How a blind astronomer found a way to hear the stars | Wanda Diaz Merced

82,751 views ใƒป 2016-07-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Gal Abramovitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:13
Once there was a star.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
00:16
Like everything else, she was born;
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“,
00:18
grew to be around 30 times the mass of our sun
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ื’ื“ืœ ืขื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 30 ืžืžืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
00:22
and lived for a very long time.
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ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื“.
00:25
Exactly how long,
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง -
00:26
people cannot really tell.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
00:29
Just like everything in life,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:30
she reached the end of her regular star days
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ
00:34
when her heart, the core of her life,
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ื›ืฉืœื‘ื•, ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•,
00:37
exhausted its fuel.
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ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื•.
00:38
But that was no end.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
00:40
She transformed into a supernova, and in the process
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš
00:43
releasing a tremendous amount of energy,
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ืฉื—ืจืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:46
outshining the rest of the galaxy
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ืฉื”ืื™ืจื” ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
00:49
and emitting, in one second,
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ื•ืคืœื˜, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ืื—ืช,
00:51
the same amount of energy our sun will release in 10 days.
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ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ื™ืžื™ื.
00:55
And she evolved into another role in our galaxy.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:59
Supernova explosions are very extreme.
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ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืื“ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:02
But the ones that emit gamma rays are even more extreme.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:07
In the process of becoming a supernova,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”,
01:09
the interior of the star collapses under its own weight
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ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืงื•ืจืก ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•
01:13
and it starts rotating ever faster,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ,
01:16
like an ice skater when pulling their arms in close to their body.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื™ืงื™ ืงืจื— ืฉืžืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:20
In that way, it starts rotating very fast and it increases, powerfully,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืžืื“ ืžื”ืจ ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ, ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื”,
01:25
its magnetic field.
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ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•.
01:27
The matter around the star is dragged around,
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•,
01:30
and some energy from that rotation is transferred to that matter
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”
01:33
and the magnetic field is increased even further.
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ื•ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:37
In that way, our star had extra energy to outshine the rest of the galaxy
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืฆื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
01:43
in brightness and gamma ray emission.
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ื‘ืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื.
01:46
My star, the one in my story,
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื™, ื–ื” ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™,
01:48
became what is known as a magnetar.
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ื”ืคืš ืœืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ืจ.
01:51
And just for your information,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ,
01:53
the magnetic field of a magnetar is 1,000 trillion times
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ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื˜ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืืœืฃ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
01:56
the magnetic field of Earth.
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ืžื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:59
The most energetic events ever measured by astronomers
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ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืžื“ื“ื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื
02:02
carry the name gamma-ray bursts
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ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื
02:04
because we observe them as bursts most or explosions,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื ืฆืคื™ื ื›ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื,
02:08
most strongly measured as gamma-ray light.
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ืฉื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงืจื™ื ืช ื’ืžื.
02:11
Our star, like the one in our story that became a magnetar,
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืžื’ื ื˜ืจ,
02:16
is detected as a gamma-ray burst
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ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื
02:18
during the most energetic portion of the explosion.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ.
02:22
Yet, even though gamma-ray bursts are the strongest events
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื ื”ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:27
ever measured by astronomers,
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ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ืžื“ื“ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื,
02:29
we cannot see them with our naked eye.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
02:32
We depend, we rely on other methods
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ืื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
02:34
in order to study this gamma-ray light.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืงืจื™ื ืช ื’ืžื ื”ื–ื•.
02:37
We cannot see them with our naked eye.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
02:39
We can only see an itty bitty, tiny portion
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืคืฆืคื•ืŸ
02:42
of the electromagnetic spectrum that we call visible light.
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ืžื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•-ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืณื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืจืื”ืณ.
02:46
And beyond that, we rely on other methods.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ืื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:48
Yet as astronomers, we study a wider range of light
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื, ืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
02:53
and we depend on other methods to do that.
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ื•ืื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:56
On the screen, it may look like this.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš - ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืš:
02:59
You're seeing a plot.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืจืฉื™ื.
03:01
That is a light curve.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขืงื•ืžืช ืื•ืจ.
03:03
It's a plot of intensity of light over time.
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ื–ื” ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ืื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
03:07
It is a gamma-ray light curve.
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ื–ื• ืขืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื.
03:10
Sighted astronomers depend on this kind of plot
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
03:13
in order to interpret how this light intensity changes over time.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
03:18
On the left, you will be seeing the light intensity without a burst,
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ืžืฉืžืืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ืœืœื ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช,
03:24
and on the right, you will be seeing the light intensity with the burst.
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ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช.
03:30
Early during my career, I could also see this kind of plot.
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ื’ื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืจืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
03:34
But then, I lost my sight.
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ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™.
03:37
I completely lost my sight because of extended illness,
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื”.
03:40
and with it, I lost the opportunity to see this plot
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ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื”, ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื”
03:45
and the opportunity to do my physics.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™.
03:49
It was a very strong transition for me in many ways.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
03:53
And professionally, it left me without a way to do my science.
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ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื“ืข ืฉืœื™.
03:57
I longed to access and scrutinize this energetic light
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ื™ื™ื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ื”ืดืื•ืจืด ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”
04:02
and figure out the astrophysical cause.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
04:04
I wanted to experience the spacious wonder, the excitement,
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืœืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
04:08
the joy produced by the detection of such a titanic celestial event.
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ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื–ื™ื”ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืžื™ืžื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื‘ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
04:13
I thought long and hard about it,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
04:16
when I suddenly realized that all a light curve is,
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ื›ืฉืœืคืชืข ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืขืงื•ืžืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ
04:20
is a table of numbers converted into a visual plot.
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ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืžืจืช ืœืชืจืฉื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™.
04:24
So along with my collaborators,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื™,
04:26
we worked really hard and we translated the numbers into sound.
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ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ื•ืชื™ืจื’ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
04:31
I achieved access to the data,
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ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
04:33
and today I'm able to do physics at the level of the best astronomer,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
04:38
using sound.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืžืข.
04:40
And what people have been able to do,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
04:42
mainly visually,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช,
04:43
for hundreds of years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
04:45
now I do it using sound.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืžืข.
04:47
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:48
Listening to this gamma-ray burst
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ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ื’ืžื ื”ื–ื•
04:50
that you're seeing on the -- (Applause continues)
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”-- (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช)
04:53
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
04:54
Listening to this burst that you're seeing on the screen
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ื”ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ื’ืžื ื”ื–ื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš
04:56
brought something to the ear beyond the obvious burst.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืขืžื” ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
04:59
Now I'm going to play the burst for you.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื™ืข ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช.
05:01
It's not music, it's sound.
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ื–ื• ืœื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืืœื” ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
05:05
(Digital beeping sounds)
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(ืฆืœืฆื•ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื)
05:08
This is scientific data converted into sound,
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ืืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืžืจื• ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื,
05:11
and it's mapped in pitch.
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ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ,
05:13
The process is called sonification.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื•ื ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”.
05:18
So listening to this brought something to the ear
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ื›ืฉืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื”, ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•
05:21
besides the obvious burst.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
05:22
When I examine the very strong low-frequency regions,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืื“ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช,
05:27
or bass line -- I'm zooming into the bass line now.
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ืื• ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืก -- ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืœืชื“ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืก ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
05:33
We noted resonances characteristic of electrically charged gasses
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ืฉืžื ื• ืœื‘ ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช,
05:39
like the solar wind.
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื— ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช.
05:40
And I want you to hear what I heard.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉืžืขื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉืžืขืชื™.
05:43
You will hear it as a very fast decrease in volume.
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ืืชื ืชืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื ืžื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืฉืžืข.
05:47
And because you're sighted, I'm giving you a red line
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืœื›ื ืงื• ืื“ื•ื
05:49
indicating what intensity of light is being converted into sound.
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ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืžื” ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืžืจืช ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
05:55
(Digital hum and whistling sound)
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(ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื•ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช)
05:58
The (Whistles) is frogs at home, don't pay attention to that.
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ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืชืชืขืœืžื• ืžื–ื”.
06:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:03
(Digital hum and whistling sound)
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(ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื•ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช)
06:08
I think you heard it, right?
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ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:11
So what we found
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ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
06:12
is that the bursts last long enough in order to support wave resonances,
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ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ืœื™ื,
06:17
which are things caused by exchanges of energy between particles
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
06:21
that may have been excited,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื,
06:23
that depend on the volume.
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
06:25
You may remember that I said that the matter around the star
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘
06:28
is dragged around?
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ื ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•?
06:29
It transmits power with frequency and field distribution
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืขื ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื“ื”
06:33
determined by the dimensions.
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ืฉื ืงื‘ืขืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
06:36
You may remember that we were talking about a super-massive star
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขืฆื•ื
06:40
that became a very strong magnetic field magnetar.
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืžื’ื ื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื“.
06:44
If this is the case, then outflows from the exploding star
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”, ืื– ื–ืจืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ
06:48
may be associated with this gamma-ray burst.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ื’ืžื ื”ื–ื•.
06:51
What does that mean?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
06:52
That star formation may be a very important part
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
06:55
of these supernova explosions.
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ื‘ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืœื•.
06:58
Listening to this very gamma-ray burst brought us to the notion
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ื›ืฉื”ืื–ื ื• ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ื’ืžื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืžื ื• ืœื‘
07:02
that the use of sound as an adjunctive visual display
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืข ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช
07:05
may also support sighted astronomers
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
07:07
in the search for more information in the data.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
07:10
Simultaneously, I worked on analyzing measurements from other telescopes,
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:15
and my experiments demonstrated
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ืจืื•
07:18
that when you use sound as an adjunctive visual display,
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ืฉื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืข ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช,
07:22
astronomers can find more information
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข
07:25
in this now more accessible data set.
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ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:29
This ability to transform data into sound
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืฉืžืข
07:32
gives astronomy a tremendous power of transformation.
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ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื™ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” (ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื).
07:36
And the fact that a field that is so visual may be improved
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืชื—ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ
07:40
in order to include anyone with interest in understanding what lies in the heavens
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ื
07:45
is a spirit-lifter.
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ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืžืื“.
07:47
When I lost my sight,
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ื›ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”,
07:49
I noticed that I didn't have access
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ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช
07:51
to the same amount and quality of information
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ืœืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข
07:54
a sighted astronomer had.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
07:56
It was not until we innovated with the sonification process
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ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื’ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื•ื ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”,
07:59
that I regained the hope to be a productive member of the field
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ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื
08:03
that I had worked so hard to be part of.
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•.
08:07
Yet, information access is not the only area in astronomy
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”
08:11
where this is important.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
08:14
The situation is systemic
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ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ืช
08:17
and scientific fields are not keeping up.
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ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘.
08:20
The body is something changeable --
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจ-ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ --
08:23
anyone may develop a disability at any point.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช.
08:26
Let's think about, for example,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
08:29
scientists that are already at the top of their careers.
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ืขืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคืกื’ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื.
08:31
What happens to them if they develop a disability?
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื”ื ืื ื”ื ื™ืคืชื—ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช?
08:34
Will they feel excommunicated as I did?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืžื ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™?
08:37
Information access empowers us to flourish.
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ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
08:41
It gives us equal opportunities to display our talents
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:45
and choose what we want to do with our lives,
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
08:48
based on interest and not based on potential barriers.
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ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ - ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื.
08:52
When we give people the opportunity to succeed without limits,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
08:56
that will lead to personal fulfillment and prospering life.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื.
09:01
And I think that the use of sound in astronomy
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืข ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”
09:03
is helping us to achieve that and to contribute to science.
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ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื•ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืžื“ืข.
09:08
While other countries told me that the study of perception techniques
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื—ืงืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกื”
09:12
in order to study astronomy data is not relevant to astronomy
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™, ืื™ื ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”
09:16
because there are no blind astronomers in the field,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื.
09:19
South Africa said, "We want people with disabilities
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ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืืžืจื”: ืดืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
09:22
to contribute to the field."
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจืžื• ืœืชื—ื•ืืด.
09:24
Right now, I'm working
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช
09:26
at the South African Astronomical Observatory,
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ื‘ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
09:29
at the Office of Astronomy for Development.
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ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—.
09:32
There, we are working on sonification techniques and analysis methods
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ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืกื•ื ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื“ืข
09:37
to impact the students of the Athlone School for the Blind.
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ืฉื™ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ืขื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ืืชืœื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื.
09:41
These students will be learning radio astronomy,
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื•,
09:44
and they will be learning the sonification methods
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”
09:47
in order to study astronomical events like huge ejections of energy
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ,
09:51
from the sun, known as coronal mass ejections.
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” (ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืžืืกื” ืžืขื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ)
09:55
What we learn with these students --
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ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืขื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
09:56
these students have multiple disabilities and coping strategies
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ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
10:00
that will be accommodated --
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ืฉื™ื•ืชืืžื• --
10:02
what we learn with these students will directly impact
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ืžื” ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืขื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
10:05
the way things are being done at the professional level.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.
10:08
I humbly call this development.
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ืื ื™ ืžืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
10:10
And this is happening right now.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
10:14
I think that science is for everyone.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืžื“ืข ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
10:18
It belongs to the people,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
10:19
and it has to be available to everyone,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื,
10:22
because we are all natural explorers.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
10:24
I think that if we limit people with disabilities
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื ืžื ืข ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช
10:30
from participating in science,
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ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื“ืข,
10:32
we'll sever our links with history and with society.
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ื ื ืชืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
10:35
I dream of a level scientific playing field,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
10:39
where people encourage respect and respect each other,
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ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”,
10:44
where people exchange strategies and discover together.
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ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืจืฉืžื™ื ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
10:47
If people with disabilities are allowed into the scientific field,
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื“ืข,
10:52
an explosion, a huge titanic burst of knowledge will take place,
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ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข,
10:56
I am sure.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
11:01
(Digital beeping sounds)
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(ืฆืœืฆื•ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื)
11:03
That is the titanic burst.
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
11:06
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:07
Thank you.
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11:08
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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