What rivers can tell us about the earth's history | Liz Hajek

76,863 views ใƒป 2017-07-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
All right, let's get up our picture of the earth.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืชืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:16
The earth is pretty awesome.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
00:17
I'm a geologist, so I get pretty psyched about this,
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ืื ื™ ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ืขืœ ื–ื”,
00:20
but the earth is great.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื”.
00:21
It's powerful, it's dynamic, it's constantly changing.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช, ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:25
It's a pretty exciting place to live.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
00:28
But I want to share with you guys today my perspective as a geologist
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ืื‘ืœ ืืจืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืชื›ื ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื™ ื›ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
00:31
in how understanding earth's past
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:34
can help inform and guide decisions that we make today
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืข โ€‹โ€‹ื•ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
00:37
about how to sustainably live on earth's surface.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:41
So there's a lot of exciting things that go on on the surface of the earth.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
00:45
If we zoom in here a little bit,
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ืื ื ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”,
00:47
I want to talk to you guys a little bit about one of the things that happens.
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ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื.
00:50
Material get shuffled around earth's surface all the time,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
00:53
and one of the big thing that happens is material from high mountains
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
00:56
gets eroded and transported and deposited in the sea.
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ื ืฉื—ืง ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืงืข ื‘ื™ื.
00:59
And this process is ongoing all the time,
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ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:01
and it has huge effects on how the landscape works.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขื ืง ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ.
01:03
So this example here in south India --
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ืื– ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื• --
01:05
we have some of the biggest mountains in the world,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:08
and you can see in this satellite photo
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
01:10
rivers transporting material from those mountains out to the sea.
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ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืกื™ืขื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืœ ื”ื™ื.
01:14
You can think of these rivers like bulldozers.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื›ืืœ ื“ื—ืคื•ืจื™ื.
01:16
They're basically taking these mountains and pushing them down towards the sea.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื™ื.
01:21
We'll give you guys an example here.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
01:23
So we zoom in a little bit.
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ืื– ื ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
01:24
I want to talk to you guys specifically about a river.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ.
01:27
We can see these beautiful patterns that the rivers make
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื
01:29
as they're pushing material down to the sea,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื,
01:31
but these patterns aren't static.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:33
These rivers are wiggling and jumping around quite a bit,
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ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืชืคืชืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื ืžืขื˜.
01:36
and it can have big impacts on our lives.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
01:38
So an example of this is this is the Kosi River.
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ืื– ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ืคื” ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื ื”ืจ ืงื•ืกื™.
01:40
So the Kosi River has this nice c-shaped pathway,
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ืื– ืœื ื”ืจ ืงื•ืกื™ ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืง ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืช c,
01:43
and it exits the big mountains of Nepal
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืคืืœ
01:45
carrying with it a ton of material,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ,
01:47
a lot of sediments that's being eroded from the high mountains,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืฉื ืฉื—ืงื• ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
01:50
and it spreads out across India
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•
01:52
and moves this material.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
01:54
So we're going to zoom in to this area
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
01:56
and I'm going to tell you a little bit about what happened with the Kosi.
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ื•ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜, ืžื” ืงืจื” ืขื ื”ืงื•ืกื™.
02:00
It's an example of how dynamic these systems can be.
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื•.
02:02
So this is a satellite image from August of 2008,
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ืื– ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2008,
02:06
and this satellite image is colored
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ื•ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช
02:08
so that vegetations or plants show up as green
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง
02:10
and water shows up as blue.
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ื•ืžื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
02:11
So here again you can see that c-shaped pathway
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช c
02:15
that this river takes as it exits Nepal.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื ืคืืœ.
02:17
And now this is monsoon season.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื• ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ.
02:19
August is monsoon season in this region of the world,
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ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:22
and anyone that lives near a river is no stranger to flooding
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื’ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื ื”ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืคื”
02:25
and the hazards and inconveniences at minimum that are associated with that.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืืช ืื™ ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš.
02:29
But something interesting happened in 2008,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008,
02:31
and this river moved in a way that's very different.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
02:34
It flooded in a way that's very different than it normally does.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
02:37
So the Kosi River is flowing down here,
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ืื– ื”ืงื•ืกื™ ื–ื•ืจื ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”,
02:40
but sometimes as these rivers are bulldozing sediment,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืžืฉืงืขื™ื,
02:42
they kind of get clogged,
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ื”ื ื ืกืชืžื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•,
02:44
and these clogs can actually cause the rivers
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ื•ืกืชื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช
02:46
to shift their course dramatically.
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ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืืคื™ืงื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
02:48
So this satellite image is from just two weeks later.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:50
Here's the previous pathway,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืืคื™ืง ื”ืงื•ื“ื,
02:52
that c-shaped pathway,
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ื–ื” ืืคื™ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช C,
02:54
and you notice it's not blue anymore.
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ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:56
But now what we have is this blue pathway
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืง ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
02:58
that cuts down the middle of the field of view here.
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ืฉื—ื•ืชืš ืืช ืืžืฆืข ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ.
03:01
What happened is the Kosi River jumped its banks,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืงื•ืกื™ ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืชื™ื•,
03:03
and for reference, the scale bar here is 40 miles.
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ื•ืœืฉื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื 64 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
03:06
This river moved over 30 miles very abruptly.
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ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืกื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 48 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชืื•ืžื™.
03:10
So this river got clogged and it jumped its banks.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืกืชื ื•ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืชื™ื•.
03:13
Here's an image from about a week later,
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
03:15
and you can see these are the previous pathways,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืืคื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื,
03:17
and you can see this process of river-jumping continues
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื ืžืฉืš
03:20
as this river moves farther away from its major course.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืข ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื•.
03:23
So you can imagine in landscapes like this,
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื”,
03:25
where rivers move around frequently,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื ืขื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
03:28
it's really important to understand when, where and how they're going to jump.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื™,ืื™ืคื” ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื
03:32
But these kinds of processes also happen a lot closer to home as well.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืช.
03:37
So in the United States,
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ืื– ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
03:39
we have the Mississippi River that drains most of the continental US.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ืฉืžื ืงื– ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช.
03:43
It pushes material from the Rocky Mountains
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื”ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื™
03:45
and from the Great Plains.
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ื•ืžื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
03:47
It drains it and moves it all the way across America
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืกื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
03:50
and dumps it out in the Gulf of Mexico.
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ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
03:53
So this is the course of the Mississippi that we're familiar with today,
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ื•ื–ื” ืืคื™ืง ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:56
but it didn't always flow in this direction.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ืจื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
03:58
If we use the geologic record,
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ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
04:00
we can reconstruct where it went in the past.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
04:03
So for example, this red area here
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ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื–ื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ
04:06
is where we know the Mississippi River flowed and deposited material
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื–ืจื ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ
04:09
about 4,600 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื› 4600 ืฉื ื”.
04:12
Then about 3,500 years ago it moved
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ืื– ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 3,500 ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื–
04:14
to follow the course outlined here in orange.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืืคื™ืง ืฉืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื.
04:16
And it kept moving and it keeps moving.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข.
04:18
So here's about 2,000 years ago,
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื› -2,000 ืฉื ื”,
04:20
a thousand years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 1000 ืฉื ื”,
04:22
700 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 700 ืฉื ื”.
04:23
And it was only as recently as 500 years ago
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 500 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš
04:25
that it occupied the pathway that we're familiar with today.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
04:29
So these processes are really important,
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ืื– ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
04:31
and especially here, this delta area,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืชื ื”ื–ื”,
04:34
where these river-jumping events in the Mississippi
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™
04:38
are building land at the interface of the land and the sea.
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืžืžืฉืง ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ื™ื.
04:41
This is really valuable real estate,
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื™ืงืจ,
04:43
and deltas like this are some of the most densely populated areas on our planet.
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ื•ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:48
So understanding the dynamics of these landscapes,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืคื™ื ืืœื”,
04:50
how they formed and how they will continue to change in the future
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
04:54
is really important for the people that live there.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื.
04:57
So rivers also wiggle.
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ืื– ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืžืชื ื•ืขืขื™ื.
04:58
These are sort of bigger jumps that we've been talking about.
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ืืœื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื•.
05:01
I want to show you guys some river wiggles here.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ ื ื”ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
05:04
So we're going to fly down to the Amazon River basin,
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ืื– ื ื˜ื•ืก ืžื˜ื” ืืœ ืื’ืŸ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
05:06
and here again we have a big river system
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
05:08
that is draining and moving and plowing material from the Andean Mountains,
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ืฉืžื ืงื–ืช ื•ื ืขื” ื•ื’ื•ืจืคืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื,
05:13
transporting it across South America
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ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”
05:14
and dumping it out into the Atlantic Ocean.
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ื•ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
05:18
So if we zoom in here, you guys can see these nice, curvy river pathways.
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ืื– ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืืŸ ื–ื•ื, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช.
05:23
Again, they're really beautiful, but again, they're not static.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืคื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื.
05:26
These rivers wiggle around.
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ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืชื ื•ืขืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘.
05:27
We can use satellite imagery over the last 30 or so years
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืž -30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
05:31
to actually monitor how these change.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
05:33
So take a minute and just watch any bend or curve in this river,
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ืื• ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื–ื”,
05:37
and you'll see it doesn't stay in the same place for very long.
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
05:40
It changes and evolves and warps its pattern.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ืžืชืคืชื— ื•ืžืขื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœื•,
05:44
If you look in this area in particular,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจื˜
05:47
I want you guys to notice there's a sort of a loop in the river
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืœืื” ื‘ื ื”ืจ
05:50
that gets completely cut off.
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ืฉืžืชื ืชืงืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
05:51
It's almost like a whip cracking
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฆืœื™ืคืช ืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืกื•ื“ืงืช
05:53
and snaps off the pathway of the river at a certain spot.
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ื•ื—ื•ืชื›ืช ืืช ืืคื™ืง ื”ื ื”ืจ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
05:56
So just for reference, again,
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ืื– ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช, ืฉื•ื‘,
05:57
in this location, that river changed its course over four miles
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื• ืœืื•ืจืš 6 ืง"ืž
06:02
over the course of a season or two.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
06:04
So the landscapes that we live in on earth,
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ืื– ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
06:07
as this material is being eroded from the mountains
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื ืฉื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื
06:10
and transported to the sea,
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ื•ืžื•ื‘ืœ ืœื™ื,
06:11
are wiggling around all the time.
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ืžืชืคืชืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:13
They're changing all the time,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
06:14
and we need to be able to understand these processes
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:17
so we can manage and live sustainably on these landscapes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ื ื•ืคื™ื ืืœื”.
06:19
But it's hard to do if the only information we have
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
06:23
is what's going on today at earth's surface.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:25
Right? We don't have a lot of observations.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช.
06:27
We only have 30 years' worth of satellite photos, for example.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืž-30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
06:32
We need more observations to understand these processes more.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:35
And additionally, we need to know
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
06:36
how these landscapes are going to respond to changing climate
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”
06:40
and to changing land use
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ื•ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข
06:41
as we continue to occupy and modify earth's surface.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:44
So this is where the rocks come in.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื.
06:47
So as rivers flow,
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ืื– ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื,
06:50
as they're bulldozing material from the mountains to the sea,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื,
06:52
sometimes bits of sand and clay and rock get stuck in the ground.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ, ื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ืกืœืข ื ืชืงืขื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข.
06:56
And that stuff that gets stuck in the ground gets buried,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ืชืงืขื• ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื ืงื‘ืจื™ื,
06:59
and through time, we get big, thick accumulations of sediments
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ื•ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืขื™ื
07:02
that eventually turn into rocks.
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืกืœืขื™ื.
07:04
What this means is that we can go to places like this,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
07:07
where we see big, thick stacks of sedimentary rocks,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ ืžืฉืงืข,
07:10
and go back in time
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ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
07:11
and see what the landscapes looked like in the past.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื ืจืื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
07:14
We can do this to help reconstruct
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ
07:16
and understand how earth landscapes evolve.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื•ืคื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื.
07:21
This is pretty convenient, too,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื ื•ื— ืœืžื“ื™,
07:23
because the earth has had sort of an epic history. Right?
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ื›ื™ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืคื™ืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:26
So this video here is a reconstruction of paleogeography
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ืื– ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืื•ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
07:31
for just the first 600 million years of earth's history.
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ืจืง ืœ 600 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:35
So just a little bit of time here.
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ืื– ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืืŸ.
07:37
So as the plates move around,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘,
07:39
we know climate has changed, sea level has changed,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื”, ืฉืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•,
07:43
we have a lot of different types of landscapes
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
07:46
and different types of environments that we can go back --
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ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ -
07:49
if we have a time machine --
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ --
07:50
we can go back and look at,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ,
07:52
and we do indeed have a time machine
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ
07:53
because we can look at the rocks that were deposited at these times.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืงืขื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:57
So I'm going to give you an example of this
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ืื– ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš
07:59
and take you to a special time in earth's past.
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ื•ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
08:01
About 55 million years ago, there was a really abrupt warming event,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื› -55 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืคืชืื•ืžื™,
08:04
and what happened was a whole bunch of carbon dioxide
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
08:07
was released into earth's atmosphere,
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ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
08:09
and it caused a rapid and pretty extreme global warming event.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
08:13
And when I say warm, I mean pretty warm,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื—ื, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื—ื ืœืžื“ื™,
08:15
that there were things like crocodiles and palm trees
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ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขืฆื™ ื“ืงืœ
08:18
as far north as Canada and as far south as Patagonia.
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ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืขื“ ืงื ื“ื” ื•ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืขื“ ืคื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ื”.
08:21
So this was a pretty warm time and it happened really abruptly.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื ืœืžื“ื™ ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช.
08:25
So what we can do
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
08:26
is we can go back and find rocks that were deposited at this time
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ื–ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืงืขื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
08:29
and reconstruct how the landscape changed in response to this warming event.
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ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื–ื”.
08:33
So here, yay, rocks.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”, ื›ืŸ, ืกืœืขื™ื.
08:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:37
Here's a pile of rocks.
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ื”ื ื” ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื.
08:39
This yellow blob here,
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ื”ื›ืชื ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ,
08:41
this is actually a fossil river,
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
08:42
so just like this cartoon I showed,
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ืื– ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™,
08:44
these are deposits that were laid down 55 million years ago.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืฉืฉืงืขื• ืœืคื ื™ 55 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
08:47
As geologists, we can go and look at these up close
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ื›ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืงืจื•ื‘
08:50
and reconstruct the landscape.
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ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ.
08:53
So here's another example.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
08:54
The yellow blob here is a fossil river.
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ื”ื›ืชื ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
08:57
Here's another one above it.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืขืœื™ื•.
08:58
We can go and look in detail and make measurements and observations,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช,
09:01
and we can measure features.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
09:03
For example, the features I just highlighted there
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื
09:05
tell us that this particular river was probably about three feet deep.
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ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš.
09:09
You could wade across this cute little stream
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืฉืš ื‘ื ื—ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื—ืžื•ื“ ื–ื”
09:11
if you were walking around 55 million years ago.
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ืœื• ื”ืชื”ืœื›ืชื ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 55 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
09:14
The reddish stuff that's above and below those channels,
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื“ืžื“ื ืฉืžืขืœ ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืœื”,
09:17
those are ancient soil deposits.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืฉืงืขื™ ืงืจืงืข ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
09:19
So we can look at those to tell us what lived and grew on the landscape
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืžื” ื—ื™ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”
09:22
and to understand how these rivers were interacting with their floodplains.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืคื” ืฉืœื”ื.
09:27
So we can look in detail and reconstruct with some specificity
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
09:31
how these rivers flowed and what the landscapes looked like.
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ืื™ืš ื–ืจืžื• ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ืื™ืš ื ืจืื• ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื.
09:34
So when we do this for this particular place
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ื”
09:37
at this time,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
09:39
if we look what happened before this abrupt warming event,
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ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”,
09:41
the rivers kind of carved their way down from the mountains to the sea,
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ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืžื’ืœืคื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื,
09:45
and they looked maybe similar to what I showed you in the Amazon River basin.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืจืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก.
09:50
But right at the onset of this climate change event,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื–ื”,
09:53
the rivers change dramatically.
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ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
09:55
All of a sudden they got much broader,
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื‘ื™ื,
09:57
and they started to slide back and forth across the landscape more readily.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืช.
10:01
Eventually, the rivers reverted back to a state that was more similar
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:05
to what they would have looked like before this climate event,
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ืœืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
10:09
but it took a long, long time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
10:12
So we can go back in earth's time and do these kinds of reconstructions
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื•.
10:15
and understand how earth's landscape has changed
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืฉืชื ื”
10:18
in response to a climate event like this or a land use event.
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืืงืœื™ื ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจืงืข.
10:22
So some of the ways that rivers change
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื
10:24
or the reasons that rivers change their pattern and their movements
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ืื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื”ื ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื
10:29
is because of things like with extra water falling on the land's surface
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ื”ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”
10:33
when climate is hotter,
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ื›ืฉื”ืืงืœื™ื ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:35
we can move more sediment and erode more sediment,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืงืขื™ื,
10:37
and that changes how rivers behave.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื.
10:40
So ultimately,
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ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
10:42
as long as earth's surface is our home,
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
10:45
we need to carefully manage the resources and risks
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื
10:48
associated with living in dynamic environments.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช.
10:51
And I think the only way we can really do that sustainably
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื
10:55
is if we include information
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ื”ื™ื ืื ื ื›ืœื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข
10:57
about how landscapes evolved and behaved in earth's past.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
11:01
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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