How a blind astronomer found a way to hear the stars | Wanda Diaz Merced

81,638 views ・ 2016-07-13

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Once there was a star.
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Like everything else, she was born;
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grew to be around 30 times the mass of our sun
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and lived for a very long time.
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Exactly how long,
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people cannot really tell.
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Just like everything in life,
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she reached the end of her regular star days
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when her heart, the core of her life,
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exhausted its fuel.
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But that was no end.
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She transformed into a supernova, and in the process
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releasing a tremendous amount of energy,
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outshining the rest of the galaxy
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and emitting, in one second,
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the same amount of energy our sun will release in 10 days.
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And she evolved into another role in our galaxy.
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Supernova explosions are very extreme.
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But the ones that emit gamma rays are even more extreme.
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In the process of becoming a supernova,
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the interior of the star collapses under its own weight
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and it starts rotating ever faster,
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like an ice skater when pulling their arms in close to their body.
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In that way, it starts rotating very fast and it increases, powerfully,
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its magnetic field.
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The matter around the star is dragged around,
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and some energy from that rotation is transferred to that matter
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and the magnetic field is increased even further.
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In that way, our star had extra energy to outshine the rest of the galaxy
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in brightness and gamma ray emission.
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My star, the one in my story,
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became what is known as a magnetar.
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And just for your information,
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the magnetic field of a magnetar is 1,000 trillion times
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the magnetic field of Earth.
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The most energetic events ever measured by astronomers
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carry the name gamma-ray bursts
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because we observe them as bursts most or explosions,
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most strongly measured as gamma-ray light.
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Our star, like the one in our story that became a magnetar,
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is detected as a gamma-ray burst
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during the most energetic portion of the explosion.
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Yet, even though gamma-ray bursts are the strongest events
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ever measured by astronomers,
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we cannot see them with our naked eye.
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We depend, we rely on other methods
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in order to study this gamma-ray light.
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We cannot see them with our naked eye.
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We can only see an itty bitty, tiny portion
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of the electromagnetic spectrum that we call visible light.
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And beyond that, we rely on other methods.
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Yet as astronomers, we study a wider range of light
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and we depend on other methods to do that.
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On the screen, it may look like this.
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You're seeing a plot.
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That is a light curve.
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It's a plot of intensity of light over time.
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It is a gamma-ray light curve.
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Sighted astronomers depend on this kind of plot
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in order to interpret how this light intensity changes over time.
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On the left, you will be seeing the light intensity without a burst,
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and on the right, you will be seeing the light intensity with the burst.
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Early during my career, I could also see this kind of plot.
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But then, I lost my sight.
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I completely lost my sight because of extended illness,
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and with it, I lost the opportunity to see this plot
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and the opportunity to do my physics.
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It was a very strong transition for me in many ways.
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And professionally, it left me without a way to do my science.
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I longed to access and scrutinize this energetic light
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and figure out the astrophysical cause.
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I wanted to experience the spacious wonder, the excitement,
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the joy produced by the detection of such a titanic celestial event.
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I thought long and hard about it,
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when I suddenly realized that all a light curve is,
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is a table of numbers converted into a visual plot.
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So along with my collaborators,
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we worked really hard and we translated the numbers into sound.
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I achieved access to the data,
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and today I'm able to do physics at the level of the best astronomer,
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using sound.
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And what people have been able to do,
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mainly visually,
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for hundreds of years,
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now I do it using sound.
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(Applause)
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Listening to this gamma-ray burst
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that you're seeing on the -- (Applause continues)
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Thank you.
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Listening to this burst that you're seeing on the screen
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brought something to the ear beyond the obvious burst.
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Now I'm going to play the burst for you.
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It's not music, it's sound.
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(Digital beeping sounds)
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This is scientific data converted into sound,
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and it's mapped in pitch.
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The process is called sonification.
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So listening to this brought something to the ear
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besides the obvious burst.
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When I examine the very strong low-frequency regions,
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or bass line -- I'm zooming into the bass line now.
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We noted resonances characteristic of electrically charged gasses
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like the solar wind.
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And I want you to hear what I heard.
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You will hear it as a very fast decrease in volume.
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And because you're sighted, I'm giving you a red line
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indicating what intensity of light is being converted into sound.
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(Digital hum and whistling sound)
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The (Whistles) is frogs at home, don't pay attention to that.
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(Laughter)
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(Digital hum and whistling sound)
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I think you heard it, right?
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So what we found
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is that the bursts last long enough in order to support wave resonances,
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which are things caused by exchanges of energy between particles
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that may have been excited,
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that depend on the volume.
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You may remember that I said that the matter around the star
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is dragged around?
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It transmits power with frequency and field distribution
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determined by the dimensions.
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You may remember that we were talking about a super-massive star
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that became a very strong magnetic field magnetar.
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If this is the case, then outflows from the exploding star
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may be associated with this gamma-ray burst.
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What does that mean?
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That star formation may be a very important part
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of these supernova explosions.
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Listening to this very gamma-ray burst brought us to the notion
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that the use of sound as an adjunctive visual display
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may also support sighted astronomers
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in the search for more information in the data.
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Simultaneously, I worked on analyzing measurements from other telescopes,
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and my experiments demonstrated
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that when you use sound as an adjunctive visual display,
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astronomers can find more information
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in this now more accessible data set.
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This ability to transform data into sound
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gives astronomy a tremendous power of transformation.
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And the fact that a field that is so visual may be improved
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in order to include anyone with interest in understanding what lies in the heavens
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is a spirit-lifter.
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When I lost my sight,
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I noticed that I didn't have access
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to the same amount and quality of information
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a sighted astronomer had.
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It was not until we innovated with the sonification process
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that I regained the hope to be a productive member of the field
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that I had worked so hard to be part of.
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Yet, information access is not the only area in astronomy
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where this is important.
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The situation is systemic
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and scientific fields are not keeping up.
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The body is something changeable --
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anyone may develop a disability at any point.
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Let's think about, for example,
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scientists that are already at the top of their careers.
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What happens to them if they develop a disability?
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Will they feel excommunicated as I did?
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Information access empowers us to flourish.
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It gives us equal opportunities to display our talents
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and choose what we want to do with our lives,
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based on interest and not based on potential barriers.
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When we give people the opportunity to succeed without limits,
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that will lead to personal fulfillment and prospering life.
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And I think that the use of sound in astronomy
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is helping us to achieve that and to contribute to science.
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While other countries told me that the study of perception techniques
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in order to study astronomy data is not relevant to astronomy
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because there are no blind astronomers in the field,
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South Africa said, "We want people with disabilities
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to contribute to the field."
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Right now, I'm working
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at the South African Astronomical Observatory,
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at the Office of Astronomy for Development.
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There, we are working on sonification techniques and analysis methods
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to impact the students of the Athlone School for the Blind.
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These students will be learning radio astronomy,
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and they will be learning the sonification methods
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in order to study astronomical events like huge ejections of energy
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from the sun, known as coronal mass ejections.
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What we learn with these students --
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these students have multiple disabilities and coping strategies
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that will be accommodated --
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what we learn with these students will directly impact
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the way things are being done at the professional level.
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I humbly call this development.
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And this is happening right now.
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I think that science is for everyone.
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It belongs to the people,
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and it has to be available to everyone,
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because we are all natural explorers.
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I think that if we limit people with disabilities
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from participating in science,
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we'll sever our links with history and with society.
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I dream of a level scientific playing field,
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where people encourage respect and respect each other,
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where people exchange strategies and discover together.
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If people with disabilities are allowed into the scientific field,
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an explosion, a huge titanic burst of knowledge will take place,
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I am sure.
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(Digital beeping sounds)
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That is the titanic burst.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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