What rivers can tell us about the earth's history | Liz Hajek

76,653 views ใƒป 2017-07-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: CY Oh ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
All right, let's get up our picture of the earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:16
The earth is pretty awesome.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
I'm a geologist, so I get pretty psyched about this,
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์ „ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ž์ด๊ณ , ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋“ค๋–  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:20
but the earth is great.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ‹์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
It's powerful, it's dynamic, it's constantly changing.
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
It's a pretty exciting place to live.
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์‚ด๊ธฐ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
00:28
But I want to share with you guys today my perspective as a geologist
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
00:31
in how understanding earth's past
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:34
can help inform and guide decisions that we make today
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๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€
00:37
about how to sustainably live on earth's surface.
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์ง€์งˆํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
So there's a lot of exciting things that go on on the surface of the earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
If we zoom in here a little bit,
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์ด๊ณณ์„ ์ข€ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
00:47
I want to talk to you guys a little bit about one of the things that happens.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
Material get shuffled around earth's surface all the time,
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์„ž์ด๋ฉฐ
00:53
and one of the big thing that happens is material from high mountains
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด
00:56
gets eroded and transported and deposited in the sea.
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์นจ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์šด๋ฐ˜๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ํ‡ด์ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
And this process is ongoing all the time,
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:01
and it has huge effects on how the landscape works.
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์ง€ํ˜•์˜ ์ž‘๋™์— ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
So this example here in south India --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚จ์ธ๋„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
we have some of the biggest mountains in the world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:08
and you can see in this satellite photo
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์œ„์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ
01:10
rivers transporting material from those mountains out to the sea.
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๊ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
You can think of these rivers like bulldozers.
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๊ฐ•๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋„์ €๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
They're basically taking these mountains and pushing them down towards the sea.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
We'll give you guys an example here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
So we zoom in a little bit.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
01:24
I want to talk to you guys specifically about a river.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
We can see these beautiful patterns that the rivers make
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๊ฐ•์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊น€์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”
01:29
as they're pushing material down to the sea,
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์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
01:31
but these patterns aren't static.
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์ด ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ •์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
These rivers are wiggling and jumping around quite a bit,
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๊ฐ•๋“ค์€ ๊พธ๋ฌผ๊พธ๋ฌผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฝค ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์—
01:36
and it can have big impacts on our lives.
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ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
So an example of this is this is the Kosi River.
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ, ์ด ๊ฐ•์€ ์ฝ”์‹œ ๊ฐ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
01:40
So the Kosi River has this nice c-shaped pathway,
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์ฝ”์‹œ ๊ฐ•์€ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ C์ž ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
and it exits the big mountains of Nepal
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ์‚ฐ๋“ค์—์„œ ์นจ์‹๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ๋“ค
01:45
carrying with it a ton of material,
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์ˆ˜ ํ†ค์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
01:47
a lot of sediments that's being eroded from the high mountains,
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๋„คํŒ”์˜ ํฐ ์‚ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ 
01:50
and it spreads out across India
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์ธ๋„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€
01:52
and moves this material.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
So we're going to zoom in to this area
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
01:56
and I'm going to tell you a little bit about what happened with the Kosi.
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์ฝ”์‹œ ๊ฐ•์—์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
It's an example of how dynamic these systems can be.
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์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
So this is a satellite image from August of 2008,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 2008๋…„ 8์›”์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๊ณ 
02:06
and this satellite image is colored
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์ด ์œ„์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด
02:08
so that vegetations or plants show up as green
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์ดˆ๋ชฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ 
02:10
and water shows up as blue.
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๋ฌผ์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
So here again you can see that c-shaped pathway
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ C์ž ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ์ด ๊ฐ•์ด ๋„คํŒ”์„ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ด์„
02:15
that this river takes as it exits Nepal.
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
And now this is monsoon season.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ชฌ์ˆœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
August is monsoon season in this region of the world,
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8์›”์€ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ชฌ์ˆœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉฐ
02:22
and anyone that lives near a river is no stranger to flooding
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ• ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ 
02:25
and the hazards and inconveniences at minimum that are associated with that.
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์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ์€ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
But something interesting happened in 2008,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด 2008๋…„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:31
and this river moved in a way that's very different.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ด ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
It flooded in a way that's very different than it normally does.
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ํ‰์†Œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ”๋žŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
So the Kosi River is flowing down here,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฝ”์‹œ ๊ฐ•์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:40
but sometimes as these rivers are bulldozing sediment,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ•๋“ค์ด ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ
02:42
they kind of get clogged,
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๋ง‰ํž˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:44
and these clogs can actually cause the rivers
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง‰ํž˜์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ
02:46
to shift their course dramatically.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
So this satellite image is from just two weeks later.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์œ„์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 2์ฃผ ์ „ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
Here's the previous pathway,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
that c-shaped pathway,
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C์ž ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ง์ด์ฃ ,
02:54
and you notice it's not blue anymore.
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๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ํŒŒ๋ž—์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
But now what we have is this blue pathway
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์šฐ๋ฆฌํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์ง€์˜
02:58
that cuts down the middle of the field of view here.
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์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
What happened is the Kosi River jumped its banks,
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์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฝ”์‹œ ๊ฐ•์ด ์ œ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:03
and for reference, the scale bar here is 40 miles.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ, ์ถ•์ฒ™ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 40๋งˆ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
This river moved over 30 miles very abruptly.
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๊ฐ•์ด ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— 30๋งˆ์ผ ์ด์ƒ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
So this river got clogged and it jumped its banks.
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๊ฐ•์ด ๋ง‰ํžŒ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์ œ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋„˜์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:13
Here's an image from about a week later,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ ์ฃผ์ผ ํ›„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๊ณ 
03:15
and you can see these are the previous pathways,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์˜ˆ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:17
and you can see this process of river-jumping continues
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ• ์ด๋™ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์—์„œ
03:20
as this river moves farther away from its major course.
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์›€์ง์ผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ณ„์†๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
So you can imagine in landscapes like this,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
03:25
where rivers move around frequently,
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์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ•์ด ์ž์ฃผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”
03:28
it's really important to understand when, where and how they're going to jump.
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์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋””์„œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•๋“ค์ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
But these kinds of processes also happen a lot closer to home as well.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
So in the United States,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๋Š”
03:39
we have the Mississippi River that drains most of the continental US.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ ๊ฐ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
It pushes material from the Rocky Mountains
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋กœํ‚ค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ดˆ์› ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
03:45
and from the Great Plains.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ
03:47
It drains it and moves it all the way across America
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๊ฐ•์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
03:50
and dumps it out in the Gulf of Mexico.
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๋งŒ์— ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
So this is the course of the Mississippi that we're familiar with today,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ ๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
03:56
but it didn't always flow in this direction.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ๋ฅด์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
If we use the geologic record,
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์ง€์งˆํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:00
we can reconstruct where it went in the past.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
So for example, this red area here
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ญ์€
04:06
is where we know the Mississippi River flowed and deposited material
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4600๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ ๊ฐ•์ด ํ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํ‡ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
04:09
about 4,600 years ago.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
Then about 3,500 years ago it moved
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ฝ 3500๋…„ ์ „์— ๊ฐ•์€
04:14
to follow the course outlined here in orange.
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์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์น ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
And it kept moving and it keeps moving.
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๊ณ„์† ์›€์ง์˜€๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์›€์ง์ด์ฃ .
04:18
So here's about 2,000 years ago,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•ฝ 2000๋…„ ์ „
04:20
a thousand years ago,
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1000๋…„ ์ „
04:22
700 years ago.
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700๋…„ ์ „
04:23
And it was only as recently as 500 years ago
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ
04:25
that it occupied the pathway that we're familiar with today.
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๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 500๋…„ ์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
So these processes are really important,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ
04:31
and especially here, this delta area,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์ด ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ
04:34
where these river-jumping events in the Mississippi
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๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ ๊ฐ•์˜ ์ด๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋•…๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ์ ‘์ ์—์„œ
04:38
are building land at the interface of the land and the sea.
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๋•…์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
This is really valuable real estate,
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์ด๊ณ 
04:43
and deltas like this are some of the most densely populated areas on our planet.
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์ด๊ณณ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
So understanding the dynamics of these landscapes,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋•…์˜ ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
04:50
how they formed and how they will continue to change in the future
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ง€๋Š”
04:54
is really important for the people that live there.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
So rivers also wiggle.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์€ ๊ฟˆํ‹€๊ฟˆํ‹€ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
These are sort of bigger jumps that we've been talking about.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ˆ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์ด๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
I want to show you guys some river wiggles here.
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๊ฟˆํ‹€๊ฟˆํ‹€ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
So we're going to fly down to the Amazon River basin,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ์กด ๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
and here again we have a big river system
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฐ ์ˆ˜๊ณ„
05:08
that is draining and moving and plowing material from the Andean Mountains,
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์•ˆ๋ฐ์Šค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:13
transporting it across South America
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๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:14
and dumping it out into the Atlantic Ocean.
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๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์— ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ“๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
So if we zoom in here, you guys can see these nice, curvy river pathways.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ , ๊ตฌ๋ถˆ๊ตฌ๋ถˆํ•œ ๊ฐ• ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
Again, they're really beautiful, but again, they're not static.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
These rivers wiggle around.
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์ด ๊ฐ•๋“ค์€ ๊ฟˆํ‹€๊ฟˆํ‹€ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
We can use satellite imagery over the last 30 or so years
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:31
to actually monitor how these change.
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30๋…„ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
So take a minute and just watch any bend or curve in this river,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž ๊น ๋™์•ˆ ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ตฝ์ด์™€ ์ปค๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
05:37
and you'll see it doesn't stay in the same place for very long.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋ณผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
It changes and evolves and warps its pattern.
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๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
If you look in this area in particular,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:47
I want you guys to notice there's a sort of a loop in the river
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋Š์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ•์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„
05:50
that gets completely cut off.
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์•Œ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
It's almost like a whip cracking
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฑ„์ฐ์ด ํœ˜๋‘๋ฆ„๊ณผ
05:53
and snaps off the pathway of the river at a certain spot.
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ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํˆญ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
So just for reference, again,
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์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ, ๋‹ค์‹œ
05:57
in this location, that river changed its course over four miles
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ฐ•์ด 4๋งˆ์ผ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ณ„์ ˆ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
over the course of a season or two.
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06:04
So the landscapes that we live in on earth,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋•…์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์€,
06:07
as this material is being eroded from the mountains
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๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์นจ์‹๋˜๊ณ 
06:10
and transported to the sea,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ์šด์†ก๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:11
are wiggling around all the time.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฟˆํ‹€๊ฟˆํ‹€ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
They're changing all the time,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
06:14
and we need to be able to understand these processes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ
06:17
so we can manage and live sustainably on these landscapes.
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์ง€ํ˜•์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
But it's hard to do if the only information we have
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋งŒ
06:23
is what's going on today at earth's surface.
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์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
Right? We don't have a lot of observations.
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๋งž์ฃ ? ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
We only have 30 years' worth of satellite photos, for example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 30๋…„ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
We need more observations to understand these processes more.
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๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
And additionally, we need to know
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
06:36
how these landscapes are going to respond to changing climate
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์ ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด์„œ
06:40
and to changing land use
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€ํ˜•์ด
06:41
as we continue to occupy and modify earth's surface.
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๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์™€ ํ† ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
So this is where the rocks come in.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•”์„๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
So as rivers flow,
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๊ฐ•์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ
06:50
as they're bulldozing material from the mountains to the sea,
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์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:52
sometimes bits of sand and clay and rock get stuck in the ground.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ž˜, ์ ํ† , ์•”์„์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
And that stuff that gets stuck in the ground gets buried,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋ฌปํžˆ๊ณ 
06:59
and through time, we get big, thick accumulations of sediments
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•”์„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ณ , ๋‘๊บผ์šด
07:02
that eventually turn into rocks.
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ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ถ•์ ๋ฌผ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
What this means is that we can go to places like this,
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ
07:07
where we see big, thick stacks of sedimentary rocks,
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ํฌ๊ณ , ๋‘๊บผ์šด ํ‡ด์ ์•”๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:10
and go back in time
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์—ญํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ
07:11
and see what the landscapes looked like in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง€ํ˜•์ด ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
We can do this to help reconstruct
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€ํ˜•์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
07:16
and understand how earth landscapes evolve.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
This is pretty convenient, too,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝค ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
because the earth has had sort of an epic history. Right?
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
07:26
So this video here is a reconstruction of paleogeography
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์˜์ƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฒซ 6์–ต ๋…„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
07:31
for just the first 600 million years of earth's history.
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๊ณ ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
So just a little bit of time here.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
So as the plates move around,
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ํŒ๋“ค์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด์„œ
07:39
we know climate has changed, sea level has changed,
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๊ธฐํ›„, ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
we have a lot of different types of landscapes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€ํ˜•์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜
07:46
and different types of environments that we can go back --
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜, ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:49
if we have a time machine --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํƒ€์ž„ ๋จธ์‹ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:50
we can go back and look at,
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๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:52
and we do indeed have a time machine
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํƒ€์ž„ ๋จธ์‹ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:53
because we can look at the rocks that were deposited at these times.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹œ์— ํ‡ด์ ๋œ ์•”์„๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
So I'm going to give you an example of this
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์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜
07:59
and take you to a special time in earth's past.
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
About 55 million years ago, there was a really abrupt warming event,
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์•ฝ 5์ฒœ5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์—, ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:04
and what happened was a whole bunch of carbon dioxide
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€
08:07
was released into earth's atmosphere,
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
and it caused a rapid and pretty extreme global warming event.
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ฝค ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
And when I say warm, I mean pretty warm,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•จ์€, ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•จ์ธ๋ฐ
08:15
that there were things like crocodiles and palm trees
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ถ์ชฝ, ํŒŒํƒ€๊ณ ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—
08:18
as far north as Canada and as far south as Patagonia.
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์•…์–ด๋‚˜ ์•ผ์ž๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
So this was a pretty warm time and it happened really abruptly.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๋•Œ์˜€๊ณ  ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
So what we can do
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:26
is we can go back and find rocks that were deposited at this time
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๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ ํ‡ด์ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์•”์„๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ 
08:29
and reconstruct how the landscape changed in response to this warming event.
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์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
So here, yay, rocks.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์•”์„๋“ค
08:35
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:37
Here's a pile of rocks.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•”์„ ํ•œ ๋”๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
This yellow blob here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋…ธ๋ž€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
08:41
this is actually a fossil river,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ™”์„ํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
so just like this cartoon I showed,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ด ๋ฐ‘๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
08:44
these are deposits that were laid down 55 million years ago.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ 5์ฒœ5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ์Œ“์ธ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
As geologists, we can go and look at these up close
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์ง€์งˆํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ฃผ์˜๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ 
08:50
and reconstruct the landscape.
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์ง€ํ˜•์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
So here's another example.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
The yellow blob here is a fossil river.
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๋…ธ๋ž€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ™”์„ํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
Here's another one above it.
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์ด ์œ„์— ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:58
We can go and look in detail and make measurements and observations,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ธก์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
09:01
and we can measure features.
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ํŠน์ง•๋„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
For example, the features I just highlighted there
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ €๊ธฐ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€
09:05
tell us that this particular river was probably about three feet deep.
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์ด ๊ฐ•์ด ์•ฝ 3ํ”ผํŠธ ๊นŠ์ด์˜€์Œ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
You could wade across this cute little stream
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5์ฒœ5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„์— ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๊ท€์—ฝ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฅผ
09:11
if you were walking around 55 million years ago.
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ํ—ค์น˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฑธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:14
The reddish stuff that's above and below those channels,
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์ด ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ‘๊ณผ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
09:17
those are ancient soil deposits.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ํ™ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
So we can look at those to tell us what lived and grew on the landscape
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋•…์— ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์ž๋ž๋Š”์ง€
09:22
and to understand how these rivers were interacting with their floodplains.
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๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์›์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
So we can look in detail and reconstruct with some specificity
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•๋“ค์ด ํ˜๋ €๊ณ  ์ง€ํ˜•์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
09:31
how these rivers flowed and what the landscapes looked like.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
So when we do this for this particular place
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์ด ๋•Œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
09:37
at this time,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
09:39
if we look what happened before this abrupt warming event,
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๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์˜จ๋‚œํ™” ์ „์— ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
09:41
the rivers kind of carved their way down from the mountains to the sea,
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๊ฐ•์€ ์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒ ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
09:45
and they looked maybe similar to what I showed you in the Amazon River basin.
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์•„๋งˆ์กด ๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ ์•ˆ์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
But right at the onset of this climate change event,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต์—
09:53
the rivers change dramatically.
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๊ฐ•๋“ค์€ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
All of a sudden they got much broader,
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๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋„“์–ด์ง€๊ณ 
09:57
and they started to slide back and forth across the landscape more readily.
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๋” ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋•…์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ์™”๋‹ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
Eventually, the rivers reverted back to a state that was more similar
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ๊ฐ•๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ๋” ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ
10:05
to what they would have looked like before this climate event,
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๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
10:09
but it took a long, long time.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
So we can go back in earth's time and do these kinds of reconstructions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:15
and understand how earth's landscape has changed
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์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋‚˜ ํ† ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
10:18
in response to a climate event like this or a land use event.
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์ง€ํ˜•์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
So some of the ways that rivers change
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ•๋“ค์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
10:24
or the reasons that rivers change their pattern and their movements
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐ•๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
10:29
is because of things like with extra water falling on the land's surface
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์ง€๋ฉด์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
when climate is hotter,
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๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋”์šธ ๋•Œ
10:35
we can move more sediment and erode more sediment,
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ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋” ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋” ์นจ์‹์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:37
and that changes how rivers behave.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
So ultimately,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ,
10:42
as long as earth's surface is our home,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง‘์ธ ๋งŒํผ
10:45
we need to carefully manage the resources and risks
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€๋œ
10:48
associated with living in dynamic environments.
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์ž์›๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
And I think the only way we can really do that sustainably
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
10:55
is if we include information
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
10:57
about how landscapes evolved and behaved in earth's past.
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์ง€ํ˜•์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์›€์ง์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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