How a blind astronomer found a way to hear the stars | Wanda Diaz Merced
81,638 views ・ 2016-07-13
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譯者: Helen Chang
審譯者: Elva Wang
00:13
Once there was a star.
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從前,有顆星星。
00:16
Like everything else, she was born;
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和其他的事物一樣,她誕生了;
00:18
grew to be around 30 times
the mass of our sun
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長到體積約為太陽的三十倍,
00:22
and lived for a very long time.
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並且存活了很長一段時間。
00:25
Exactly how long,
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究竟有多長,
00:26
people cannot really tell.
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沒有人能確切地講。
00:29
Just like everything in life,
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就像生活中的每一樣東西,
00:30
she reached the end
of her regular star days
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她走到了生命的盡頭,
00:34
when her heart, the core of her life,
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她的心臟,生命的核心,
00:37
exhausted its fuel.
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耗盡了燃料。
00:38
But that was no end.
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但,這不是終點。
00:40
She transformed into a supernova,
and in the process
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她變成了「超新星」,並在此過程中,
釋放出巨大的能量,
00:43
releasing a tremendous amount of energy,
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00:46
outshining the rest of the galaxy
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她的光芒掩蓋了銀河其他的一切,
00:49
and emitting, in one second,
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她在一秒鐘內所射出的能量,
00:51
the same amount of energy
our sun will release in 10 days.
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相當於我們的太陽在十天內釋放的能量。
00:55
And she evolved
into another role in our galaxy.
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她進化為銀河系的另一角色。
00:59
Supernova explosions are very extreme.
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超新星的爆炸非常的激烈極端
01:02
But the ones that emit gamma rays
are even more extreme.
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那些射出伽瑪射線更是極端。
01:07
In the process of becoming a supernova,
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在成為超新星的過程中,
01:09
the interior of the star collapses
under its own weight
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恆星的內部因自身的重量而坍塌,
01:13
and it starts rotating ever faster,
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並且越轉越快,
01:16
like an ice skater when pulling
their arms in close to their body.
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就像溜冰者把手臂拉近身體那樣。
01:20
In that way, it starts rotating very fast
and it increases, powerfully,
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這樣,飛快的轉速有力的增加了
磁場的力道。
01:25
its magnetic field.
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01:27
The matter around the star
is dragged around,
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這顆星牽引著圍繞著她的物質,
01:30
and some energy from that rotation
is transferred to that matter
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把一些旋轉動能轉移至該物質,
01:33
and the magnetic field
is increased even further.
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更進一步擴大了磁場。
01:37
In that way, our star had extra energy
to outshine the rest of the galaxy
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如此一來,這顆星有了額外的能量,
使她比銀河的其他星星
更亮並射出更多的伽瑪射線。
01:43
in brightness and gamma ray emission.
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01:46
My star, the one in my story,
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我故事裡的這顆星
01:48
became what is known as a magnetar.
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成為所謂的「磁星」。
01:51
And just for your information,
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提供資料讓你參考,
01:53
the magnetic field of a magnetar
is 1,000 trillion times
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磁星的磁場是地球磁場的一千兆倍。
01:56
the magnetic field of Earth.
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01:59
The most energetic events
ever measured by astronomers
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天文學家測量到最具有活力的事件
02:02
carry the name gamma-ray bursts
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被稱為「伽馬射線暴」,
02:04
because we observe them
as bursts most or explosions,
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因我們觀察到它們的迸裂或爆炸時
02:08
most strongly measured as gamma-ray light.
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被測量到的伽瑪射線最強。
02:11
Our star, like the one in our story
that became a magnetar,
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我們故事中成為磁星的那顆星,
02:16
is detected as a gamma-ray burst
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被偵測到猛力爆炸時的伽瑪射線暴。
02:18
during the most energetic
portion of the explosion.
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02:22
Yet, even though gamma-ray bursts
are the strongest events
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然而,即使天文學家偵測到
最強力道的伽馬射線暴
02:27
ever measured by astronomers,
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02:29
we cannot see them with our naked eye.
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我們卻無法用肉眼看得見。
02:32
We depend, we rely on other methods
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我們倚賴其他的方法
02:34
in order to study this gamma-ray light.
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來研究伽瑪射線。
02:37
We cannot see them with our naked eye.
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我們無法以肉眼看見伽瑪射線。
02:39
We can only see
an itty bitty, tiny portion
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人眼只能看到小片斷
02:42
of the electromagnetic spectrum
that we call visible light.
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些微的電磁波譜,稱為「可見光」。
02:46
And beyond that, we rely on other methods.
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得依靠其他的方法
來觀察可見光以外的光。
02:48
Yet as astronomers,
we study a wider range of light
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身為天文學家,我們研究
比可見光範圍更廣的光,
02:53
and we depend on other methods to do that.
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我們倚賴其他的方法才辦得到。
02:56
On the screen, it may look like this.
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在螢幕上,看起來像這樣。
02:59
You're seeing a plot.
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你看到的圖
03:01
That is a light curve.
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是個光的曲線圖,
03:03
It's a plot of intensity
of light over time.
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光隨著時間推移所對應的強度圖,
03:07
It is a gamma-ray light curve.
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伽瑪射線的曲線圖。
03:10
Sighted astronomers
depend on this kind of plot
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明眼的天文學家倚賴這類的圖
03:13
in order to interpret how
this light intensity changes over time.
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來判讀隨時間變化的光強度。
03:18
On the left, you will be seeing
the light intensity without a burst,
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在左邊,你看到是未迸裂的光強度,
03:24
and on the right, you will be seeing
the light intensity with the burst.
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在右邊,你看到是迸裂的光強度。
03:30
Early during my career,
I could also see this kind of plot.
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在早期的職業生涯中,我也可以目視這樣的圖。
03:34
But then, I lost my sight.
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但後來,我失去了視力。
03:37
I completely lost my sight
because of extended illness,
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由於長期的疾病,我完全失明,
03:40
and with it, I lost
the opportunity to see this plot
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自此,無法再看這樣的圖,
03:45
and the opportunity to do my physics.
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也無法再研究物理學。
對我而言,許多方面是個巨變。
03:49
It was a very strong transition
for me in many ways.
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03:53
And professionally, it left me
without a way to do my science.
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專業上,我無法再從事科學研究。
03:57
I longed to access and scrutinize
this energetic light
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我渴望靠近、檢視這能量的光,
04:02
and figure out the astrophysical cause.
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並弄清楚其背後天體物理學的原因。
04:04
I wanted to experience
the spacious wonder, the excitement,
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我想體驗太空的奇蹟、激動,
04:08
the joy produced by the detection
of such a titanic celestial event.
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以及因偵測到超大天體事件
而產生的喜悅。
04:13
I thought long and hard about it,
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我深思、長考,
04:16
when I suddenly realized
that all a light curve is,
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突然意識到所有的光曲線
04:20
is a table of numbers
converted into a visual plot.
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都是由表列的數字轉換成可視的圖形。
04:24
So along with my collaborators,
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所以,我與合作的夥伴
04:26
we worked really hard and we translated
the numbers into sound.
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一同努力把數字轉換成聲音。
04:31
I achieved access to the data,
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我再度能接觸到數據,
04:33
and today I'm able to do physics
at the level of the best astronomer,
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如今能達到最佳天文學家的物理水平,
04:38
using sound.
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憑藉的是聲音。
04:40
And what people have been able to do,
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幾百年來,人們主要靠視覺做的事,
04:42
mainly visually,
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04:43
for hundreds of years,
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04:45
now I do it using sound.
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現在我用聲音也做得到。
04:47
(Applause)
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04:48
Listening to this gamma-ray burst
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聽到你們用眼睛看的伽瑪射線暴 -
04:50
that you're seeing on the --
(Applause continues)
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(掌聲)
謝謝。
04:53
Thank you.
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我聽著你們在螢幕上看的射線暴,
04:54
Listening to this burst
that you're seeing on the screen
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帶給我耳朵,遠超出明顯的射線暴。
04:56
brought something to the ear
beyond the obvious burst.
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04:59
Now I'm going to play the burst for you.
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現在我播放射線暴給你們聽。
05:01
It's not music, it's sound.
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不是音樂,是聲音。
05:05
(Digital beeping sounds)
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(數位叮咚聲)
05:08
This is scientific data
converted into sound,
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是把科學數據轉換聲音,
05:11
and it's mapped in pitch.
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投射為音調。
05:13
The process is called sonification.
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這個過程被稱為「音波處理」。
(數位叮咚聲)
05:18
So listening to this
brought something to the ear
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聽這聲音,帶給耳朵的,超出明顯的射線暴。
05:21
besides the obvious burst.
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05:22
When I examine the very strong
low-frequency regions,
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當我細察有強烈訊號的低頻區,
05:27
or bass line -- I'm zooming
into the bass line now.
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或低音區,
我正聚焦於低音區,
05:33
We noted resonances characteristic
of electrically charged gasses
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我們注意到帶電氣體的共振特徵
05:39
like the solar wind.
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像是太陽風。
05:40
And I want you to hear what I heard.
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我要你們聽我所聽到的。
05:43
You will hear it as a very fast
decrease in volume.
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你們會聽到音量快速的降低。
05:47
And because you're sighted,
I'm giving you a red line
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因為你們明眼人不習慣,我在這畫了條紅線
05:49
indicating what intensity of light
is being converted into sound.
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指示何種光的亮度被轉換成聲音。
05:55
(Digital hum and whistling sound)
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(數位嗡嗡聲和呼嘯聲)
05:58
The (Whistles) is frogs at home,
don't pay attention to that.
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哨聲是青蛙聲,別管它。
06:01
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
06:03
(Digital hum and whistling sound)
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(數位嗡嗡聲和呼嘯聲)
06:08
I think you heard it, right?
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你們聽到了,對吧?
06:11
So what we found
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我們發現的是
06:12
is that the bursts last long enough
in order to support wave resonances,
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一長串足以支撐共振波的脈衝,
06:17
which are things caused by exchanges
of energy between particles
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由粒子間交換能量所產生,
06:21
that may have been excited,
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依體積大小所激發的。
06:23
that depend on the volume.
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06:25
You may remember that I said
that the matter around the star
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還記得我先前所說的,恆星牽引著圍繞的物質?
06:28
is dragged around?
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06:29
It transmits power with frequency
and field distribution
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它以由維數決定的音頻和音域來傳輸能量。
06:33
determined by the dimensions.
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06:36
You may remember that we were talking
about a super-massive star
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你們可能還記得,我們剛剛談論的超質量恆星,
06:40
that became a very strong
magnetic field magnetar.
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成為磁場非常強大的磁星。
06:44
If this is the case, then outflows
from the exploding star
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倘若是這種情況,
恆星爆炸可能與向外射出的伽瑪射線暴相關。
06:48
may be associated
with this gamma-ray burst.
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06:51
What does that mean?
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這意味著什麼?
06:52
That star formation
may be a very important part
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恆星的形成可能是超新星爆炸重要的一部分。
06:55
of these supernova explosions.
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06:58
Listening to this very gamma-ray burst
brought us to the notion
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聆聽伽瑪射線暴帶給我們這觀念:
07:02
that the use of sound
as an adjunctive visual display
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用聲音輔助視覺
07:05
may also support sighted astronomers
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也可以幫助明眼的天文學家
07:07
in the search for more
information in the data.
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從數據中找出更多的資訊。
07:10
Simultaneously, I worked on analyzing
measurements from other telescopes,
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同時,我分析其他望遠鏡的量測數據,
07:15
and my experiments demonstrated
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證明了
07:18
that when you use sound
as an adjunctive visual display,
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用聲音輔助視覺,
07:22
astronomers can find more information
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可讓天文學家更容易取得數據、找到更多的資訊。
07:25
in this now more accessible data set.
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07:29
This ability to transform data into sound
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使用轉換數據為聲音的方法,
07:32
gives astronomy a tremendous
power of transformation.
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提供天文學巨大的轉型動力。
07:36
And the fact that a field
that is so visual may be improved
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事實上,改善這個顯而易見的領域
07:40
in order to include anyone with interest
in understanding what lies in the heavens
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可振奮任何有興趣探索、瞭解太空的人。
07:45
is a spirit-lifter.
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07:47
When I lost my sight,
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失明之後,我意會到無法獲得
07:49
I noticed that I didn't have access
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07:51
to the same amount
and quality of information
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與明眼的天文學家同樣多質量的資訊。
07:54
a sighted astronomer had.
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07:56
It was not until we innovated
with the sonification process
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直到我們創新使用音波處理,
07:59
that I regained the hope
to be a productive member of the field
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我恢復再度貢獻於此領域的希望,
08:03
that I had worked so hard to be part of.
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我曾是其中辛苦耕耘的一份子。
08:07
Yet, information access
is not the only area in astronomy
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然而,天文學並非資訊取得
至關重要的唯一領域。
08:11
where this is important.
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08:14
The situation is systemic
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這種情況是系統性的,
08:17
and scientific fields are not keeping up.
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科學領域尚未跟上。
08:20
The body is something changeable --
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人的身體多變,
08:23
anyone may develop
a disability at any point.
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任何人都可能於某個時間、於某方面殘疾。
08:26
Let's think about, for example,
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例如,想想看,
08:29
scientists that are already
at the top of their careers.
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在職業生涯最高點的科學家
08:31
What happens to them
if they develop a disability?
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倘若發生了殘疾會怎樣?
08:34
Will they feel excommunicated as I did?
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他們會和我一樣覺得被排除在外嗎?
08:37
Information access
empowers us to flourish.
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得以接觸資訊使我們能蓬勃發展,
08:41
It gives us equal opportunities
to display our talents
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給我們一展長才的均等機會,
08:45
and choose what we want
to do with our lives,
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讓我們得以選擇想要的生活,
08:48
based on interest and not based
on potential barriers.
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依循興趣,而不受限於潛在的障礙。
08:52
When we give people the opportunity
to succeed without limits,
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當人們被賦予不受限制的成功機會,
08:56
that will lead to personal fulfillment
and prospering life.
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將使個人實現價值,繁榮地生活。
09:01
And I think that the use
of sound in astronomy
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我認為在天文學領域使用聲音
09:03
is helping us to achieve that
and to contribute to science.
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正在幫助我們實現這一目標並促進科學。
09:08
While other countries told me
that the study of perception techniques
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其他國家告訴我,
感知技術的研究已被用在非天文學的領域中,
09:12
in order to study astronomy data
is not relevant to astronomy
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09:16
because there are no blind
astronomers in the field,
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因他們沒有眼盲的天文學家。
09:19
South Africa said, "We want
people with disabilities
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南非表示,「我們希望殘疾人貢獻於天文學領域。」
09:22
to contribute to the field."
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09:24
Right now, I'm working
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現在,我在南非天文台的天文學促進發展辦公室工作。
09:26
at the South African
Astronomical Observatory,
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09:29
at the Office of Astronomy
for Development.
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09:32
There, we are working on sonification
techniques and analysis methods
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在那裡,我們正研究以音波處理技術和分析方法
09:37
to impact the students
of the Athlone School for the Blind.
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來影響阿斯隆盲人學校的學生。
09:41
These students will be learning
radio astronomy,
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這些學生將學習無線電天文學和音波處理法,
09:44
and they will be learning
the sonification methods
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09:47
in order to study astronomical events
like huge ejections of energy
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以研究噴出巨大能量的天文事件,
09:51
from the sun, known as
coronal mass ejections.
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像是太陽的「日冕質量拋射」。
09:55
What we learn with these students --
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我們與這些學生一起學習,
09:56
these students have multiple disabilities
and coping strategies
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這些有多重殘疾的學生,學習應對策略和適應。
10:00
that will be accommodated --
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10:02
what we learn with these students
will directly impact
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我們與這些學生一起
將會直接影響做事的專業水平。
10:05
the way things are being done
at the professional level.
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10:08
I humbly call this development.
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我謙恭地把這稱為進展,
10:10
And this is happening right now.
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而這進展此刻正在進行中。
10:14
I think that science is for everyone.
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我認為,科學屬於每個人。
10:18
It belongs to the people,
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它屬於人們,
10:19
and it has to be available to everyone,
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必須是人人可及,
10:22
because we are all natural explorers.
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因為我們每個人天生都是探險家。
10:24
I think that if we limit people
with disabilities
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我認為
如果我們限制殘疾人參與科學,
10:30
from participating in science,
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10:32
we'll sever our links with history
and with society.
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將會斷絕歷史與社會的鏈接。
10:35
I dream of a level
scientific playing field,
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我夢想一個公平的科學競爭環境,
10:39
where people encourage respect
and respect each other,
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那裡的人們互相鼓勵,互相尊重,
10:44
where people exchange strategies
and discover together.
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交流策略,共同探索。
10:47
If people with disabilities
are allowed into the scientific field,
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如果殘疾人能被允許進入科學領域,
10:52
an explosion, a huge titanic burst
of knowledge will take place,
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一個巨大無比的知識爆炸將會發生,
10:56
I am sure.
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我確定。
11:01
(Digital beeping sounds)
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(數位叮咚聲)
11:03
That is the titanic burst.
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這是巨大無比的爆炸。
11:06
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:07
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:08
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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