The science of cells that never get old | Elizabeth Blackburn

563,723 views ใƒป 2017-12-15

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Changkyun Ahn ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
Where does the end begin?
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์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:15
Well, for me, it all began with this little fellow.
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์ œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
This adorable organism --
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์ด ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Š”
00:21
well, I think it's adorable --
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ €ํ•œํ… ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
is called Tetrahymena and it's a single-celled creature.
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ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํžˆ๋ฉ”๋‚˜ (Tetrahymena) ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
It's also been known as pond scum.
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์—ฐ๋ชป ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฒ” ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ฃ  (pond scum : ๊ณ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ถ€์œ ๋ฌผ)
00:29
So that's right, my career started with pond scum.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์—ฐ๋ชป ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฒ”์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
Now, it was no surprise I became a scientist.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
Growing up far away from here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
00:38
as a little girl I was deadly curious
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ํ’ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์†Œ๋…€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
about everything alive.
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00:43
I used to pick up lethally poisonous stinging jellyfish and sing to them.
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์ €๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋…์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ•ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์›Œ์™€์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
00:49
And so starting my career,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋ฌด๋ ต
00:52
I was deadly curious about fundamental mysteries
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹ ๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
00:56
of the most basic building blocks of life,
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ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
and I was fortunate to live in a society where that curiosity was valued.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
01:05
Now, for me, this little pond scum critter Tetrahymena
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์—ฐ๋ชป ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฒ” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ธ ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํžˆ๋ฉ”๋‚˜๋Š”
01:07
was a great way to study the fundamental mystery
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹ ๋น„์ด์ž
01:10
I was most curious about:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธํฌ ์†์˜ DNA ๋ญ‰์น˜์ธ
01:12
those bundles of DNA in our cells called chromosomes.
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์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
And it was because I was curious about the very ends of chromosomes,
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์ €๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ ๋ง๋‹จ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:22
known as telomeres.
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01:25
Now, when I started my quest,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋ฌด๋ ต๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„
01:27
all we knew was that they helped protect the ends of chromosomes.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณค ๋ง๋‹จ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋•๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:31
It was important when cells divide.
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„์—ดํ•  ๋•Œ
01:33
It was really important,
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๊ทธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:34
but I wanted to find out what telomeres consisted of,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:38
and for that, I needed a lot of them.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
And it so happens that cute little Tetrahymena
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํžˆ๋ฉ”๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
01:44
has a lot of short linear chromosomes,
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์งง์€ ์„ ํ˜•์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:47
around 20,000,
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๋Œ€๋žต 20,000 ๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”
01:48
so lots of telomeres.
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ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
And I discovered that telomeres consisted of special segments
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ด ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ๋ง๋‹จ๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ
01:55
of noncoding DNA right at the very ends of chromosomes.
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ DNA ์„œ์—ด์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
But here's a problem.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง„์งœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
Now, we all start life as a single cell.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ถ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:04
It multiples to two. Two becomes four. Four becomes eight,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘˜์€ ๋„ท์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ๋„ท์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
02:07
and on and on to form the 200 million billion cells
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๊ณ„์† ์ฆ์‹ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž์ธ 200์กฐ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:10
that make up our adult body.
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02:12
And some of those cells have to divide thousands of times.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
In fact, even as I stand here before you,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์•ž์— ์„œ์žˆ๋Š” ์ € ์—ญ์‹œ๋„
02:20
all throughout my body, cells are furiously replenishing
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์ œ ๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งน๋ ฌํžˆ ๋ถ„์—ดํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
02:23
to, well, keep me standing here before you.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์•ž์— ์„œ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:27
So every time a cell divides, all of its DNA has to be copied,
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์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋“  DNA๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:31
all of the coding DNA inside of those chromosomes,
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์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ๋‚ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” DNA ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
02:34
because that carries the vital operating instructions
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๊ทธ DNA์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
02:38
that keep our cells in good working order,
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ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ž‘๋™ ์ง€์นจ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
so my heart cells can keep a steady beat,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๋ฐ•๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ
02:46
which I assure you they're not doing right now,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
02:48
and my immune cells
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์ œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€
02:51
can fight off bacteria and viruses,
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์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:56
and our brain cells can save the memory of our first kiss
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฒซ ํ‚ค์Šค์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ €์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ผ์ƒ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
and keep on learning throughout life.
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03:04
But there is a glitch in the way DNA is copied.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด DNA์˜ ๋ณต์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
It is just one of those facts of life.
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์ด๋ฅธ ๋ฐ” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„์‹ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด์ฃ .
03:12
Every time the cell divides and the DNA is copied,
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„์—ดํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค DNA๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œ๋˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:15
some of that DNA from the ends gets worn down and shortened,
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DNA์˜ ๋์ชฝ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ณ์•„ ์—†์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ ์  ์งง์•„์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
some of that telomere DNA.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
03:22
And think about it
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์ดํ•ด์— ๋„์›€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
03:24
like the protective caps at the ends of your shoelace.
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์‹ ๋ฐœ๋ˆ ๋ ์ชฝ์— ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:27
And those keep the shoelace, or the chromosome, from fraying,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์‹ ๋ฐœ๋ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ณ์•„ ํ—ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:33
and when that tip gets too short, it falls off,
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๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์งง์•„์ ธ์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด
03:38
and that worn down telomere sends a signal to the cells.
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๋‹ณ์•„์„œ ์งง์•„์ง„ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
"The DNA is no longer being protected."
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"๋”์ด์ƒ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด."
03:45
It sends a signal. Time to die.
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์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:47
So, end of story.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋
03:49
Well, sorry, not so fast.
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์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์„œ๋‘๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ง™์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:53
It can't be the end of the story,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋์ผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
03:54
because life hasn't died off the face of the earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๋‹ค ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ž–์•„์š”.
03:57
So I was curious:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:59
if such wear and tear is inevitable,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ๋‹ณ๊ณ  ํ•ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:02
how on earth does Mother Nature make sure
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€์ž์—ฐ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์˜จ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
04:05
we can keep our chromosomes intact?
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์œ ์ง€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:08
Now, remember that little pond scum critter Tetrahymena?
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„๊นŒ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๋ชป ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฒ”์ธ ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํžˆ๋ฉ”๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ ?
04:13
The craziest thing was, Tetrahymena cells never got old and died.
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ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ์—†๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํžˆ๋ฉ”๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋Š™์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:18
Their telomeres weren't shortening as time marched on.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋…€์„๋“ค์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋Š” ์งง์•„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
Sometimes they even got longer.
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๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ์€ ๋˜๋ ค ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:27
Something else was at work,
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
and believe me, that something was not in any textbook.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ์ฑ…์—๋„ ์—†๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
So working in my lab with my extraordinary student Carol Greider --
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๋‹น์‹œ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์˜ ๋น„๋ฒ”ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์ธ ์บ๋Ÿด ๊ทธ๋ผ์ด๋” (Carol Greider) ์–‘๊ณผ
04:35
and Carol and I shared the Nobel Prize for this work --
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์บ๋Ÿด๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ฃ .
04:39
we began running experiments
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
04:42
and we discovered cells do have something else.
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๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
It was a previously undreamed-of enzyme
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์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฟˆ๋„ ๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜
04:48
that could replenish, make longer, telomeres,
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ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ์„œ
04:52
and we named it telomerase.
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ํ…”๋กœ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ (telomerase) ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆ„ ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
And when we removed our pond scum's telomerase,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ฐ๋ชป ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฒ”๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ…”๋กœ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋”๋‹ˆ
04:59
their telomeres ran down and they died.
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ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์–ด ์ฃฝ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
So it was thanks to their plentiful telomerase
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ํ…”๋กœ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋•๋ถ„์—
05:05
that our pond scum critters never got old.
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ๋ชป ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฒ” ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋Š™์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:10
OK, now, that's an incredibly hopeful message
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๊ฑด ์ €ํฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๋ชป ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฒ”๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋Š”
05:14
for us humans to be receiving from pond scum,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์ธ ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
because it turns out
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€
05:19
that as we humans age, our telomeres do shorten,
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๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์งง์•„์ง€๊ณ 
05:23
and remarkably, that shortening is aging us.
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๊ทธ ์งง์•„์ง„ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:27
Generally speaking, the longer your telomeres,
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์ˆ˜๋ก
05:29
the better off you are.
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ํ˜•ํŽธ์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
It's the overshortening of telomeres
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ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์งง์•„์ง€๋ฉด
05:34
that leads us to feel and see signs of aging.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ์ง•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋Š™์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
My skin cells start to die
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์ œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
05:40
and I start to see fine lines, wrinkles.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
05:43
Hair pigment cells die.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋„ ์ฃฝ์–ด์„œ
05:45
You start to see gray.
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ํฐ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
05:47
Immune system cells die.
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๋ฉด์—ญ๊ณ„ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
05:50
You increase your risks of getting sick.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ๋‚˜๋น ์งˆ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ ์š”.
05:52
In fact, the cumulative research from the last 20 years
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง€๋‚œ 20 ์—ฌ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ถ•์ ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
05:56
has made clear that telomere attrition
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ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๋‹จ์ถ•์ด
05:59
is contributing to our risks of getting cardiovascular diseases,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘
06:04
Alzheimer's, some cancers and diabetes,
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์น˜๋งค (Alzheimer), ๊ฐ์ข… ์•”๊ณผ ๋‹น๋‡จ ๋“ฑ์˜
06:08
the very conditions many of us die of.
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์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
And so we have to think about this.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
What is going on?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ ?
06:19
This attrition,
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์ด ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ˜„์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:21
we look and we feel older, yeah.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š™์–ด๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ๋Š™์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ์ž–์•„์š”.
06:23
Our telomeres are losing the war of attrition faster.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์งง์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ์š”.
06:26
And those of us who feel youthful longer,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ์ Š์Œ์„ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
๋” ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€
06:30
it turns out our telomeres are staying longer
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06:32
for longer periods of time,
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๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:34
extending our feelings of youthfulness
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๋•๋ถ„์— ํŒ”ํŒ”ํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ 
06:36
and reducing the risks of all we most dread
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์ƒ์ผ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ธ
06:40
as the birthdays go by.
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๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ ์š”.
06:44
OK,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:45
seems like a no-brainer.
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๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”.
06:48
Now, if my telomeres are connected
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ œ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณง
06:52
to how quickly I'm going to feel and get old,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ด๊ณ 
06:55
if my telomeres can be renewed by my telomerase,
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๋™์‹œ์— ์ œ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ…”๋กœ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณต์›๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:00
then all I have to do to reverse the signs and symptoms of aging
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๋…ธํ™”์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ง•ํ›„๋“ค์„ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ผ์€ ๊ทธ์ €
07:04
is figure out where to buy that Costco-sized bottle
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์–ด๋””์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋† A ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ํ…”๋กœ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ๋ฅผ
07:08
of grade A organic fair trade telomerase, right?
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๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ž–์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
07:12
Great! Problem solved.
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๊ณ ๋ฏผ ๋! ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ.
07:14
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
07:15
Not so fast, I'm sorry.
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์ž ๊น๋งŒ์š”, ์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„
07:18
Alas, that's not the case.
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์•„, ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
OK. And why?
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์™œ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ์š”?
07:23
It's because human genetics has taught us
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์ธ์ฒด ์œ ์ „ํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
07:27
that when it comes to our telomerase,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ…”๋กœ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ๋Š”
07:30
we humans live on a knife edge.
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์–‘๋‚ ์˜ ๊ฒ€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:34
OK, simply put,
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์„œ
07:36
yes, nudging up telomerase does decrease the risks of some diseases,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ…”๋กœ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์œจ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
07:42
but it also increases the risks of certain and rather nasty cancers.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋” ์ง€๋…ํ•œ ์•”๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์œจ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
So even if you could buy that Costco-sized bottle of telomerase,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:54
and there are many websites marketing such dubious products,
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ์— ๊ทธ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
08:01
the problem is you could nudge up your risks of cancers.
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๋™์‹œ์— ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:06
And we don't want that.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง„ ์•Š์ž–์•„์š”.
08:09
Now, don't worry,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
08:12
and because, while I think it's kind of funny that right now,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งˆ
08:17
you know, many of us may be thinking, "Well, I'd rather be like pond scum," ...
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'๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‚œ ์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๋ชป ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฒ”์ด ๋ ๋ž˜' ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:26
there is something for us humans
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„
ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์œ ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
in the story of telomeres and their maintenance.
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08:30
But I want to get one thing clear.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•ด๋‘˜ ์ ์€
08:32
It isn't about enormously extending human lifespan
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์—„์ฒญ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:35
or immortality.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
It's about health span.
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์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ '๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„' (health span) ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
Now, health span is the number of years of your life
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'๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„' ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
08:43
when you're free of disease, you're healthy, you're productive,
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๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์—ด์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š”
08:47
you're zestfully enjoying life.
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ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
Disease span, the opposite of health span,
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'๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„' ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ง์ธ '์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„' (Disease span)์€
08:52
is the time of your life spent feeling old and sick and dying.
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์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์•„ํ”„๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ด๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์ฃฝ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
So the real question becomes,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ •๋ง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:59
OK, if I can't guzzle telomerase,
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ํ…”๋กœ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๊ตฌ ๋ณต์šฉํ•  ์ˆœ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ
09:02
do I have control over my telomeres' length
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์•” ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์œจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ์—†์ด ๋‚ด ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ
09:06
and hence my well-being, my health,
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์ฆ‰ ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋…•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:09
without those downsides of cancer risks?
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ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
09:13
OK?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
09:14
So, it's the year 2000.
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๋ฐ”์•ผํ๋กœ 2000๋…„ ์ฏค์—
09:17
Now, I've been minutely scrutinizing little teeny tiny telomeres
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘๋”” ์ž‘์€ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:22
very happily for many years,
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ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๋‚˜๋‚ ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:25
when into my lab walks a psychologist named Elissa Epel.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์— '์—˜๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ์—ํŽ ' ์ด๋ž€ (Elissa Epel) ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
Now, Elissa's expertise is in the effects of severe, chronic psychological stress
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์—˜๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€
09:35
on our mind's and our body's health.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์™€ ์ •์‹ ์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
09:39
And there she was standing in my lab,
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ €ํฌ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์— ์„œ์„œ๋Š”
09:41
which ironically overlooked the entrance to a mortuary, and --
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์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜์•ˆ์‹ค์˜ ์ž…๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ์…ˆ์ธ๋ฐ, ์–ด์จŒ๋“ 
09:46
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:48
And she had a life-and-death question for me.
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํ™œ์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
"What happens to telomeres in people who are chronically stressed?"
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"์•„์ฃผ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์•“๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ ?
09:55
she asked me.
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๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
You see, she'd been studying caregivers,
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” '๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ' ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:58
and specifically mothers of children with a chronic condition,
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•“๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์—„๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค
10:04
be it gut disorder, be it autism, you name it --
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๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์€ ์žฅ์—ผ์ด๋ผ๋˜๊ฐ€ ์žํ์ฆ ๋“ฑ ์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
10:08
a group obviously under enormous and prolonged psychological stress.
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์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์‹ ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:16
I have to say, her question
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ €๋ฅผ
10:19
changed me profoundly.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
See, all this time I had been thinking of telomeres
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ €๋Š” ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ง€
10:23
as those miniscule molecular structures that they are,
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๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค๋กœ์„œ
10:27
and the genes that control telomeres.
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์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
And when Elissa asked me about studying caregivers,
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์—˜๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ '๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ' ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
10:33
I suddenly saw telomeres in a whole new light.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ €๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
I saw beyond the genes and the chromosomes
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์ €๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ๋„ˆ๋จธ ์ง„์งœ
10:42
into the lives of the real people we were studying.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
And I'm a mom myself,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ € ์ž์‹ ๋„ ์—„๋งˆ๋กœ์จ
10:48
and at that moment,
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š”
10:50
I was struck by the image of these women
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋„์›€ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํž˜๋“ 
10:54
dealing with a child with a condition
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์žฅ์•  ์•„๋™์„ ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜
10:58
very difficult to deal with, often without help.
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๋ชจ์Šต์— ๊ฐ๋ช… ๋ฐ›์•˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
11:02
And such women, simply,
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๊ทธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€, ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ
11:05
often look worn down.
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์ข…์ข… ๋‹ณ์•„ ํ—ค์ง„ ๋“ฏ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
So was it possible their telomeres were worn down as well?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๋“ค์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋„ ๋‹ณ์•„ ํ—ค์กŒ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:13
So our collective curiosity went into overdrive.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์ธ ์ €ํฌ์˜ ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์ด ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ถ”์ง„๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
Elissa selected for our first study a group of such caregiving mothers,
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์—˜๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋  ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
11:21
and we wanted to ask: What's the length of their telomeres
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๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์„
11:25
compared with the number of years that they have been caregiving
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๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋Œ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ–‡์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€
11:30
for their child with a chronic condition?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
So four years go by
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 4๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๊ณ 
11:35
and the day comes when all the results are in,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ •๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ๋‚ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
11:38
and Elissa looked down at our first scatterplot
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์—˜๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฐํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š”
11:41
and literally gasped,
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๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆจ์ด ํ„ฑ ๋ง‰ํ˜”๋Š”๋ฐ
11:44
because there was a pattern to the data,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—๋Š” ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ๋˜
11:47
and it was the exact gradient that we most feared might exist.
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์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋น„๋ก€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
It was right there on the page.
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๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฑ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์™”์ฃ .
11:55
The longer, the more years that is,
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ํ™˜์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ–‡์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด
11:57
the mother had been in this caregiving situation,
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๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜๊ณ  ๊ธธ์ˆ˜๋ก
12:00
no matter her age,
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด
12:02
the shorter were her telomeres.
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ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ์งง์•„์กŒ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:04
And the more she perceived
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
12:07
her situation as being more stressful,
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๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚„์ˆ˜๋ก
12:11
the lower was her telomerase and the shorter were her telomeres.
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ํ…”๋กœ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์งง์•„์กŒ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:19
So we had discovered something unheard of:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋ž˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:22
the more chronic stress you are under, the shorter your telomeres,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์งง์•„์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
12:26
meaning the more likely you were to fall victim to an early disease span
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๊ทธ๋ง์ธ ์ฆ‰์Šจ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ '์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„' ์ด ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ฐพ์•„์˜ฌ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
12:32
and perhaps untimely death.
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๋•Œ ์ด๋ฅธ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
Our findings meant that people's life events
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์—
12:39
and the way we respond to these events
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๊ฐ€
12:42
can change how you maintain your telomeres.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
So telomere length wasn't just a matter of age counted in years.
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ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋‚˜์ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
12:54
Elissa's question to me,
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์—˜๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฐพ์•„์™€
12:55
back when she first came to my lab, indeed had been a life-and-death question.
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์งˆ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌํ™œ์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:01
Now, luckily, hidden in that data there was hope.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ € ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์†์— ํฌ๋ง์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
We noticed that some mothers,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋Š”
13:07
despite having been carefully caring for their children for many years,
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๋‹ค๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋“ค์˜ ์ž์‹์„ ์ •์„ฑ์Šค๋ ˆ ๋Œ๋ด์™”์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
13:11
had been able to maintain their telomeres.
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ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์œ ์ง€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
So studying these women closely revealed that they were resilient to stress.
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์ด ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ๊ฒฌ๋”˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
13:20
Somehow they were able to experience their circumstances
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๊ทธ๋…€๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“  ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„
13:23
not as a threat day in and day out
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์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:26
but as a challenge,
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๋„์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
13:27
and this has led to a very important insight for all of us:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ์ด ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
we have control over the way we age
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
13:35
all the way down into our cells.
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์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:39
OK, now our initial curiosity became infectious.
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์ด์ œ ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
Thousands of scientists from different fields
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
13:45
added their expertise to telomere research,
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์  ์ง€์‹์„ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋…น์—ฌ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ 
13:49
and the findings have poured in.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
It's up to over 10,000 scientific papers and counting.
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์ตœ๋Œ€ 10,000 ์—ฌ ํŽธ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
So several studies rapidly confirmed our initial finding
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์—
14:02
that yes, chronic stress is bad for telomeres.
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ํ•ด๋กญ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
And now many are revealing
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด
14:08
that we have more control over this particular aging process
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ํŠน์ • ๋…ธํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ” ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
14:12
than any of us could ever have imagined.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
A few examples:
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด
14:16
a study from the University of California, Los Angeles
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๋กœ์Šค์—”์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ (UCLA) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
14:20
of people who are caring for a relative with dementia, long-term,
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์น˜๋งค๋ฅผ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ์กฑ์„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ๋ด์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
14:25
and looked at their caregiver's telomere maintenance capacity
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๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด ์œ ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋”๋‹ˆ
14:31
and found that it was improved
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 12 ๋ถ„์”ฉ ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ
14:33
by them practicing a form of meditation
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๋ช…์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ จํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์œ ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
14:37
for as little as 12 minutes a day for two months.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
Attitude matters.
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ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹จ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:43
If you're habitually a negative thinker,
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์Šต๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋Š”
14:45
you typically see a stressful situation with a threat stress response,
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์„ฑ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
meaning if your boss wants to see you,
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์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€, ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ž๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์„ ๋•Œ
14:54
you automatically think, "I'm about to be fired,"
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๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ "๋‚˜ ํ•ด๊ณ ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Š๊ปด์„œ
14:56
and your blood vessels constrict,
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ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด ์ˆ˜์ถ•๋˜๊ณ 
14:58
and your level of the stress hormone cortisol creeps up,
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ธ ์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์†”์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ
15:02
and then it stays up,
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉด
15:03
and over time, that persistently high level of the cortisol
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋„ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์†” ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์„œ
15:08
actually damps down your telomerase.
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์‹ค์ œ ํ…”๋กœ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
Not good for your telomeres.
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ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
15:14
On the other hand,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ
15:15
if you typically see something stressful as a challenge to be tackled,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์„ฑ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์‘๋‹น ๋งž๋‹ฅ๋œจ๋ ค์•ผํ•  ๋„์ „์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
15:21
then blood flows to your heart and to your brain,
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋‡Œ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ
15:24
and you experience a brief but energizing spike of cortisol.
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๋”ฑ ํ™œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋„ฃ์„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์งง์€ ์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์†”์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
And thanks to that habitual "bring it on" attitude,
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"์˜ฌํ…Œ๋ฉด ์™€ ๋ด" ๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์œ ์˜ ํƒœ๋„ ๋•๋ถ„์—
15:32
your telomeres do just fine.
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ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
15:37
So ...
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ...
15:40
What is all of this telling us?
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
15:45
Your telomeres do just fine.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
You really do have power to change what is happening
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
15:53
to your own telomeres.
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๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
But our curiosity just got more and more intense,
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•ด ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
16:02
because we started to wonder,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
16:04
what about factors outside our own skin?
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๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
Could they impact our telomere maintenance as well?
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๊ทธ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋„ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ์œ ์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ๊นŒ์š”?
16:12
You know, we humans are intensely social beings.
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ €ํฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์กด์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
Was it even possible that our telomeres were social as well?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:21
And the results have been startling.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
As early as childhood,
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์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
16:28
emotional neglect, exposure to violence,
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๊ฐ์ •์  ๋ฌด์‹œ๋‚˜ ํญ๋ ฅ, ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋”ฐ๋Œ๋ฆผ
16:31
bullying and racism
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์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
16:33
all impact your telomeres, and the effects are long-term.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
Can you imagine the impact on children
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์ „์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ
16:42
of living years in a war zone?
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์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ผ์ณค์„์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ๋˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
16:46
People who can't trust their neighbors
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ด์›ƒ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
16:48
and who don't feel safe in their neighborhoods
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์ฆ‰ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
16:51
consistently have shorter telomeres.
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์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋” ์งง์€ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
So your home address matters for telomeres as well.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋”˜์ง€๋„ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:57
On the flip side,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์ธ
17:00
tight-knit communities, being in a marriage long-term,
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์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์กด์†๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋‚˜
17:03
and lifelong friendships, even,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ‰์ƒ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
17:06
all improve telomere maintenance.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
So what is all this telling us?
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:13
It's telling us that I have the power to impact my own telomeres,
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๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋‚˜์˜ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
17:18
and I also have the power to impact yours.
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๋™์‹œ์— ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
Telomere science has told us just how interconnected we all are.
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ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ด€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:29
But I'm still curious.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:31
I do wonder
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
17:35
what legacy all of us
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ์‚ฐ์„
17:38
will leave for the next generation?
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๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:40
Will we invest
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜
17:42
in the next young woman or man
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์ Š์€ ์—ฌ์ž๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์—ฌ
17:45
peering through a microscope at the next little critter,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ฐ๋ชป ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฒ”๋“ค์„
ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
17:49
the next bit of pond scum,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
17:52
curious about a question we don't even know today is a question?
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17:56
It could be a great question that could impact all the world.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
17:59
And maybe, maybe you're curious about you.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:04
Now that you know how to protect your telomeres,
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์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์…จ์œผ๋‹ˆ
18:06
are you curious what are you going to do
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•จ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
18:08
with all those decades of brimming good health?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
18:11
And now that you know you could impact the telomeres of others,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ…”๋กœ๋ฏธ์–ด์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์…จ์œผ๋‹ˆ
18:16
are you curious
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์„
18:18
how will you make a difference?
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๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋‚˜๊ฐˆ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
18:21
And now that you know the power of curiosity to change the world,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์˜ ํž˜์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์…จ์œผ๋‹ˆ
18:26
how will you make sure that the world invests in curiosity
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์—
18:32
for the sake of the generations that will come after us?
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์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
18:38
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:39
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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