Mina Bissell: Experiments that point to a new understanding of cancer

103,231 views

2012-07-16 ・ TED


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Mina Bissell: Experiments that point to a new understanding of cancer

103,231 views ・ 2012-07-16

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Suzana Baric
00:15
Now, I don't usually like cartoons,
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Inače ne volim karikature,
00:18
I don't think many of them are funny,
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mnoge od njih ne smatram smiješnima,
00:20
I find them weird. But I love this cartoon from the New Yorker.
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mislim da su čudne. Ali volim ovu karikaturu iz New Yorkera.
00:26
(Text: Never, ever think outside the box.) (Laughter)
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(Tekst: Nikad, nikad nemoj misliti izvan kutije.) (Smijeh)
00:28
So, the guy is telling the cat,
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Dakle, čovjek govori mački:
00:31
don't you dare think outside the box.
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Da se nisi usudila pomisliti izvan kutije.
00:36
Well, I'm afraid I used to be the cat.
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Pa, bojim se da sam ja nekad bila mačka.
00:39
I always wanted to be outside the box.
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Uvijek sam htjela biti izvan kutije.
00:42
And it's partly because I came to this field
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I to je dijelom zato što sam došla na ovo područje
00:46
from a different background, chemist and a bacterial geneticist.
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s drugačijom pozadinom, kemičara i bakterijskog genetičara.
00:51
So, what people were saying to me
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Stoga, ono što su mi ljudi govorili
00:54
about the cause of cancer, sources of cancer,
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o uzroku raka, izvoru raka, ili, u tom slučaju,
00:57
or, for that matter, why you are who you are,
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zašto smo onakvi kakvi jesmo,
01:00
didn't make sense.
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nije imalo smisla.
01:02
So, let me quickly try and tell you why I thought that
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Dakle, dopustite mi da vam pokušam na brzinu reći zašto
01:05
and how I went about it.
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sam to mislila i kako sam tome pristupila.
01:08
So, to begin with, however,
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Kako bih počela, međutim,
01:10
I have to give you a very, very quick lesson
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moram vam dati vrlo, vrlo brzu lekciju
01:14
in developmental biology,
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iz razvojne biologije.
01:16
with apologies to those of you who know some biology.
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Ispričavam se onima od vas koji znaju nešto biologije.
01:20
So, when your mom and dad met,
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Dakle, kada su se vaše majke i očevi upoznali,
01:23
there is a fertilized egg,
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oplođeno je jajašce,
01:26
that round thing with that little blip.
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ta okrugla stvar s malom nepravilnošću.
01:28
It grows and then it grows,
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Ono raste i raste
01:31
and then it makes this handsome man.
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i onda postane ovaj zgodni muškarac.
01:35
(Applause)
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(Pljesak )
01:37
So, this guy, with all the cells in his body,
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Dakle, sve stanice u tijelu ovog momka
01:42
all have the same genetic information.
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imaju iste genetičke informacije.
01:47
So how did his nose become his nose, his elbow his elbow,
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Kako je onda njegov nos postao njegov nos, njegov lakat postao njegov lakat,
01:51
and why doesn't he get up one morning
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i zašto se ne ustane jedno jutro
01:53
and have his nose turn into his foot?
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s nosom pretvorenim u stopalo?
01:56
It could. It has the genetic information.
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Mogao bi. Ima genetičku informaciju.
01:59
You all remember, dolly,
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Svi se sjećate Dolly,
02:00
it came from a single mammary cell.
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došla je iz jedne jedine mliječne stanice.
02:03
So, why doesn't it do it?
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Dakle, zašto se to ne dogodi?
02:05
So, have a guess of how many cells he has in his body.
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Pokušajte pogoditi koliko on ima stanica u svom tijelu.
02:10
Somewhere between 10 trillion to 70 trillion cells in his body.
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Negdje između 10 bilijuna do 70 bilijuna stanica u tijelu.
02:18
Trillion!
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Bilijuna!
02:19
Now, how did these cells, all with the same genetic material,
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Kako su te stanice, sve s istim genetičkim materijalom,
02:24
make all those tissues?
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napravile sva ta tkiva?
02:26
And so, the question I raised before
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Tako, pitanje koje sam prethodno postavila
02:29
becomes even more interesting if you thought about
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postaje još zanimljivije ako razmislite
02:33
the enormity of this in every one of your bodies.
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o veličini svega toga u svim vašim tijelima.
02:37
Now, the dominant cancer theory would say
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Prevladavajuća teorija o raku kaže
02:40
that there is a single oncogene
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da postoji jedan jedini onkogen
02:43
in a single cancer cell, and it would make you
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u jednoj stanici raka, i to će vas učiniti
02:46
a cancer victim.
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žrtvom raka.
02:49
Well, this did not make sense to me.
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Pa, ovo meni nije imalo smisla.
02:53
Do you even know how a trillion looks?
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Znate li uopće kako bilijun izgleda?
02:56
Now, let's look at it.
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Pogledajmo ga.
02:58
There it comes, these zeroes after zeroes after zeroes.
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Evo ga, nula za nulom za nulom.
03:03
Now, if .0001 of these cells got mutated,
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Ako 0.0001 ovih stanica mutira
03:10
and .00001 got cancer, you will be a lump of cancer.
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i 0.00001 dobije rak, bili biste gruda raka.
03:15
You will have cancer all over you. And you're not.
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Imali biste rak posvuda po sebi. A niste.
03:17
Why not?
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Zašto ne?
03:19
So, I decided over the years,
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Odlučila sam tijekom godina,
03:23
because of a series of experiments
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zbog niza pokusa
03:25
that this is because of context and architecture.
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da je tako zbog okruženja i arhitekture.
03:30
And let me quickly tell you
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I dopustite mi da vam na brzinu ispričam
03:32
some crucial experiment that was able to actually show this.
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o ključnom pokusu koji je zapravo mogao ovo pokazati.
03:36
To begin with, I came to work with this virus
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Za početak, počela sam raditi s ovim virusom
03:40
that causes that ugly tumor in the chicken.
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koji uzrokuje taj gadni tumor kod kokoši.
03:43
Rous discovered this in 1911.
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Rous je otkrio ovo 1911. godine.
03:47
It was the first cancer virus discovered,
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Bio je to prvi otkriveni virus koji izaziva rak,
03:50
and when I call it "oncogene," meaning "cancer gene."
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i kada ga nazovem „onkogen“ ima značenje „gen raka“.
03:55
So, he made a filtrate, he took this filter
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Dakle, napravio je filtrat, uzeo je taj filter
03:58
which was the liquid after he passed the tumor through a filter,
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koji je bio tekućina koju je dobio nakon što je filtrirao tumor
04:02
and he injected it to another chicken, and he got another tumor.
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i ubrizgao ga u drugu kokoš te dobio je drugi tumor.
04:06
So, scientists were very excited,
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Znanstvenici su bili jako uzbuđeni,
04:09
and they said, a single oncogene can do it.
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i rekli su: Jedan jedini onkogen može to izazvati.
04:11
All you need is a single oncogene.
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Sve što trebate je jedan onkogen.
04:14
So, they put the cells in cultures, chicken cells,
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Dakle, uzgojili su kokošje stanice,
04:16
dumped the virus on it,
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bacili virus na njih,
04:18
and it would pile up,
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i one bi se nagomilale,
04:20
and they would say, this is malignant and this is normal.
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a oni bi rekli: Ovo je maligno, a ovo je normalno.
04:23
And again this didn't make sense to me.
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I opet, ovo meni nije imalo smisla.
04:25
So for various reasons, we took this oncogene,
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Stoga, zbog raznih razloga, uzeli smo taj onkogen,
04:28
attached it to a blue marker,
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vezali ga uz plavi marker,
04:31
and we injected it into the embryos.
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i ubrizgali ga u embrije.
04:34
Now look at that. There is that beautiful feather in the embryo.
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Pogledaje to. Ovdje je to prekrasno pero u embriju.
04:38
Every one of those blue cells are a cancer gene
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Svaka od tih plavih stanica su geni raka
04:42
inside a cancer cell, and they're part of the feather.
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unutar stanica raka i dio su pera.
04:46
So, when we dissociated the feather and put it in a dish,
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Kada smo odvojili pero i stavili ga u posudicu,
04:51
we got a mass of blue cells.
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dobili smo masu plavih stanica.
04:54
So, in the chicken you get a tumor,
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Dakle, u kokoši dobijete tumor,
04:55
in the embryo you don't,
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u embriju ne,
04:57
you dissociate, you put it in a dish, you get another tumor.
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odvojite, stavite u posudicu, dobijete još jedan tumor. .
05:01
What does that mean?
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Što to znači?
05:02
That means that microenvironment
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To znači da mikrookoliš
05:05
and the context which surrounds those cells
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i okoliš koji okružuje te stanice
05:09
actually are telling the cancer gene and the cancer cell what to do.
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zapravo govori genima raka i stanicama raka što da rade.
05:16
Now, let's take a normal example.
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Uzmimo sada normalan primjer.
05:19
The normal example, let's take the human mammary gland.
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Kao normalan primjer, uzmimo ljudsku mliječnu žlijezdu.
05:23
I work on breast cancer.
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Ja radim na raku dojke.
05:24
So, here is a lovely human breast.
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Dakle ovdje je ljupka ljudska dojka.
05:27
And many of you know how it looks,
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I mnogi od vas znaju kako izgleda,
05:29
except that inside that breast, there are all these
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osim da unutar te dojke postoje sve te
05:32
pretty, developing, tree-like structures.
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lijepe, razvijajuće, drvolike strukture.
05:35
So, we decided that what we like to do
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Odlučili smo da bismo htjeli
05:38
is take just a bit of that mammary gland,
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uzeti samo djelić te mliječne žlijezde,
05:41
which is called an "acinus,"
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koji se zove acinus,
05:43
where there are all these little things inside the breast
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gdje su sve ove male stvari unutar dojke
05:47
where the milk goes, and the end of the nipple
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gdje ide mlijeko, i završetak bradavice
05:50
comes through that little tube when the baby sucks.
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ide kroz tu malu cijev kada beba siše.
05:54
And we said, wonderful! Look at this pretty structure.
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I rekli smo, prekrasno! Pogledajte te lijepe strukture.
05:57
We want to make this a structure, and ask the question,
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Želimo od ovoga napraviti strukturu i postaviti pitanje:
06:01
how do the cells do that?
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Kako to stanice rade?
06:03
So, we took the red cells --
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Stoga smo uzeli crvene stanice –
06:04
you see the red cells are surrounded by blue,
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vidite da su crvene stanice okružene plavima,
06:08
other cells that squeeze them, and behind it
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drugim stanicama koje ih stišću. Iza njih
06:11
is material that people thought was mainly inert,
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je materijal za koji su ljudi mislili kako je uglavnom inertan
06:15
and it was just having a structure to keep the shape,
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i da ima strukturu samo kako bi održao oblik.
06:18
and so we first photographed it
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Prvi put smo ga fotografirali
06:21
with the electron microscope years and years ago,
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s elektronskim mikroskopim prije mnogo godina,
06:24
and you see this cell is actually quite pretty.
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i vidite da je ova stanica zapravo dosta lijepa.
06:27
It has a bottom, it has a top,
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Ima dno, ima vrh,
06:30
it is secreting gobs and gobs of milk,
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izlučuje velike količine mlijeka
06:32
because it just came from an early pregnant mouse.
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jer je došla iz miša u ranoj trudnoći.
06:35
You take these cells, you put them in a dish,
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Uzmete ove stanice, stavite ih u posudicu
06:38
and within three days, they look like that.
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i kroz tri dana ovako izgledaju.
06:41
They completely forget.
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Posve su zaboravile.
06:44
So you take them out, you put them in a dish,
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Dakle izvadite ih, stavite ih u posudicu
06:47
they don't make milk. They completely forget.
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i one ne prave mlijeko. Posve zaborave.
06:50
For example, here is a lovely yellow droplet of milk
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Kao primjer, ovdje je lijepa žuta kapljica mlijeka
06:55
on the left, there is nothing on the right.
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na lijevoj strani, a na desnoj ništa.
06:57
Look at the nuclei. The nuclei in the cell on the left
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Pogledajte jezgre. Jezgre u stanicama na lijevoj strani
07:01
is in the animal, the one on the right is in a dish.
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su iz životinje, na desnoj su iz posudice.
07:04
They are completely different from each other.
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Posve se razlikuju jedne od drugih.
07:07
So, what does this tell you?
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Što vam to govori?
07:09
This tells you that here also, context overrides.
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To vam govori da i ovdje okoliš nadjačava.
07:14
In different contexts, cells do different things.
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U drukčijem okolišu, stanice rade drukčije stvari.
07:17
But how does context signal?
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Ali kako taj okoliš signalizira?
07:20
So, Einstein said that
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Einstein je rekao:
07:23
"For an idea that does not first seem insane, there is no hope."
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"Ako se ideja isprva ne čini apsurdnom tada nema nade za nju,"
07:29
So, you can imagine the amount of skepticism
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Možete zamisliti količinu skepticizma
07:35
I received -- couldn't get money,
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koju sam doživjela – nisam mogla dobiti novac,
07:38
couldn't do a whole lot of other things,
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nisam mogla napraviti hrpu drugih stvari,
07:39
but I'm so glad it all worked out.
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ali tako mi je drago da je sve ispalo u redu.
07:41
So, we made a section of the mammary gland of the mouse,
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Secirali smo mliječnu žlijezdu miša
07:45
and all those lovely acini are there,
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i svi ti ljupki acinusi su tamo,
07:48
every one of those with the red around them are an acinus,
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svi oni sa crvenim oko sebe su acinusi,
07:52
and we said okay, we are going to try and make this,
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i rekli smo: U redu, pokušat ćemo to napraviti.
07:56
and I said, maybe that red stuff
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Rekla sam: Možda ta crvena tvar
07:59
around the acinus that people think there's just a structural scaffold,
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oko acinusa za koju ljudi misle da je samo strukturna podloga
08:04
maybe it has information,
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sadrži informacije,
08:06
maybe it tells the cells what to do, maybe it tells the nucleus what to do.
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možda govori stanicama što da rade, možda govori jezgri što da radi.
08:11
So I said, extracellular matrix, which is this stuff
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Stoga sam rekla: izvanstanični matriks, što je ova stvar
08:15
called ECM, signals and actually tells the cells what to do.
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nazvana ECM, signalizira i zapravo govori stanicama što da rade.
08:20
So, we decided to make things that would look like that.
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Odlučili smo napraviti stvari koje će tako izgledati.
08:23
We found some gooey material
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Našli smo gnjecav materijal
08:26
that had the right extracellular matrix in it,
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koji je imao odgovarajući izvanstanični matriks u sebi,
08:29
we put the cells in it, and lo and behold,
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stavili smo stanice u njega, i
08:32
in about four days, they got reorganized
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u otprilike 4 dana, reorganizirale su se
08:35
and on the right, is what we can make in culture.
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i nadesno je što možemo napraviti u kulturi.
08:38
On the left is what's inside the animal, we call it in vivo,
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Nalijevo je unutar životinje, zovemo ga in vivo,
08:42
and the one in culture was full of milk,
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i onaj u kulturi bio je pun mlijeka,
08:45
the lovely red there is full of milk.
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prekrasna crvena tamo je puna mlijeka.
08:48
So, we Got Milk, for the American audience.
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Dakle, imamo mlijeko, za američku publiku.
08:51
All right. And here is this beautiful human cell,
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U redu. Ovdje je ta prekrasna ljudska stanica,
08:57
and you can imagine that here also, context goes.
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možete zamisliti da ovdje također okoliš ima utjecaja.
09:02
So, what do we do now?
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Dakle, što sada učiniti?
09:04
I made a radical hypothesis.
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Postavila sam radikalnu hipotezu.
09:06
I said, if it's true that architecture is dominant,
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Rekla sam, ako je istina da je arhitektura dominantna,
09:13
architecture restored to a cancer cell
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obnovljena arhitektura stanice raka
09:18
should make the cancer cell think it's normal.
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trebala bi natjerati je da misli da je normalna.
09:21
Could this be done?
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Je li ovo izvedivo?
09:22
So, we tried it.
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Pokušali smo.
09:25
In order to do that, however,
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Da bismo to napravili, međutim,
09:27
we needed to have a method of distinguishing normal from malignant,
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morali smo imati metode razlikovanja normalnih od malignih,
09:32
and on the left is the single normal cell,
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nalijevo je jedina normalna stanica,
09:36
human breast, put in three-dimensional gooey gel
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ljudska dojka, stavljena u trodimenzionalni gnjecavi gel
09:40
that has extracellular matrix, it makes all these beautiful structures.
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koji sadrži izvanstanični matriks i radi sve ove prekrasne strukture.
09:43
On the right, you see it looks very ugly,
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Nadesno, vidite da izgleda vrlo ružno,
09:46
the cells continue to grow,
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stanice nastavljaju rasti,
09:48
the normal ones stop.
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normalne prestaju.
09:49
And you see here in higher magnification
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I ovdje vidite na većem povećanju
09:52
the normal acinus and the ugly tumor.
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normalni acinus i ružni tumor.
09:57
So we said, what is on the surface of these ugly tumors?
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Rekli smo: Što je na površini ovih ružnih tumora?
10:01
Could we calm them down --
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Možemo li ih smiriti –
10:03
they were signaling like crazy and they have pathways all messed up --
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signalizirale su kao lude i svi putovi su im bili pomiješani –
10:08
and make them to the level of the normal?
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i vratiti ih na razinu normale?
10:11
Well, it was wonderful. Boggles my mind.
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Pa, bilo je veličanstveno. Šokiralo me.
10:16
This is what we got.
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Ovo je što smo dobili.
10:18
We can revert the malignant phenotype.
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Možemo povratiti maligni fenotip na staro.
10:22
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
10:24
And in order to show you that the malignant phenotype
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Kako bih vam pokazala taj maligni fenotip,
10:27
I didn't just choose one,
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nisam samo izabrala jedan,
10:29
here are little movies, sort of fuzzy,
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ovdje su kratki filmići, pomalo nejasni,
10:32
but you see that on the left are the malignant cells,
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ali vidite da su nalijevo maligne stanice,
10:35
all of them are malignant,
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sve su maligne,
10:37
we add one single inhibitor in the beginning,
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dodamo jedan jedini inhibitor na početku
10:42
and look what happens, they all look like that.
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i pogledajte što se dogodi, sve izgledaju tako.
10:45
We inject them into the mouse, the ones on the right,
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Ubrizgamo ih u miša, one na desnoj strani,
10:48
and none of them would make tumors.
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i nijedna neće postati tumor.
10:51
We inject the other ones in the mouse, 100 percent tumors.
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Ubrizgamo druge u miša i 100% postanu tumori.
10:54
So, it's a new way of thinking about cancer,
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To je novi način razmišljanja o raku,
10:57
it's a hopeful way of thinking about cancer.
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to je način razmišljanja o raku pun nade.
10:59
We should be able to be dealing with these things at this level,
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Trebali bismo se moći nositi s tim stvarima na ovoj razini,
11:03
and these conclusions say that growth and malignant behavior
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i ovi zaključci nam govore da su rast i maligno ponašanje
11:09
is regulated at the level of tissue organization
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regulirani na razini tkivne organizacije
11:13
and that the tissue organization is dependent
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i da tkivna organizacija ovisi
11:17
on the extracellular matrix and the microenvironment.
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o izvanstaničnom matriksu i mikrookolišu.
11:21
All right, thus form and function interact dynamically and reciprocally.
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Dakle, oblik i funkcija djeluju međusobno dinamično i recipročno.
11:28
And here is another five seconds of repose,
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I ovdje je još jednih pet sekundi odmora,
11:33
is my mantra. Form and function.
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moja mantra. Oblik i funkcija.
11:37
And of course, we now ask, where do we go now?
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Naravno, pitamo se što napraviti sada.
11:41
We'd like to take this kind of thinking into the clinic.
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Htjeli bismo prenijeti ovaj način razmišljanja u kliniku.
11:44
But before we do that, I'd like you to think
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Ali prije nego što to napravimo, htjela bih da razmislite
11:48
that at any given time when you're sitting there,
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kako u svakom trenutku dok sjedite ovdje
11:51
in your 70 trillion cells,
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u vaših 70 bilijuna stanica,
11:54
the extracellular matrix signaling to your nucleus,
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izvanstanični matriks signalizira vašim jezgrama,
11:58
the nucleus is signaling to your extracellular matrix
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jezgre signaliziraju vašem izvanstaničnom matriksu
12:01
and this is how your balance is kept and restored.
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i na taj način vaša je ravnoteža održavana i obnovljena.
12:07
We have made a lot of discoveries,
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Došli smo do mnogih otkrića,
12:09
we have shown that extracellular matrix talks to chromatin.
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pokazali smo da izvanstanični matriks govori kromatinu.
12:12
We have shown that there's little pieces of DNA
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Pokazali smo da postoje mali dijelovi DNK
12:15
on the specific genes of the mammary gland
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na specifičnim genima mliječne žlijezde
12:19
that actually respond to extracellular matrix.
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koji zapravo odgovaraju izvanstaničnom matriksu.
12:22
It has taken many years, but it has been very rewarding.
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Bile su potrebne mnoge godine, ali isplatilo se.
12:26
And before I get to the next slide, I have to tell you
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Prije nego što prijeđem na sljedeći slajd, moram vam reći
12:30
that there are so many additional discoveries to be made.
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da postoji toliko dodatnih otkrića do kojih se treba doći.
12:35
There is so much mystery we don't know.
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Postoje tolike zagonetke koje ne znamo.
12:38
And I always say to the students and post-docs I lecture to,
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Uvijek govorim studentima i doktorandima kojima predajem
12:42
don't be arrogant, because arrogance kills curiosity.
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da ne budu arogantni jer arogancija ubija radoznalost.
12:48
Curiosity and passion.
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Radoznalost i strast.
12:50
You need to always think, what else needs to be discovered?
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Uvijek morate razmišljati o tome što sljedeće treba otkriti.
12:54
And maybe my discovery needs to be added to
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I možda mojem otkriću treba nešto dodati
12:57
or maybe it needs to be changed.
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ili možda ga treba promijeniti.
12:59
So, we have now made an amazing discovery,
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Dakle, sada smo došli do nevjerojatnog otkrića,
13:02
a post-doc in the lab who is a physicist asked me,
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doktorandica u mojem laboratoriju koja je fizičar, pitala me
13:05
what do the cells do when you put them in?
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što stanice rade kada ih se ubaci.
13:07
What do they do in the beginning when they do?
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Što rade na početku rada?
13:11
I said, I don't know, we couldn't look at them.
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Rekla sam da ne znam, nismo to mogli vidjeti.
13:12
We didn't have high images in the old days.
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Nismo imali slike s visokom rezolucijom prijašnjih godina.
13:15
So she, being an imager and a physicist,
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Stoga je ona, kao vizionar i fizičar,
13:18
did this incredible thing.
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napravila ovu nevjerojatnu stvar.
13:19
This is a single human breast cell in three dimensions.
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Ovo je jedna stanica ljudske dojke u tri dimenzije.
13:24
Look at it. It's constantly doing this.
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Pogledajte je. Ona neprestano radi ovo.
13:26
Has a coherent movement.
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Ima koherentno kretanje.
13:28
You put the cancer cells there, and they do go all over,
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Stavite stanice raka tamo i one idu posvuda,
13:33
they do this. They don't do this.
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rade ovo. Ne rade ovo.
13:35
And when we revert the cancer cell, it again does this.
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A kada ih vratite u početno stanje, ponovno rade ovo.
13:39
Absolutely boggles my mind.
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To me potpuno šokira.
13:41
So the cell acts like an embryo. What an exciting thing.
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Dakle, stanica se ponaša kao embrio. Kako uzbudljiva stvar.
13:46
So I'd like to finish with a poem.
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Htjela bih završiti s pjesmom.
13:49
Well I used to love English literature,
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Nekad sam voljela englesku književnost
13:52
and I debated in college, which one should I do?
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i debatirala sam na fakultetu, što bih trebala raditi?
13:55
And unfortunately or fortunately, chemistry won.
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I na sreću ili nesreću, kemija je pobijedila.
13:59
But here is a poem from Yeats. I'll just read you the last two lines.
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Ali evo jedne pjesme od Yeatsa. Pročitat ću vam samo posljednja dva stiha.
14:05
It's called "Among the School Children."
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Zove se "Među školskom djecom".
14:08
"O body swayed to music / O brightening glance /
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"O tijelo glazbom pokrenuto, oko sjajno,
14:12
How [can we know] the dancer from the dance?"
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kako razaznati svoj ples od plesača?“
14:15
And here is Merce Cunningham,
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Ovdje je Merce Cunningham,
14:17
I was fortunate to dance with him when I was younger,
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bila sam dovoljno sretna da plešem s njim dok sam bila mlađa,
14:20
and here he is a dancer,
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i ovdje je on plesač
14:22
and while he is dancing, he is both the dancer and the dance.
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i dok pleše on je u istodobno i plesač i ples.
14:26
The minute he stops, we have neither.
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U trenu kada stane, nije niti nijedno.
14:29
So it's like form and function.
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Dakle, isto je kao oblik i funkcija.
14:33
Now, I'd like to show you a current picture of my group.
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Htjela bih vam pokazati trenutnu sliku moje grupe.
14:39
I have been fortunate to have had these magnificant
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Imala sam sreće raditi s ovim divnim
14:42
students and post-docs who have taught me so much,
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studentima i doktorandima koji su me toliko naučili
14:45
and I have had many of these groups come and go.
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i mnoge od ovih grupa došle su i otišle.
14:49
They are the future and I try to make them not be afraid
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Oni su budućnost i trudim se naučiti ih da se ne boje
14:53
of being the cat and being told,
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biti mačka i da im bude rečeno
14:57
don't think outside the box.
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da ne misle izvan kutije.
14:59
And I'd like to leave you with this thought.
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Htjela bih vas ostaviti s ovom mišlju.
15:01
On the left is water coming through the shore,
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Nalijevo je voda koja prolazi obalom,
15:06
taken from a NASA satellite.
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uzeta sa NASA-inog satelita.
15:08
On the right, there is a coral.
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Desno je koralj.
15:11
Now if you take the mammary gland and spread it
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Ako uzmete mliječnu žlijezdu, raširite je
15:15
and take the fat away, on a dish it looks like that.
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i maknete mast, na posudici izgleda ovako.
15:18
Do they look the same? Do they have the same patterns?
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Izgledaju li jednako? Imaju li iste uzorke?
15:21
Why is it that nature keeps doing that over and over again?
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Zašto priroda to radi opet i iznova?
15:25
And I'd like to submit to you
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Htjela bih vas izvijestiti
15:28
that we have sequenced the human genome,
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da smo sekvencionirali ljudski genom,
15:30
we know everything about the sequence of the gene,
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znamo sve o slijedu gena,
15:33
the language of the gene, the alphabet of the gene,
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jeziku gena, abecedi gena,
15:35
But we know nothing, but nothing,
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ali ne znamo ništa, ali ništa
15:39
about the language and alphabet of form.
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o jeziku i abecedi oblika.
15:43
So, it's a wonderful new horizon,
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Dakle, to je predivan novi horizont,
15:46
it's a wonderful thing to discover for the young
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to je predivna stvar za otkrivanje za mlade
15:50
and the passionate old, and that's me.
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i za strastvene stare, kao što sam ja.
15:52
So go to it!
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Stoga krenimo na to!
15:55
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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