Alzheimer's, some cancers and diabetes,
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ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืžื™ื ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ืกื›ืจืช.
06:08
the very conditions many of us die of.
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ืืœื• ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืชื ื• ืžืชื™ื.
06:12
And so we have to think about this.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:17
What is going on?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
06:19
This attrition,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช,
06:21
we look and we feel older, yeah.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื, ืื›ืŸ ื›ืŸ.
06:23
Our telomeres are losing the war of attrition faster.
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ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื”.
06:26
And those of us who feel youthful longer,
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ื‘ืืœื• ืžืืชื ื• ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:30
it turns out our telomeres are staying longer
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ื’ื ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ, ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:32
for longer periods of time,
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ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:34
extending our feelings of youthfulness
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ื•ื›ืš ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื
06:36
and reducing the risks of all we most dread
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ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืจื“ื™ื
06:40
as the birthdays go by.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืœื”ื.
06:44
OK,
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ื˜ื•ื‘,
06:45
seems like a no-brainer.
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ื ืจืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
06:48
Now, if my telomeres are connected
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ืื–, ืื ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื
06:52
to how quickly I'm going to feel and get old,
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ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
06:55
if my telomeres can be renewed by my telomerase,
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ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจืื– ืฉืœื™,
07:00
then all I have to do to reverse the signs and symptoms of aging
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื•ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช
07:04
is figure out where to buy that Costco-sized bottle
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ื–ื” ืœื‘ืจืจ ืื™ืคื” ืงื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:08
of grade A organic fair trade telomerase, right?
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจืื–ื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:12
Great! Problem solved.
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ืžืขื•ืœื”! ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืคืชืจื”.
07:14
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:15
Not so fast, I'm sorry.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ, ืกืœื—ื• ืœื™.
07:18
Alas, that's not the case.
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ืื‘ื•ื™, ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื›ื”.
07:21
OK. And why?
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืœื?
07:23
It's because human genetics has taught us
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ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืคื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
07:27
that when it comes to our telomerase,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืžืจืื– ืฉืœื ื•,
07:30
we humans live on a knife edge.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื”.
07:34
OK, simply put,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช,
07:36
yes, nudging up telomerase does decrease the risks of some diseases,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจืื– ืื›ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
07:42
but it also increases the risks of certain and rather nasty cancers.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
07:48
So even if you could buy that Costco-sized bottle of telomerase,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื•ืžืจืื–,
07:54
and there are many websites marketing such dubious products,
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ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืงืคืงื™ื ืืœื”,
08:01
the problem is you could nudge up your risks of cancers.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
08:06
And we don't want that.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
08:09
Now, don't worry,
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ืืœ ื“ืื’ื”,
08:12
and because, while I think it's kind of funny that right now,
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ื›ื™, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืฉื›ืจื’ืข
08:17
you know, many of us may be thinking, "Well, I'd rather be like pond scum," ...
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื - - "ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช"
08:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:26
there is something for us humans
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ,
08:28
in the story of telomeres and their maintenance.
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื.
08:30
But I want to get one thing clear.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“.
08:32
It isn't about enormously extending human lifespan
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืืจื›ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
08:35
or immortality.
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ืื• ื‘ืืœ ืžื•ื•ืช.
08:37
It's about health span.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
08:40
Now, health span is the number of years of your life
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ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืกืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื
08:43
when you're free of disease, you're healthy, you're productive,
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ื‘ื”ื ืืชื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืืชื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ืืชื ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื.
08:47
you're zestfully enjoying life.
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ืืชื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
08:49
Disease span, the opposite of health span,
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ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
08:52
is the time of your life spent feeling old and sick and dying.
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ื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ื—ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืกืกื™ื.
08:55
So the real question becomes,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื --
08:59
OK, if I can't guzzle telomerase,
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-- ืื ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืขื ื˜ืœื•ืžืจืื–,
09:02
do I have control over my telomeres' length
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื™
09:06
and hence my well-being, my health,
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
09:09
without those downsides of cancer risks?
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ืœืœื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
09:13
OK?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
09:14
So, it's the year 2000.
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช 2000.
09:17
Now, I've been minutely scrutinizing little teeny tiny telomeres
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ืขื“ ื›ื” ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื
09:22
very happily for many years,
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ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
09:25
when into my lab walks a psychologist named Elissa Epel.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืืœื™ืกื” ืืคืœ.
09:29
Now, Elissa's expertise is in the effects of severe, chronic psychological stress
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ืฉืชื“ืขื•, ืืœื™ืกื” ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืชื— ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ
09:35
on our mind's and our body's health.
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ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
09:39
And there she was standing in my lab,
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ื•ื”ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™,
09:41
which ironically overlooked the entrance to a mortuary, and --
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ืฉืžืžื ื” ื ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืื™ืจื•ื ื™,
09:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:48
And she had a life-and-death question for me.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช:
09:51
"What happens to telomeres in people who are chronically stressed?"
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"ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืชื— ื›ืจื•ื ื™?" --
09:55
she asked me.
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-- ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื™.
09:56
You see, she'd been studying caregivers,
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ืชืจืื•, ื”ื™ื ื—ืงืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื,
09:58
and specifically mothers of children with a chronic condition,
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ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื,
10:04
be it gut disorder, be it autism, you name it --
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ืื ื–ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื’ืืกื˜ืจื•, ืื ื–ื” ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ --
10:08
a group obviously under enormous and prolonged psychological stress.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืžืชื— ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆื•ื ื•ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
10:16
I have to say, her question
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื”
10:19
changed me profoundly.
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ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืื•ืชื™ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
10:21
See, all this time I had been thinking of telomeres
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ืชื‘ื™ื ื•, ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื
10:23
as those miniscule molecular structures that they are,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช,
10:27
and the genes that control telomeres.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื.
10:30
And when Elissa asked me about studying caregivers,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืฉืืœื™ืกื” ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื,
10:33
I suddenly saw telomeres in a whole new light.
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ืœืคืชืข ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
10:39
I saw beyond the genes and the chromosomes
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ื”ืฉืงืคืชื™ ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื,
10:42
into the lives of the real people we were studying.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ืฉืื•ืชื ื—ืงืจื ื•.
10:46
And I'm a mom myself,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ืื,
10:48
and at that moment,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข,
10:50
I was struck by the image of these women
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ืคืงื“ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื
10:54
dealing with a child with a condition
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ืฉืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจ,
10:58
very difficult to deal with, often without help.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืขื–ืจื”.
11:02
And such women, simply,
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
11:05
often look worn down.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืจืื• ืฉื—ื•ืงื•ืช.
11:09
So was it possible their telomeres were worn down as well?
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ื”ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืืคื•ื ืฉื’ื ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื?
11:13
So our collective curiosity went into overdrive.
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ื›ืš, ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ.
11:17
Elissa selected for our first study a group of such caregiving mothers,
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ืืœื™ืกื” ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
11:21
and we wanted to ask: What's the length of their telomeres
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ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืจืจ: ืžื”ื• ืื•ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
11:25
compared with the number of years that they have been caregiving
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
11:30
for their child with a chronic condition?
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ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ?
11:32
So four years go by
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ื—ืœืคื• ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื,
11:35
and the day comes when all the results are in,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
11:38
and Elissa looked down at our first scatterplot
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ื•ืืœื™ืกื” ื”ืกืชื›ืœื” ืขืœ ืชื“ืคื™ืก ื”ืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
11:41
and literally gasped,
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืคืขื•ืจืช ืคื”,
11:44
because there was a pattern to the data,
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ื›ื™ ื ื’ืœื” ื“ืคื•ืก ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ื‘ืข ืžืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืกืคื ื•,
11:47
and it was the exact gradient that we most feared might exist.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืจื™ ื›ื” ื—ืจื“ื ื•.
11:53
It was right there on the page.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ืžื•ื“ืคืก ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืฃ.
11:55
The longer, the more years that is,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:57
the mother had been in this caregiving situation,
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
12:00
no matter her age,
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื™ืœื”,
12:02
the shorter were her telomeres.
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ื›ืš ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:04
And the more she perceived
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืคืกื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ื›ืžืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:07
her situation as being more stressful,
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12:11
the lower was her telomerase and the shorter were her telomeres.
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ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจืื– ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:19
So we had discovered something unheard of:
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื ืฆืคื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ:
12:22
the more chronic stress you are under, the shorter your telomeres,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ืชื—ืช ืžืชื— ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:26
meaning the more likely you were to fall victim to an early disease span
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ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:32
and perhaps untimely death.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช.
12:35
Our findings meant that people's life events
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ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจืื• ืฉืืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
12:39
and the way we respond to these events
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ื•ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื”
12:42
can change how you maintain your telomeres.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
12:48
So telomere length wasn't just a matter of age counted in years.
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ืื–, ืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
12:54
Elissa's question to me,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืืœื™ืกื” ื”ืคื ืชื” ืขืœื™
12:55
back when she first came to my lab, indeed had been a life-and-death question.
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ื›ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช.
13:01
Now, luckily, hidden in that data there was hope.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžื–ืœื™ื ื•, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื” ื’ื ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
13:06
We noticed that some mothers,
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ืฉืžื ื• ืœื‘ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช,
13:07
despite having been carefully caring for their children for many years,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืกื•ืจ ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ,
13:11
had been able to maintain their telomeres.
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
13:15
So studying these women closely revealed that they were resilient to stress.
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืชื—.
13:20
Somehow they were able to experience their circumstances
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื
13:23
not as a threat day in and day out
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ืœื ื›ืื™ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™,
13:26
but as a challenge,
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ืืœื ื›ืืชื’ืจ,
13:27
and this has led to a very important insight for all of us:
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื•:
13:31
we have control over the way we age
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช,
13:35
all the way down into our cells.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืจืžืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:39
OK, now our initial curiosity became infectious.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืงืช.
13:43
Thousands of scientists from different fields
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ืืœืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
13:45
added their expertise to telomere research,
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ืชืจืžื• ืžื ืกื™ื•ื ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื,
13:49
and the findings have poured in.
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื–ืจืžื•.
13:51
It's up to over 10,000 scientific papers and counting.
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ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืขืœ 10,000 ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื”
13:58
So several studies rapidly confirmed our initial finding
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื™ืฉืจืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื•
14:02
that yes, chronic stress is bad for telomeres.
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ืฉืื›ืŸ, ืžืชื— ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ืจืข ืœื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื.
14:06
And now many are revealing
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ื›ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื
14:08
that we have more control over this particular aging process
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”
14:12
than any of us could ever have imagined.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื™ ืคืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
14:14
A few examples:
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช:
14:16
a study from the University of California, Los Angeles
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ื ' ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก
14:20
of people who are caring for a relative with dementia, long-term,
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื“ืžื ืฆื™ื”
14:25
and looked at their caregiver's telomere maintenance capacity
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ืชื•ืš ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื,
14:31
and found that it was improved
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ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืคืจ
14:33
by them practicing a form of meditation
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
14:37
for as little as 12 minutes a day for two months.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช 12 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื.
14:41
Attitude matters.
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ื”ื™ื—ืก ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื ื”.
14:43
If you're habitually a negative thinker,
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช,
14:45
you typically see a stressful situation with a threat stress response,
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ืืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืชื— ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื,
14:51
meaning if your boss wants to see you,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืงื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœืฉื™ื—ื”,
14:54
you automatically think, "I'm about to be fired,"
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ืืชื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื - - "ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืื•ืชื™",
14:56
and your blood vessels constrict,
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ื ื™ืžื™ ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื,
14:58
and your level of the stress hormone cortisol creeps up,
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ื•ืจืžืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื”
15:02
and then it stays up,
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ื•ื ืฉืžืจืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
15:03
and over time, that persistently high level of the cortisol
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ื•ืจืžืช ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื ืฉืžืจืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
15:08
actually damps down your telomerase.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ื˜ืœื•ืžืจืื– ืฉืœื›ื.
15:10
Not good for your telomeres.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื.
15:14
On the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
15:15
if you typically see something stressful as a challenge to be tackled,
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ืื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืชื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ืžืชื— ื›ืืœ ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœืคืชื•ืจ,
15:21
then blood flows to your heart and to your brain,
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ืื–ื™ ื”ื“ื ื–ื•ืจื ืืœ ืœื™ื‘ื›ื ื•ืžืฉื ืœืžื•ื—,
15:24
and you experience a brief but energizing spike of cortisol.
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ื•ืืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืœื™ืช ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ ืงืฆืจืช-ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืืš ื ืžืจืฆืช.
15:29
And thanks to that habitual "bring it on" attitude,
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ "ื ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื•ื ืคืชื•ืจ",
15:32
your telomeres do just fine.
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ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื.
15:37
So ...
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ืœื›ืŸ...
15:40
What is all of this telling us?
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ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื•?
15:45
Your telomeres do just fine.
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ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
15:47
You really do have power to change what is happening
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ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
15:53
to your own telomeres.
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ืขื ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
15:56
But our curiosity just got more and more intense,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืจืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื”,
16:02
because we started to wonder,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช,
16:04
what about factors outside our own skin?
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ืžื” ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื?
16:08
Could they impact our telomere maintenance as well?
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื?
16:12
You know, we humans are intensely social beings.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช.
16:16
Was it even possible that our telomeres were social as well?
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืœื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ืคื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™?
16:21
And the results have been startling.
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืžืžื™ื.
16:24
As early as childhood,
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ืžื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš,
16:28
emotional neglect, exposure to violence,
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ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
16:31
bullying and racism
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ื‘ื™ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช,
16:33
all impact your telomeres, and the effects are long-term.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืœืจืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
16:39
Can you imagine the impact on children
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื
16:42
of living years in a war zone?
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”?
16:46
People who can't trust their neighbors
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื
16:48
and who don't feel safe in their neighborhoods
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ื•ืฉืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื
16:51
consistently have shorter telomeres.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:54
So your home address matters for telomeres as well.
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ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื›ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื.
16:57
On the flip side,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
17:00
tight-knit communities, being in a marriage long-term,
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ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™-ื˜ื•ื•ื—
17:03
and lifelong friendships, even,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช-ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืืคื™ืœื•,
17:06
all improve telomere maintenance.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื.
17:10
So what is all this telling us?
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ืื– ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื?
17:13
It's telling us that I have the power to impact my own telomeres,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื™,
17:18
and I also have the power to impact yours.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœืš.
17:21
Telomere science has told us just how interconnected we all are.
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ืžื“ืข ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืœื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
17:29
But I'm still curious.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืงืจื ืช.
17:31
I do wonder
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื”ื”
17:35
what legacy all of us
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื•
17:38
will leave for the next generation?
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ื ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื?
17:40
Will we invest
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ื”ืื ื ืฉืงื™ืข
17:42
in the next young woman or man
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ื‘ื ืขืจื” ืื• ื ืขืจ
17:45
peering through a microscope at the next little critter,
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ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื‘ื,
17:49
the next bit of pond scum,
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ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื”,
17:52
curious about a question we don't even know today is a question?
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ืกืงืจื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ?
17:56
It could be a great question that could impact all the world.
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ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
17:59
And maybe, maybe you're curious about you.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™, ืจืง ืื•ืœื™, ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื›ื.
18:04
Now that you know how to protect your telomeres,
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
18:06
are you curious what are you going to do
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืกืงืจื ื™ื ืžื” ืชืขืฉื•
18:08
with all those decades of brimming good health?
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”?
18:11
And now that you know you could impact the telomeres of others,
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื›ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
18:16
are you curious
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื
18:18
how will you make a difference?
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ืื™ืš ืชื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™?
18:21
And now that you know the power of curiosity to change the world,
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
18:26
how will you make sure that the world invests in curiosity
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ืื™ืš ืชื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืกืงืจื ื•ืช
18:32
for the sake of the generations that will come after us?
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื ื•?
18:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:39
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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