Inside the world's deepest caves | Bill Stone

82,852 views ใƒป 2007-06-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Danny Dankner ืžื‘ืงืจ: eviatar edlerman
00:26
First place I'd like to take you
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื
00:27
is what many believe will be the world's deepest natural abyss.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืชื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:31
And I say believe because this process is still ongoing.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ "ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื" ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื•.
00:34
Right now there are major expeditions being planned for next year
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”
00:38
that I'll talk a little bit about.
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ืื•ืชืŸ ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืงืฆืจื”.
00:40
One of the things that's changed here,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื• ื›ืืŸ,
00:42
in the last 150 years since Jules Verne
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ื‘ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื– ืฉืœื–'ื•ืœ ื•ื•ืจืŸ
00:45
had great science-fiction concepts of what the underworld was like,
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ื”ื™ื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœืžื˜ื”,
00:48
is that technology has enabled us to go to these places
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
00:52
that were previously completely unknown and speculated about.
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ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืœื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:56
We can now descend thousands of meters into the Earth with relative impunity.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื”.
01:01
Along the way we've discovered fantastic abysses and chambers so large
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืœืœื™ื ื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
01:07
that you can see for hundreds of meters
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื
01:09
without a break in the line of sight.
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ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืงื• ื”ืจืื™ื”.
01:12
When you go on a thing like this, we can usually be in the field
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—
01:14
for anywhere from two to four months,
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ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:16
with a team as small as 20 or 30, to as big as 150.
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ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืื• 30 ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื›-150.
01:21
And a lot of people ask me, you know,
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
01:25
what kind of people do you get for a project like this?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื›ื–ื”?
01:27
While our selection process
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืืžื ื
01:30
is not as rigorous as NASA, it's nonetheless thorough.
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ืื™ื ื• ืงืคื“ื ื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ืืก"ื, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™.
01:33
We're looking for competence, discipline, endurance, and strength.
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ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉืžืขืช, ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื›ื•ื—.
01:38
In case you're wondering, this is our strength test.
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ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืชื”ื™ืชื, ื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
01:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:42
But we also value esprit de corps
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืจื•ื— ืฆื•ื•ืช
01:46
and the ability to diplomatically resolve inter-personal conflict
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ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™
01:50
while under great stress in remote locations.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื.
01:54
We have already gone far beyond the limits of human endurance.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื™ื ื• ืžื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:58
From the entrance, this is nothing like a commercial cave.
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ืœืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช.
02:02
You're looking at Camp Two in a place called J2, not K2, but J2.
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ืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘"ืžื—ื ื” 2" ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื "ื’'ื™ื™ 2", ืœื "ืงื™ื™ 2" ืืœื "ื’'ื™ื™ 2".
02:06
We're roughly two days from the entrance at that point.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:10
And it's kind of like a high altitude mountaineering trip in reverse,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืกืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘, ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ื•ืคืš,
02:14
except that you're now running a string of these things down.
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ืืœื ืฉื›ืืŸ ืืชื” ืžื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื”.
02:16
The idea is to try to provide some measure of physical comfort
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืกืคืง ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
02:20
while you're down there, otherwise in damp, moist, cold conditions in utterly dark places.
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ื›ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”, ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื—ื‘, ืœื—ื•ืช, ืงื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืš ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
02:26
I should mention that everything you're seeing here, by the way,
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ืื’ื‘, ืขืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
02:29
is artificially illuminated at great effort.
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ืžื•ืืจ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™, ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘.
02:32
Otherwise it is completely dark in these places.
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ืฉื›ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
02:34
The deeper you go, the more you run into a conflict with water.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืžืชืขืžืชื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืžื™ื.
02:39
It's basically like a tree collecting water coming down.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืขืฅ ืฉืื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”.
02:43
And eventually you get to places where it is formidable and dangerous
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ ืื™ืžื” ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื
02:47
and unfortunately slides just don't do justice.
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
02:50
So I've got a very brief clip here that was taken in the late 1980s.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืงื˜ืข ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืฆืจืฆืจ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื.
02:55
So descend into Huautla Plateau in Mexico.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื•ืืœื” ืคืœืื˜ื• ื‘ืžื›ืกื™ืงื•.
02:58
(Video)
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•)
03:02
Now I have to tell you that the techniques being shown here
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ืขืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
03:05
are obsolete and dangerous.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช.
03:07
We would not do this today unless we were doing it for film.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืœืžืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืœื ืกืจื˜.
03:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:15
Along that same line, I have to tell you
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืจื•ื—, ืขืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
03:17
that with the spate of Hollywood movies that came out last year,
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ืฉืขื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืืœ ื”ืืงืจื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
03:20
we have never seen monsters underground --
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข -
03:24
at least the kind that eat you.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืš.
03:26
If there is a monster underground,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืคืœืฆืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
03:30
it is the crushing psychological remoteness
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ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ืง
03:33
that begins to hit every member of the team
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ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช
03:35
once you cross about three days inbound from the nearest entrance.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื– ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”
03:40
Next year I'll be leading an international team to J2.
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืืœ ืืชืจ ื’'ื™ื™ 2.
03:44
We're going to be shooting from minus 2,600 meters --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ืก 2,600 ืžื˜ืจื™ื -
03:46
that's a little over 8,600 feet down --
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ืฉื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 8,600 ืจื’ืœ -
03:49
at 30 kilometers from the entrance.
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ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 30 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”.
03:51
The lead crews will be underground for pushing 30 days straight.
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืžืืžืฅ ืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืžืฉืš 30 ื™ื•ื.
03:55
I don't think there's been a mission like that in a long time.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
03:58
Eventually, if you keep going down in these things,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ืืชื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
04:00
probability says that you're going to run into a place like this.
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ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
04:03
It's a place where there's a fold in the geologic stratum
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืงืคืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
04:07
that collects water and fills to the roof.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืกืคื™ื ืžื™ื ื”ืžืžืœืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืœืžืขืœื”.
04:09
And when you used to find these things,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:12
they would put a label on a map that said terminal siphon.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™.
04:15
Now I remember that term really well for two reasons.
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื.
04:17
Number one, it's the name of my rock band, and second,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื–ื”ื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง ืฉืœื™, ื•ืฉื ื™ืช,
04:20
is because the confrontation of these things
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ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
04:23
forced me to become an inventor.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืžืฆื™ื.
04:25
And we've since gone on to develop
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ื•ืžืื– ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื
04:28
many generations of gadgets for exploring places like this.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื”.
04:31
This is some life-support equipment closed-cycle.
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ื”ื ื” ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืชื•ืžืš-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ.
04:34
And you can use that now to go for many kilometers horizontally
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
04:37
underwater and to depths of 200 meters straight down underwater.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 200 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
04:41
When you do this kind of stuff it's like doing EVA.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื—"ืจ,
04:44
It's like doing extra-vehicular activity in space,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช-ื—ื•ืฅ-ืจื›ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
04:47
but at much greater distances, and at much greater physical peril.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:51
So it makes you think about how to design your equipment
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœืš
04:53
for long range, away from a safe haven.
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ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืงื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื.
04:56
Here's a clip from a National Geographic movie
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ื”ื ื” ืงื˜ืข ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืžืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง
04:58
that came out in 1999.
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ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999.
05:00
(Video) Narrator: Exploration is a physical process
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ื–ื™
05:02
of putting your foot in places where humans have never stepped before.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืจื’ืœ ืื“ื ืœื ื“ืจื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
05:06
This is where the last little nugget of totally unknown territory remains on this planet.
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ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
05:11
To experience it is a privilege.
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ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช.
05:18
Bill Stone: That was taken in Wakulla Springs, Florida.
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ื‘ื™ืœ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ: ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ืืงื•ืœื”, ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
05:22
Couple of things to note about that movie. Every piece of equipment
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื”: ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื“
05:26
that you saw in there did not exist before 1999.
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ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืฉื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืช 1999.
05:28
It was developed within a two-year period and used on actual exploratory projects.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
05:33
This gadget you see right here was called the digital wall mapper,
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ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื ืงืจื ืžืžืคื” ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ -
05:36
and it produced the first three-dimensional map anybody has ever done
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ื”ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื”
05:40
of a cave, and it happened to be underwater in Wakulla Springs.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ืืงื•ืœื”.
05:43
It was that gadget that serendipitously opened a door
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชืงืŸ ืฉืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช
05:47
to another unexplored world.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื™ื“ื•ืข.
05:48
This is Europa.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
05:52
Carolyn Porco mentioned another one called Enceladus the other day.
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ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืงื• ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก.
05:56
This is one of the places where planetary scientists
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
05:59
believe there is a highest probability of the detection
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ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ
06:01
of the first life off earth in the ocean that exists below there.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ - ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
06:05
For those who have never seen this story,
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ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:07
Jim Cameron produced a really wonderful IMAX movie
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ื’'ื™ื ืงืžืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืง ืกืจื˜ ืื™ื™ืžืงืก ื‘ืืžืช ื ืคืœื
06:10
couple of years ago, called "Aliens of the Deep."
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื "ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื".
06:12
There was a brief clip --
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืงื˜ืข ืงืฆืจ -
06:16
(Video) Narrator: A mission to explore under the ice of Europa
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจื— ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
06:18
would be the ultimate robotic challenge.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
06:24
Europa is so far away that even at the speed of light,
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ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
06:30
it would take more than an hour for the command just to reach the vehicle.
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ื™ืงื— ืœืคืงื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืขื” ืจืง ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘.
06:34
It has to be smart enough to avoid terrain hazards
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
06:37
and to find a good landing site on the ice.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืชืจ ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—.
06:49
Now we have to get through the ice.
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ืขืชื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจื—.
06:52
You need a melt probe.
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ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื’ืฉืฉืช ื”ืžืกื”.
06:54
It's basically a nuclear-heated torpedo.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
07:07
The ice could be anywhere from three to 16 miles deep.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื— ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 4.5 ืœ- 24 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
07:11
Week after week, the melt probe will sink of its own weight
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ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื’ืฉืฉืช ื”ื”ืžืกื” ืชืฉืงืข ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœื”
07:14
through the ancient ice, until finally --
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ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืงืจื— ื”ืขืชื™ืง, ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ...
07:23
Now, what are you going to do when you reach the surface of that ocean?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืชืขืฉื• ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื–ื”?
07:29
You need an AUV, an autonomous underwater vehicle.
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ืชื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœืจื"ืช: ืจื›ื‘ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™.
07:34
It needs to be one smart puppy, able to navigate
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ ื—ื›ื ืœืžื“ื™, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜
07:36
and make decisions on its own in an alien ocean.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื–ืจ.
07:41
BS: What Jim didn't know when he released that movie
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ื‘ื™ืœ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ: ืžื” ืฉื’'ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื”
07:43
was that six months earlier NASA had funded a team I assembled
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื ืืก"ื ืžื™ืžื ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ืชื™
07:48
to develop a prototype for the Europa AUV.
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ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืœืจื"ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
07:51
I mean, I cut through three years of engineering meetings, design
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืงืฆืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
07:56
and system integration, and introduced DEPTHX --
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ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืืช ื—ื•ืช"ืž -
07:59
Deep Phreatic Thermal Explorer.
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ื—ื•ืงืจ ืขื•ืžืง ืชืจืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™-ืชื”ื•ื.
08:01
And as the movie says, this is one smart puppy.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜, ื–ื”ื• ืื›ืŸ ื™ืœื“ ื—ื›ื.
08:04
It's got 96 sensors, 36 onboard computers,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• 96 ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื, 36 ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
08:09
100,000 lines of behavioral autonomy code,
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100,000 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช,
08:12
packs more than 10 kilos of TNT in electrical onboard equivalent.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจื” ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
08:17
This is the target site,
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ื–ื”ื• ืืชืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”,
08:19
the world's deepest hydrothermal spring at Cenote Zacaton in northern Mexico.
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ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื ื•ื˜ื” ื–ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื›ืกื™ืงื•.
08:24
It's been explored to a depth of 292 meters
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ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืงืจ ืขื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 292 ืžื˜ืจื™ื
08:27
and beyond that nobody knows anything.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื” ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื“ื‘ืจ.
08:30
This is part of DEPTHX's mission.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืช"ืž.
08:32
There are two primary targets we're doing here.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืืŸ.
08:34
One is, how do you do science autonomy underground?
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื - ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข?
08:36
How do you take a robot and turn it into a field microbiologist?
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ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื“ื”?
08:40
There are more stages involved here
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
08:42
than I've got time to tell you about, but basically we drive
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชื™ืจ ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื, ืืš ื‘ืขืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื
08:44
through the space, we populate it with environmental variables --
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื -
08:48
sulphide, halide, things like that.
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ืกื•ืœืคื™ื“, ื”ืœื™ื“, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื”.
08:50
We calculate gradient surfaces, and drive the bot over to a wall
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืขื™ื, ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืงื™ืจ
08:53
where there's a high probability of life.
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ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:55
We move along the wall, in what's called proximity operations,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจ, ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื‘ื”",
08:57
looking for changes in color.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข.
08:59
If we see something that looks interesting, we pull it into a microscope.
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ืื ืื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
09:02
If it passes the microscopic test, we go for a collection.
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ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืกืฃ.
09:06
We either draw in a liquid sample,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื,
09:08
or we can actually take a solid core from the wall.
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ื•ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืžื”ืงื™ืจ.
09:11
No hands at the wheel.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื”.
09:12
This is all behavioral autonomy here
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“
09:14
that's being conducted by the robot on its own.
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ืฉืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
09:17
The real hat trick for this vehicle, though,
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ืืš ื”ืคืขืœื•ืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
09:19
is a disruptive new navigation system we've developed,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื•,
09:22
known as 3D SLAM, for simultaneous localization and mapping.
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื 3D ืžืžื‘"ื– - ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™.
09:26
DEPTHX is an all-seeing eyeball.
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ื”ื—ื•ืช"ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
09:28
Its sensor beams look both forward and backward at the same time,
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ืกืจื™ืงืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
09:32
allowing it to do new exploration
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
09:35
while it's still achieving geometric sensor-lock
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ืขื™ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช
09:37
on what it's gone through already.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจ.
09:38
What I'm going to show you next
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื
09:41
is the first fully autonomous robotic exploration underground
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™
09:45
that's ever been done.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
10:36
This May, we're going to go from minus 1,000 meters in Zacaton,
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžืžื™ื ื•ืก 1,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
10:39
and if we're very lucky, DEPTHX will bring back the first
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ื•ืื ื™ืื™ืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื–ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืช"ื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขื™ืžื•
10:42
robotically-discovered division of bacteria.
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ืืช ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
10:45
The next step after that is to test it in Antartica and then,
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื ื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ืื–
10:48
if the funding continues and NASA has the resolution to go,
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื‘ื ืืก"ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื,
10:51
we could potentially launch by 2016, and by 2019
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ื ื•ื›ืœ, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•, ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2016, ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2019
10:55
we may have the first evidence of life off this planet.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:59
What then of manned space exploration?
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ื•ืื ื›ืš, ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ืงืจ ื—ืœืœ ืžืื•ื™ื™ืฉ?
11:04
The government recently announced plans to return to the moon by 2024.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืจื— ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2024.
11:08
The successful conclusion of that mission will result
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ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•
11:11
in infrequent visitation of the moon by a small number
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ื™ืกืชื›ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื
11:15
of government scientists and pilots.
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ.
11:17
It will leave us no further along in the general expansion
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงื“ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ
11:21
of humanity into space than we were 50 years ago.
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ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”.
11:24
Something fundamental has to change
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช,
11:26
if we are to see common access to space in our lifetime.
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ืื ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืœื—ืœืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•.
11:29
What I'm going to show you next are a couple of controversial ideas.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืขืชื” ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
11:33
And I hope you'll bear with me and have some faith
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื•
11:35
that there's credibility behind what we're going to say here.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ.
11:39
There are three underpinnings of working in space privately.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
11:46
One of them is the requirement
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื”
11:48
for economical earth-to-space transport.
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ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
11:51
The Bert Rutans and Richard Bransons of this world
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ืœื‘ืจื˜ ืจื•ืื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืœืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”
11:54
have got this in their sights and I salute them.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื“ื™ืข ืœื”ื.
11:56
Go, go, go.
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ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
11:58
The next thing we need are places to stay on orbit.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื• ื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
12:01
Orbital hotels to start with, but workshops for the rest of us later on.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื™ืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
12:04
The final missing piece, the real paradigm-buster, is this:
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ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืกืจื”, ืžื ืคืฅ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
12:10
a gas station on orbit.
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ืชื—ื ืช ื“ืœืง ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
12:13
It's not going to look like that.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืจืื” ื›ืš.
12:15
If it existed, it would change all future spacecraft design and space mission planning.
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ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ.
12:21
Now, to give you a chance to understand
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
12:24
why there is power in that statement,
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ืœืžื” ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืจื‘ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
12:27
I've got to give you the basics of Space 101.
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ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื—ืœืœ.
12:29
And the first thing is everything you do in space you pay by the kilogram.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื.
12:37
Anybody drink one of these here this week?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืชื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข?
12:40
You'd pay 10,000 dollars for that in orbit.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื 10,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
12:44
That's more than you pay for TED,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ TED,
12:46
if Google dropped their sponsorship.
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ืื™ืœื• ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืชืช ืืช ื—ืกื•ืชื”.
12:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:51
The second is more than 90 percent of the weight of a vehicle is in propellant.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 90% ืžืžืฉืงืœื• ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœืง.
12:56
Thus, every time you'd want to do anything in space,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
13:00
you are literally blowing away enormous sums of money
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ืืชื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ
13:04
every time you hit the accelerator.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœ ื“ื•ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืื•ืฆื”.
13:06
Not even the guys at Tesla can fight that physics.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื‘ื˜ืกืœื” ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•.
13:09
So, what if you could get your gas at a 10th the price?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ - ืžื” ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ?
13:15
There is a place where you can.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™.
13:18
In fact, you can get it better -- you can get it at 14 times lower
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ - 14 ืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:21
if you can find propellant on the moon.
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืœืง ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.
13:24
There is a little-known mission that was launched
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื’ืจื”
13:26
by the Pentagon, 13 years ago now, called Clementine.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 13 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืงืœืžื ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:30
And the most amazing thing that came out of that mission
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•
13:33
was a strong hydrogen signature at Shackleton crater
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืžื›ืชืฉ ืฉืงืœื˜ื•ืŸ
13:36
on the south pole of the moon.
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.
13:38
That signal was so strong,
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ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ื—ื–ืง,
13:40
it could only have been produced by 10 trillion tons of water
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืง ืจืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ 10 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื
13:44
buried in the sediment, collected over millions and billions of years
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืกื—ื•ืคืช, ืฉื ืืกืคื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื
13:48
by the impact of asteroids and comet material.
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื.
13:55
If we're going to get that, and make that gas station possible,
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ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”, ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื–ื• ืœืืคืฉืจื™ืช,
13:59
we have to figure out ways to move large volumes of payload through space.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื ืคื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœืœ.
14:02
We can't do that right now.
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ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
14:04
The way you normally build a system right now is you have a tube stack
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ
14:07
that has to be launched from the ground,
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
14:09
and resist all kinds of aerodynamic forces.
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
14:11
We have to beat that.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
14:13
We can do it because in space there are no aerodynamics.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื—ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”.
14:16
We can go and use inflatable systems for almost everything.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
14:20
This is an idea that, again, came out of Livermore back in 1989,
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989,
14:24
with Dr. Lowell Wood's group.
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ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“"ืจ ืœื•ื•ืœ ื•ื•ื“.
14:26
And we can extend that now to just about everything.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
14:30
Bob Bigelow currently has a test article in the orbit.
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ืœื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื’ืœื•ืื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืคืจื™ื˜ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
14:32
We can go much further.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš.
14:33
We can build space tugs, orbiting platforms for holding cryogens and water.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื—ืœืœ, ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื ืฉื™ืืช ืงืจื™ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื.
14:38
There's another thing.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:40
When you're coming back from the moon,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืจื—,
14:42
you have to deal with orbital mechanics.
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ืช.
14:44
It says you're moving 10,000 feet per second faster
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ืœืคื™ื” ืืชื ื ืขื™ื ื›- 3 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:46
than you really want to be to get back to your gas station.
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื—ื–ืจื• ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื›ื.
14:49
You got two choices.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช.
14:51
You can burn rocket fuel to get there, or you can do something really incredible.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื“ืœืง ืจืงื˜ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื, ืื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื™ื™ืืžืŸ.
14:55
You can dive into the stratosphere,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
14:57
and precisely dissipate that velocity, and come back out to the space station.
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ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื•ืื– ืœืฆืืช ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ.
15:01
It has never been done.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขื•ืœื.
15:02
It's risky and it's going to be one hell of a ride --
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ื–ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ --
15:06
better than Disney.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ืกื ื™.
15:08
The traditional approach to space exploration
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ
15:10
has been that you carry all the fuel you need
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืง ืœื• ืชื–ื“ืงืง
15:12
to get everybody back in case of an emergency.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื—ื™ืจื•ื.
15:14
If you try to do that for the moon,
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ืื ืชื ืกื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืจื—,
15:16
you're going to burn a billion dollars in fuel alone sending a crew out there.
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ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืจืง ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืฉื ืฆื•ื•ืช.
15:20
But if you send a mining team there,
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ืื•ืœื ืื ืชืฉืœื—ื• ืœืฉื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื”,
15:22
without the return propellant, first --
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ืœื—ื–ืจื” ืžืฉื -
15:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:29
Did any of you guys hear the story of Cortez?
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื˜ื–?
15:33
This is not like that. I'm much more like Scotty.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ. ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืกืงื•ื˜ื™.
15:35
I like this equipment, you know, and I really value it
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื•
15:38
so we're not going to burn the gear.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“.
15:40
But, if you were truly bold you could get it there, manufacture it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื, ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื•,
15:44
and it would be the most dramatic demonstration
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:46
that you could do something worthwhile off this planet
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•
15:48
that has ever been done.
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ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžืขื•ืœื.
15:50
There's a myth that you can't do anything in space
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืœืคื™ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืœ
15:53
for less than a trillion dollars and 20 years.
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”.
15:57
That's not true.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:58
In seven years, we could pull off
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื
16:00
an industrial mission to Shackleton and demonstrate
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ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœืฉืงืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื
16:02
that you could provide commercial reality out of this in low-earth orbit.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ืš.
16:07
We're living in one of the most exciting times in history.
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
16:10
We're at a magical confluence where private wealth
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืงืกื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™
16:12
and imagination are driving the demand for access to space.
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ืœืœ.
16:16
The orbital refueling stations I've just described
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื“ืœื•ืง ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ื–ื” ืขืชื”
16:19
could create an entirely new industry and provide the final key
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
16:22
for opening space to the general exploration.
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ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืœื—ืงืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืงืฃ.
16:26
To bust the paradigm a radically different approach is needed.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”, ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
16:30
We can do it by jump-starting with an industrial
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ืขืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš
16:32
Lewis and Clark expedition to Shackleton crater,
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ืขื ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืื™ืก ื•ืงืœืืจืง ืืœ ืžื›ืชืฉ ืฉืงืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
16:35
to mine the moon for resources, and demonstrate
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ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื
16:37
they can form the basis for a profitable business on orbit.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืขืกืง ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
16:41
Talk about space always seems to be hung on ambiguities
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ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ืœืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื™-ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช
16:44
of purpose and timing.
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ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื™ืขื“ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืŸ.
16:46
I would like to close here by putting a stake in the sand at TED.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืขื™ืฆืช ื™ืชื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื‘- TED.
16:51
I intend to lead that expedition.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื–ื•.
16:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:01
It can be done in seven years with the right backing.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืื™ื.
17:04
Those who join me in making it happen will become a part of history
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ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ ื•ื ื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
17:08
and join other bold individuals from time past
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ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ
17:10
who, had they been here today, would have heartily approved.
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ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ืžื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ืœื‘.
17:15
There was once a time when people did bold things to open the frontier.
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ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื• ืžืขืฉื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ("ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช")
17:20
We have collectively forgotten that lesson.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.("ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”,ืงื•ืจ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ืžื•ื—ืœื˜")
17:25
Now we're at a time when boldness is required to move forward.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืขื•ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.("ืกื›ื ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช,ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง")
17:31
100 years after Sir Ernest Shackleton wrote these words,
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100 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกืจ ืืจื ืกื˜ ืฉืงืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,("ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื ืฆืœื™ื—")
17:35
I intend to plant an industrial flag on the moon
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ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื“ื’ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
17:37
and complete the final piece
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
17:40
that will open the space frontier, in our time, for all of us.
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ืฉืชืคืชื— ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ, ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•, ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
17:44
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:45
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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