Can we solve global warming? Lessons from how we protected the ozone layer | Sean Davis

193,394 views ใƒป 2019-02-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Nurit Noy
00:13
So, I'm a climate scientist,
0
13101
3216
ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืืงืœื™ื,
00:16
and if this room is representative of the country we live in,
1
16341
5378
ื•ืื ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:21
that means about 60 percent of you, so maybe from about there over,
2
21743
4491
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉ-60% ืžื›ื, ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ื”ืœืื”,
00:26
don't strongly trust me for information on the causes of climate change.
3
26258
4505
ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
00:32
Now, I promise to tell the truth tonight,
4
32312
2063
ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืืžืช,
00:34
but just to humor that demographic,
5
34399
2882
ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ืคืœื— ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื–ื”,
00:37
I've started this talk with a falsehood.
6
37305
2238
ืคืชื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ืฉืงืจ.
00:39
[The Paris Climate Accord is a product of the recognition
7
39567
2754
[ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืคืจื™ื– ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช...]
00:42
that climate change is a global problem ...]
8
42345
2024
ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ื ืืžืจื” ืข"ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื”,
00:44
This statement was not made by President Obama.
9
44383
2191
ืืœื ืข"ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ,
00:46
It was made by President Reagan,
10
46598
1563
ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ืกื›ื ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืคืจื™ื–,
00:48
and it wasn't about climate change and the Paris Climate Accord.
11
48185
3186
00:51
It was actually about the Montreal Protocol
12
51395
2219
ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ
00:53
and stratospheric ozone depletion.
13
53638
2079
ื•ืœื”ื™ื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
00:57
Now, I'm sure that many of you aren't familiar with this environmental problem,
14
57512
4221
ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
01:01
but you should be,
15
61757
1341
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจื”,
01:03
because it's a rare environmental success story.
16
63122
3670
ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื ื“ื™ืจ,
01:06
And it's worth revisiting,
17
66816
1917
ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื•,
01:08
because sometimes, we need to examine the world we've avoided
18
68757
3532
ื›ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื ืขื ื•
01:12
in order to find guidance for the choices we make today.
19
72313
3436
ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:16
So let's go back to the 1970s,
20
76900
2556
ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
01:19
when some questionable choices were made:
21
79480
2810
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช:
01:22
first of all -- hoo -- hairstyles. (Laughs)
22
82314
4833
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ -- ื”ื•! -- ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืจ (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:27
Second of all, objectively terrible quantities of hairspray,
23
87171
4124
ืฉื ื™ืช, ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืจืกื™ืก ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
01:31
and third, CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons,
24
91319
5069
ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™, ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื•ืคื—ืžื ื™ื,
01:36
man-made chemicals that were used as propellant in aerosol spray cans.
25
96412
4327
ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžืขืฉื”-ืื“ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื”ื“ืฃ ื‘ืคื—ื™ื•ืช ืชืจืกื™ืก.
01:41
And see, it turns out these CFCs were a problem
26
101749
3064
ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื–ื™ ื”ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™ ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”
01:44
because they were destroying the ozone layer.
27
104837
2845
ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืจืกื• ืืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
01:47
Now I'm sure most of you have heard of the ozone layer,
28
107706
2596
ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืชื›ื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ,
01:50
but why does it matter?
29
110326
1442
ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื”?
01:51
Well, quite simply, the ozone layer is earth's sunscreen,
30
111792
4610
ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงืจื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:56
and it's really fragile.
31
116426
1424
ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืื“.
01:58
If you could take all of the ozone,
32
118955
1699
ืื™ืœื• ืœืงื—ืชื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ,
02:00
which is mostly about 10 to 20 miles up above our heads,
33
120678
3162
ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 15-30 ืง"ืž ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ื ื•,
02:03
and compress it down to the surface of the earth,
34
123864
2902
ื•ื“ื—ืกืชื ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:06
it would form a thin shell only about two pennies thick,
35
126790
3449
ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืžื ื• ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื“ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช,
02:10
about an eighth of an inch.
36
130263
2069
ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš.
02:12
And that thin shell does an amazing amount of work, though.
37
132356
3431
ื•ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื“ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืœืื›ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
02:15
It filters out more than 90 percent of the harmful UV radiation
38
135811
5261
ื”ื™ื ืžืกื ื ืช ืžืขืœ 90% ืžืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื”
02:21
coming from the sun.
39
141096
1150
ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ.
02:23
And while I'm sure many of you enjoy that suntan that you get
40
143162
5357
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื–ืฃ
02:28
from the remaining 10 percent, it causes a lot of problems:
41
148543
3801
ืž-10 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื, ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช:
02:32
cataracts,
42
152368
1150
ืงื˜ืจืงื˜,
02:34
damage to crops,
43
154754
1552
ื ื–ืง ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื,
02:36
damage to immune systems
44
156330
1923
ื ื–ืง ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช
02:38
and also skin cancer.
45
158627
1254
ื•ื’ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขื•ืจ.
02:40
It's not an exaggeration
46
160952
1271
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ื’ื–ืžื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข
02:42
to say that a threat to the ozone layer is a threat to human safety.
47
162247
3548
ืฉืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
02:47
And actually, ironically, it was human safety
48
167540
2827
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
02:50
that motivated the invention of CFCs in the first place.
49
170391
3276
ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ืจื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™.
02:53
You see, in the early days of refrigeration,
50
173691
2167
ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ,
02:55
refrigerators used toxic and flammable chemicals
51
175882
3642
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืœืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื“ืœื™ืงื™ื
02:59
like propane and ammonia.
52
179548
1444
ื›ืžื• ืคืจื•ืคืŸ ื•ืืžื•ื ื™ื”.
03:01
For good reason, the refrigeration industry
53
181905
2061
ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
03:03
wanted a safe alternative,
54
183990
1546
ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”,
03:05
and they found that in 1928,
55
185560
2242
ื•ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘-1928
03:07
when a scientist named Thomas Midgley
56
187826
2254
ื›ืฉืžื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืžืก ืžื™ื“ื’'ืœื™
03:10
synthesized the first commercially viable CFCs.
57
190104
3047
ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
03:14
And in fact, Midgley famously inhaled CFCs and blew out a candle
58
194143
6081
ื•ืžื™ื“ื’'ืœื™ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉืืฃ ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™ ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ื ืจ
03:20
to demonstrate, at a scientific conference,
59
200248
2620
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื›ื ืก ืžื“ืขื™,
03:22
that they were safe and nonflammable.
60
202892
2420
ืฉื–ื”ื• ื’ื– ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ื“ืœื™ืง.
03:25
And in fact, as a scientist, I can tell you there is no way
61
205336
2762
ื•ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ
ื”ืชืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:28
you could get away with that kind of antic today.
62
208122
2294
03:30
I mean, wow.
63
210440
2190
ื•ื•ืื•.
03:33
But really, at the time,
64
213084
1866
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
03:34
CFCs were a really remarkable invention.
65
214974
3951
ื”ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืฆืื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
03:38
They allowed what we now know as modern-day refrigeration
66
218949
3223
ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
03:42
and air-conditioning and other things.
67
222196
1810
ื•ืืช ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“.
03:44
So it wasn't actually until over 40 years later, in the 1970s,
68
224677
5714
ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-40 ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
03:50
when scientists realized that CFCs would break down high in the atmosphere
69
230415
4698
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™ ืžืชืคืจืง ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
03:55
and damage the ozone layer.
70
235137
2306
ื•ืžื–ื™ืง ืœืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
03:57
And this finding really set off a lot of public concern.
71
237467
2650
ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืื’ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
04:00
It led, ultimately, to the banning of CFC usage in aerosol spray cans
72
240141
5148
ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™ ื‘ืคื—ื™ื•ืช ืชืจืกื™ืก
04:05
in the US and a few other countries in 1978.
73
245313
3248
ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘-1978.
04:09
Now, the story doesn't end there,
74
249788
1595
ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
04:11
because CFCs were used in much more than just spray cans.
75
251407
3023
ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื—ื™ื•ืช ืชืจืกื™ืก ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:15
In 1985, scientists discovered the Antarctic ozone hole,
76
255684
4206
ื‘-1985, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”,
04:20
and this was a truly alarming discovery.
77
260905
2974
ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžื“ืื™ื’ื”.
04:23
Scientists did not expect this at all.
78
263903
2430
ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืฆืคื• ืืช ื–ื”.
04:28
Before the Antarctic ozone hole,
79
268210
1584
ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™,
04:29
scientists expected maybe a five or 10 percent reduction
80
269818
3777
ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฆืคื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 5-10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื.
04:33
in ozone over a century.
81
273619
2032
04:35
But what they found over the course of less than a decade
82
275675
4501
ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืื—ื“
04:40
was that more than a third of the ozone had simply vanished,
83
280200
4387
ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขืœื,
04:44
over an area larger than the size of the US.
84
284611
2455
ืžืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืืจื”"ื‘.
04:48
And although we now know that CFCs are the root cause of this ozone hole,
85
288645
4038
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ,
04:52
at the time, the science was far from settled.
86
292707
2354
ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
04:56
Yet despite this uncertainty,
87
296105
3012
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
04:59
the crisis helped spur nations to act.
88
299141
2507
ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขื–ืจ ืœื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
05:02
So that quote that I started this talk with,
89
302740
3613
ืื– ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืคืชื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”,
05:06
about the Montreal Protocol, from President Reagan --
90
306377
2956
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ, ืžืคื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ --
05:09
that was his signing statement when he signed the Montreal Protocol
91
309357
3827
ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ื›ืฉื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ,
05:13
after its unanimous ratification by the US Senate.
92
313208
3798
ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืคื”-ืื—ื“ ื‘ืกื ืื˜ ืืจื”"ื‘.
05:17
And this is something that's truly worth celebrating.
93
317030
2517
ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื ืก.
05:19
In fact, yesterday was the 30th anniversary of the Montreal Protocol.
94
319571
4882
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”-30 ืœื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ.
05:24
(Applause)
95
324477
6260
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:30
Because of the protocol,
96
330761
1742
ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ืกื›ื,
05:32
ozone-depleting substances are now declining in our atmosphere,
97
332527
4357
ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•,
05:36
and we're starting to see the first signs of healing in the ozone layer.
98
336908
3495
ื•ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœืžืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
05:41
And furthermore, because many of those ozone-depleting substances
99
341118
4000
ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“: ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ
05:45
are also very potent greenhouse gases,
100
345142
2718
ื”ื ื’ื ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืื“,
05:47
the Montreal Protocol has actually delayed global warming
101
347884
2778
ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
05:50
by more than a decade.
102
350686
1285
ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
05:52
That's just wonderful.
103
352628
1267
ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืคืœื,
05:54
But I think it's worth asking the question,
104
354728
4473
ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
05:59
as we face our current environmental crisis, global warming,
105
359225
3602
ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
06:02
what lessons can we learn from Montreal?
106
362851
2375
ืื™ืœื• ืœืงื—ื™ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ?
06:05
Are there any? I think there are.
107
365250
2339
ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืืœื”? ืœื“ืขืชื™ - ื›ืŸ.
[ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช]
06:08
First, we don't need absolute certainty to act.
108
368765
4317
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื• ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
06:13
When Montreal was signed,
109
373742
1712
ื›ืฉื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ,
06:15
we were less certain then of the risks from CFCs
110
375478
4041
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™
06:19
than we are now of the risks from greenhouse gas emissions.
111
379543
4452
ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”.
06:25
A common tactic that people who oppose climate action use
112
385116
3778
ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช
06:28
is to completely ignore risk and focus only on uncertainty.
113
388918
4063
ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
06:33
But so what about uncertainty?
114
393648
1561
ืื– ืžื” ืื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช?
06:35
We make decisions in the face of uncertainty all the time,
115
395937
3579
ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช,
06:39
literally all the time.
116
399540
1954
ืžืžืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:41
You know, I'll bet those of you who drove here tonight,
117
401518
4440
ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ื”ื’ืชื ืœื›ืืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘,
06:45
you probably wore your seat belt.
118
405982
1857
ื—ื’ืจืชื ืืช ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.
06:48
And so ask yourself,
119
408807
1208
ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
06:50
did you wear your seat belt because someone told you
120
410039
2589
ื”ืื ื ื—ื’ืจืชื ื›ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืœื›ื
06:52
with a hundred percent [certainty]
121
412652
1907
ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืื—ื•ื–
06:54
that you would get in a car crash on the way here?
122
414583
2408
ืฉืชื™ืงืœืขื• ืœืชืื•ื ืช ื›ืœื™-ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื”?
06:57
Probably not.
123
417711
1424
ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื.
06:59
So that's the first lesson.
124
419159
2318
ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื”ืœืงื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
07:01
Risk management and decision making always have uncertainty.
125
421501
3261
ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
07:05
Ignoring risk and focusing only on uncertainty is a distraction.
126
425494
3760
ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ืกื›ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืช.
07:10
In other words, inaction is an action.
127
430372
3817
ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื”.
07:16
Second, it takes a village to raise a healthy environment.
128
436767
4960
ืฉื ื™ืช, ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
07:22
The Montreal Protocol wasn't just put together by industry and governments
129
442869
4039
ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ ืœื ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
07:26
or environmental advocacy groups and scientists.
130
446932
3971
ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื.
07:30
It was put together by all of them.
131
450927
1712
ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืืœื”.
07:32
They all had a seat at the table,
132
452663
2403
ืœื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
07:35
and they all played an important role in the solution.
133
455090
2925
ื›ื•ืœื ืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
07:38
And I think in this regard,
134
458039
1351
ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
07:39
we're actually seeing some encouraging signs today.
135
459414
2382
07:41
We see not just environmental groups concerned about climate change
136
461820
4590
ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
07:46
but also civic and religious groups,
137
466434
2590
ืืœื ื’ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื,
07:49
the military and businesses.
138
469048
2333
ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ืขืกืงื™ื.
07:52
So wherever you find yourself on that spectrum,
139
472744
2823
ืื– ืชื”ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืื™ืชื” ืืชื ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื,
07:55
we need you at the table,
140
475591
1704
ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื›ื.
07:57
because if we're going to solve global warming,
141
477319
2192
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
07:59
it's going to take actions at all levels,
142
479535
2060
ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืžื•ืช,
08:01
from the individual to the international
143
481619
2694
ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
08:04
and everything in between.
144
484337
1705
ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข.
08:08
Third lesson:
145
488621
1150
ืœืงื— ืฉืœื™ืฉื™:
08:10
don't let the perfect be the enemy of the good.
146
490673
2571
ืื– ืชืชื ื• ืœ"ืžื•ืฉืœื" ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”"ื‘ืกื“ืจ".
08:14
While Montreal has become the brake pedal for stopping ozone depletion,
147
494390
5260
ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืœื ืฉืขืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ,
08:19
at its beginning, it was more just like a tap on the brakes.
148
499674
3579
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืขืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื’ื™ืขื” ืงืœื” ื‘ื‘ืœืžื™ื.
08:24
It was actually the later amendments to the protocol
149
504524
3330
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื
08:27
that really marked the decision to hit the brakes on ozone depletion.
150
507878
3905
ื”ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื‘ืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
08:33
So to those who despair
151
513061
1382
ืื– ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ืืฉื™ื
08:34
that the Paris Climate Accord didn't go far enough
152
514467
3333
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื– ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง
08:37
or that your limited actions on their own won't solve global warming,
153
517824
4956
ืื• ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
08:42
I say don't let the perfect be the enemy of the good.
154
522804
3531
ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ: ืืœ ืชื ื™ื—ื• ืœ"ืžื•ืฉืœื" ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”"ื‘ืกื“ืจ".
08:48
And finally, I think it helps us to contemplate the world we've avoided.
155
528439
4833
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื ืขื ื•.
[ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืขื ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•]
08:54
Indeed, the world we have avoided by enacting the Montreal Protocol
156
534742
5768
ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื ืขื ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ
09:00
is one of catastrophic changes
157
540534
2186
ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื™-ืืกื•ืŸ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
09:02
to our environment and to human well-being.
158
542744
2150
09:05
By the 2030s, we'll be avoiding millions of new skin cancer cases per year
159
545846
6240
ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ื™ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžื ืขื ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื”
09:12
with a number that would only grow.
160
552110
2050
ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
09:15
If I'm lucky, I'll live long enough to see the end of this animation
161
555549
4406
ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื–ืœ ืื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
09:19
and to see the ozone hole restored to its natural state.
162
559979
3197
ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืชืงืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
09:24
So as we write the story for earth's climate future
163
564573
3329
ืื– ื‘ื›ื•ืชื‘ื ื• ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
09:27
for this century and beyond,
164
567926
1484
ืœืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”,
09:29
we need to ask ourselves, what will our actions be
165
569434
3461
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื ืงื•ื˜
09:32
so that someone can stand on this stage
166
572919
2342
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช
09:35
in 30 or 50 or a hundred years
167
575285
4460
ื‘ืขื•ื“ 30, 50 ืื• 100 ืฉื ื”
09:39
to celebrate the world that they've avoided.
168
579769
2340
ื•ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆืœ.
09:43
Thank you.
169
583220
1151
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
09:44
(Applause)
170
584395
4470
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7