Mina Bissell: Experiments that point to a new understanding of cancer

103,102 views ใƒป 2012-07-16

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Amy Ko ๊ฒ€ํ† : K Bang
00:15
Now, I don't usually like cartoons,
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์ €๋Š” ๋งŒํ™”๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
I don't think many of them are funny,
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์ „ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋งŒํ™”๋“ค์ด ์žฌ๋ฐŒ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ด์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ 
00:20
I find them weird. But I love this cartoon from the New Yorker.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ '๋‰ด์š”์ปค' ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ด ๋งŒํ™”๋Š” ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
(Text: Never, ever think outside the box.) (Laughter)
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(๋‚ด์šฉ: ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„๋ผ) (์›ƒ์Œ)
00:28
So, the guy is telling the cat,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ดํ•œํ…Œ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:31
don't you dare think outside the box.
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๊ฐํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ.
00:36
Well, I'm afraid I used to be the cat.
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์ €๋Š” ์ € ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
00:39
I always wanted to be outside the box.
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์–ด์š”,
00:42
And it's partly because I came to this field
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์•„๋งˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ, ํ™”ํ•™์ž๋‚˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ์ „ํ•™์ž์™€๋Š”
00:46
from a different background, chemist and a bacterial geneticist.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
00:51
So, what people were saying to me
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ
00:54
about the cause of cancer, sources of cancer,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋“  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
00:57
or, for that matter, why you are who you are,
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์•”์˜ ์›์ธ์ด
01:00
didn't make sense.
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๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:02
So, let me quickly try and tell you why I thought that
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
01:05
and how I went about it.
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๋งํ•ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
01:08
So, to begin with, however,
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
01:10
I have to give you a very, very quick lesson
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๋จผ์ € ์ด๋ฏธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ
01:14
in developmental biology,
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์ฃ„์†กํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋‹จ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ
01:16
with apologies to those of you who know some biology.
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๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
So, when your mom and dad met,
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ,
01:23
there is a fertilized egg,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ฅ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ
01:26
that round thing with that little blip.
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์ˆ˜์ •๋ž€์ด ๋˜์ง€์š”
01:28
It grows and then it grows,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž๋ผ์„œ
01:31
and then it makes this handsome man.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:35
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
01:37
So, this guy, with all the cells in his body,
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์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชธ ์†์˜
01:42
all have the same genetic information.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”,
01:47
So how did his nose become his nose, his elbow his elbow,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ,
01:51
and why doesn't he get up one morning
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๊ทธ์˜ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
01:53
and have his nose turn into his foot?
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์™œ ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ์•„์นจ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ์š”?
01:56
It could. It has the genetic information.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์ „์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:59
You all remember, dolly,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
it came from a single mammary cell.
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๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์œ ์„ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์™”์–ด์š”.
02:03
So, why doesn't it do it?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:05
So, have a guess of how many cells he has in his body.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชธ ์†์—๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:10
Somewhere between 10 trillion to 70 trillion cells in his body.
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ํ•œ 10์กฐ์—์„œ 70์กฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชธ ์†์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:18
Trillion!
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์กฐ๋ผ๋‹ˆ!
02:19
Now, how did these cells, all with the same genetic material,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์ „์  ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
02:24
make all those tissues?
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์กฐ์ง์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:26
And so, the question I raised before
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ชธ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•จ์„
02:29
becomes even more interesting if you thought about
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์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€
02:33
the enormity of this in every one of your bodies.
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๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ์งˆ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Now, the dominant cancer theory would say
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:40
that there is a single oncogene
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ํ•œ ์•”์„ธํฌ ์•ˆ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ข…์–‘ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:43
in a single cancer cell, and it would make you
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๊ทธ ์ข…์–‘ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ
02:46
a cancer victim.
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
Well, this did not make sense to me.
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์ €ํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
02:53
Do you even know how a trillion looks?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ์ง€์š”?
02:56
Now, let's look at it.
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๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:58
There it comes, these zeroes after zeroes after zeroes.
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๋ณด๋ฉด 0 ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๊ณ„์† ๋˜ 0 ์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๋„ค์š”.
03:03
Now, if .0001 of these cells got mutated,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ค‘ 0.01%์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ,
03:10
and .00001 got cancer, you will be a lump of cancer.
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0.001%๊ฐ€ ์•”์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์•” ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
03:15
You will have cancer all over you. And you're not.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์ž–์•„์š”.
03:17
Why not?
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์™œ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
03:19
So, I decided over the years,
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ
03:23
because of a series of experiments
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:25
that this is because of context and architecture.
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๊ทธ ์›์ธ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
And let me quickly tell you
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
03:32
some crucial experiment that was able to actually show this.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:36
To begin with, I came to work with this virus
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
03:40
that causes that ugly tumor in the chicken.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ชป์ƒ๊ธด ์ข…์–‘์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:43
Rous discovered this in 1911.
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๋ผ์šฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ 1911๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
03:47
It was the first cancer virus discovered,
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์•” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜€๊ณ ,
03:50
and when I call it "oncogene," meaning "cancer gene."
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๊ทธ ๊ฑธ ์ œ๊ฐ€ :"์•”์œ ์ „์ž"๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” "์ข…์–‘์œ ์ „์ž"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:55
So, he made a filtrate, he took this filter
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ณผ๋œ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•„ํ„ฐ์—
03:58
which was the liquid after he passed the tumor through a filter,
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์ข…์–‘์„ ์—ฌ๊ณผ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ์–ป์–ด๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
04:02
and he injected it to another chicken, and he got another tumor.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ญ์— ์ฃผ์ž…์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์–ป์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
So, scientists were very excited,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:09
and they said, a single oncogene can do it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ข…์–‘์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
All you need is a single oncogene.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ข…์–‘์œ ์ „์ž๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
04:14
So, they put the cells in cultures, chicken cells,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ญ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์กฐ์ง์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ ,
04:16
dumped the virus on it,
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๊ทธ ์œ„์— ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:18
and it would pile up,
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์–‘์ด ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๋ฉด,
04:20
and they would say, this is malignant and this is normal.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข…์–‘์ด๊ณ  ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ธ์ง€ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:23
And again this didn't make sense to me.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
04:25
So for various reasons, we took this oncogene,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ
04:28
attached it to a blue marker,
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ํŒŒ๋ž€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚จ ๋‹ค์Œ
04:31
and we injected it into the embryos.
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์ข…์–‘ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ญ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์•„์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
Now look at that. There is that beautiful feather in the embryo.
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ €๊ฑด ๋ฐฐ์•„ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์—์š”.
04:38
Every one of those blue cells are a cancer gene
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์ € ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์„ธํฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์•”์„ธํฌ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
04:42
inside a cancer cell, and they're part of the feather.
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์•” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ์ € ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
So, when we dissociated the feather and put it in a dish,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ € ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•ด์„œ ์ ‘์‹œ์œ„์— ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด,
04:51
we got a mass of blue cells.
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ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
So, in the chicken you get a tumor,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
04:55
in the embryo you don't,
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๋ฐฐ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
04:57
you dissociate, you put it in a dish, you get another tumor.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ์•„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•ด์„œ ์ ‘์‹œ ์œ„์— ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์–‘์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:01
What does that mean?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:02
That means that microenvironment
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ
05:05
and the context which surrounds those cells
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
05:09
actually are telling the cancer gene and the cancer cell what to do.
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์•”์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ์•”์„ธํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
Now, let's take a normal example.
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์ด์ œ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์—๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:19
The normal example, let's take the human mammary gland.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:23
I work on breast cancer.
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์ €๋Š” ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
So, here is a lovely human breast.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
05:27
And many of you know how it looks,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ
05:29
except that inside that breast, there are all these
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์œ ๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ . ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—๋Š”
05:32
pretty, developing, tree-like structures.
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์˜ˆ์˜๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
So, we decided that what we like to do
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acinus๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์œ ์„ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:38
is take just a bit of that mammary gland,
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์„ ๋ฐฉ์€ ์œ ๋ฐฉ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋กœ
05:41
which is called an "acinus,"
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์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ –์„ ๋นจ ๋•Œ,
05:43
where there are all these little things inside the breast
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์„ ๋ฐฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ –์ด ์ –๊ผญ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋™์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
where the milk goes, and the end of the nipple
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐฉ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
05:50
comes through that little tube when the baby sucks.
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์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
And we said, wonderful! Look at this pretty structure.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ…๋‹ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ฃ . ์•„ ์˜ˆ์œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:57
We want to make this a structure, and ask the question,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ณ , ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:01
how do the cells do that?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ €๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ํ• ๊นŒ?
06:03
So, we took the red cells --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค ์ฃผ์œ„๋กœ
06:04
you see the red cells are surrounded by blue,
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ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด
06:08
other cells that squeeze them, and behind it
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฅ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋’ค์—๋Š”
06:11
is material that people thought was mainly inert,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณดํ†ต ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:15
and it was just having a structure to keep the shape,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:18
and so we first photographed it
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์ˆ˜ ๋…„์ „์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
06:21
with the electron microscope years and years ago,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
and you see this cell is actually quite pretty.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฝค ์˜ˆ์œ ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:27
It has a bottom, it has a top,
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ‘๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:30
it is secreting gobs and gobs of milk,
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ –๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
because it just came from an early pregnant mouse.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ž„์‹  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฅ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:35
You take these cells, you put them in a dish,
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ ‘์‹œ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์œผ๋ฉด
06:38
and within three days, they look like that.
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3์ผ ๋‚ด๋กœ ์ €๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
They completely forget.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
06:44
So you take them out, you put them in a dish,
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๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด์„œ ์ ‘์‹œ์œ„์— ๋‘๋ฉด
06:47
they don't make milk. They completely forget.
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์ –์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์š”. ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์žŠ์€๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:50
For example, here is a lovely yellow droplet of milk
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์™ผ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์˜ ์šฐ์œ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
06:55
on the left, there is nothing on the right.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์–ด์š”.
06:57
Look at the nuclei. The nuclei in the cell on the left
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์„ธํฌํ•ต์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์™ผ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์„ธํฌํ•ต์ด ๋™๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:01
is in the animal, the one on the right is in a dish.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์€ ์„ธํฌํ•ต์ด ์ ‘์‹œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:04
They are completely different from each other.
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๊ทธ ๋‘˜์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
So, what does this tell you?
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:09
This tells you that here also, context overrides.
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์ด ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
In different contexts, cells do different things.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์—์„œ, ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
But how does context signal?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:20
So, Einstein said that
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด
07:23
"For an idea that does not first seem insane, there is no hope."
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"์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ์ด์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์—๋Š” ํฌ๋ง์ด ์—†๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
So, you can imagine the amount of skepticism
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”์ง€
07:35
I received -- couldn't get money,
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์ƒ์ƒ์ด ๋˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์—์š”. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:38
couldn't do a whole lot of other things,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:39
but I'm so glad it all worked out.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ์ด ์ž˜ ํ’€๋ ค์„œ ๋‹คํ–‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
So, we made a section of the mammary gland of the mouse,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ์œ ์„ ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋งŒ์ฆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:45
and all those lovely acini are there,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋“ค์ด ์ €๊ธฐ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:48
every one of those with the red around them are an acinus,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋ถ‰์€ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ acinus ์—์š”.
07:52
and we said okay, we are going to try and make this,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์ฃ . ์ข‹์•„, '์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ž.'
07:56
and I said, maybe that red stuff
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์ € ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”
07:59
around the acinus that people think there's just a structural scaffold,
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์„ ๋ฐฉ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋งˆ๋„
08:04
maybe it has information,
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
maybe it tells the cells what to do, maybe it tells the nucleus what to do.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ์„ธํฌํ•ต์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:11
So I said, extracellular matrix, which is this stuff
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ECM์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋“ค์ด
08:15
called ECM, signals and actually tells the cells what to do.
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
So, we decided to make things that would look like that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ €๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:23
We found some gooey material
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์•Œ๋งž์€ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
08:26
that had the right extracellular matrix in it,
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๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๊ณ ,
08:29
we put the cells in it, and lo and behold,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์•ˆ์— ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ 4์ผ๋™์•ˆ
08:32
in about four days, they got reorganized
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๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋žฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์žฌ์กฐ์ง๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
and on the right, is what we can make in culture.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ท ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
On the left is what's inside the animal, we call it in vivo,
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ, vivo๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
and the one in culture was full of milk,
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๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ท ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ์œ ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
08:45
the lovely red there is full of milk.
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์ € ๋นจ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์œ ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:48
So, we Got Milk, for the American audience.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
08:51
All right. And here is this beautiful human cell,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:57
and you can imagine that here also, context goes.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์—ญ์‹œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
09:02
So, what do we do now?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:04
I made a radical hypothesis.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์› ์–ด์š”.
09:06
I said, if it's true that architecture is dominant,
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์ €๋Š” ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ธํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:13
architecture restored to a cancer cell
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์•”์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
09:18
should make the cancer cell think it's normal.
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์•”์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ •์ƒ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์ฃ .
09:21
Could this be done?
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
09:22
So, we tried it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์ฃ .
09:25
In order to do that, however,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”,
09:27
we needed to have a method of distinguishing normal from malignant,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•…์„ฑ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •์ƒ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
and on the left is the single normal cell,
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •์ƒ์„ธํฌ์ธ๋ฐ
09:36
human breast, put in three-dimensional gooey gel
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ผ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ ค์— ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด
09:40
that has extracellular matrix, it makes all these beautiful structures.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
On the right, you see it looks very ugly,
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—๋Š”, ๋งค์šฐ ๋ชป์ƒ๊ธด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด
09:46
the cells continue to grow,
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๊ณ„์† ์ž๋ผ๊ณ 
09:48
the normal ones stop.
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์ •์ƒ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:49
And you see here in higher magnification
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๋” ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š”
09:52
the normal acinus and the ugly tumor.
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์ •์ƒ ์„ ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋ชป์ƒ๊ธด ์ข…์–‘์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:57
So we said, what is on the surface of these ugly tumors?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชป์ƒ๊ธด ์ข…์–‘๋“ค์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์— ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:01
Could we calm them down --
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์•”์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋“ฏ์ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
10:03
they were signaling like crazy and they have pathways all messed up --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง๊ฐ€ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„
10:08
and make them to the level of the normal?
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์ง„์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
10:11
Well, it was wonderful. Boggles my mind.
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ๋ฉ‹์กŒ์–ด์š”. ์ ˆ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:16
This is what we got.
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
We can revert the malignant phenotype.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•…์„ฑ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:22
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
10:24
And in order to show you that the malignant phenotype
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์•…์„ฑ ํ˜•ํƒœ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
10:27
I didn't just choose one,
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ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:29
here are little movies, sort of fuzzy,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์งง์€ ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
but you see that on the left are the malignant cells,
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์™ผ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ์•…์„ฑ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด๊ณ ,
10:35
all of them are malignant,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์•…์„ฑ์„ธํฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—
10:37
we add one single inhibitor in the beginning,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์นจ์ž…์ž ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
and look what happens, they all look like that.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋์–ด์š”.
10:45
We inject them into the mouse, the ones on the right,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฅ์— ์ฃผ์ž…์‹œ์ผฐ์–ด์š”
10:48
and none of them would make tumors.
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์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ข…์–‘์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”,
10:51
We inject the other ones in the mouse, 100 percent tumors.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 100ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ข…์–‘์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์ฃ .
10:54
So, it's a new way of thinking about cancer,
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์ž,
10:57
it's a hopeful way of thinking about cancer.
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ํฌ๋ง์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—์š”.
10:59
We should be able to be dealing with these things at this level,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ ,
11:03
and these conclusions say that growth and malignant behavior
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์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์•…์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์€
11:09
is regulated at the level of tissue organization
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์„ธํฌ ์กฐ์ง ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
and that the tissue organization is dependent
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ ์กฐ์ง์€ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ณผ
11:17
on the extracellular matrix and the microenvironment.
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๋ฏธ์„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜์กด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
All right, thus form and function interact dynamically and reciprocally.
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์ฆ‰, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์—ญ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
And here is another five seconds of repose,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ 5 ์ดˆ๋งŒ ์‰ฌ์–ด๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ .
11:33
is my mantra. Form and function.
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ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด์ฃ .
11:37
And of course, we now ask, where do we go now?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ–์ฃ .
11:41
We'd like to take this kind of thinking into the clinic.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ž„์ƒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
But before we do that, I'd like you to think
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
11:48
that at any given time when you're sitting there,
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์•‰์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 70์กฐ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ
11:51
in your 70 trillion cells,
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์„ธํฌ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด ํ•ตํ•œํ…Œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ
11:54
the extracellular matrix signaling to your nucleus,
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๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•ต์€ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์งˆํ•œํ…Œ
11:58
the nucleus is signaling to your extracellular matrix
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์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ๋…ํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
and this is how your balance is kept and restored.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:07
We have made a lot of discoveries,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ด๋ฃฉํ•ด ์™”์–ด์š”.
12:09
we have shown that extracellular matrix talks to chromatin.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์— ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
12:12
We have shown that there's little pieces of DNA
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๋˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ์„ ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์— ์žˆ๋Š”
12:15
on the specific genes of the mammary gland
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ DNA๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์—
12:19
that actually respond to extracellular matrix.
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๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
12:22
It has taken many years, but it has been very rewarding.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
And before I get to the next slide, I have to tell you
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๋‹ค์Œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋กœ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ์ €๋Š”
12:30
that there are so many additional discoveries to be made.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
There is so much mystery we don't know.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์–ด์š”.
12:38
And I always say to the students and post-docs I lecture to,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‹ฅํ„ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ค‘์ธ ํ•™์ƒํ•œํ…Œ
12:42
don't be arrogant, because arrogance kills curiosity.
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์ž๋งŒ์€ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž๋งŒํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งํ•ด์š”.
12:48
Curiosity and passion.
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ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์—ด์ •.
12:50
You need to always think, what else needs to be discovered?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋” ์ฐพ์„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์…”์•ผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
And maybe my discovery needs to be added to
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์•„๋งˆ ์ œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๋” ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ์•ผ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜
12:57
or maybe it needs to be changed.
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๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:59
So, we have now made an amazing discovery,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
a post-doc in the lab who is a physicist asked me,
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‹ฅํ„ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ƒ์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:05
what do the cells do when you put them in?
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜์ฃ ?
13:07
What do they do in the beginning when they do?
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜์ฃ ?
13:11
I said, I don't know, we couldn't look at them.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:12
We didn't have high images in the old days.
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์˜›๋‚ ์—๋Š” ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์ด ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:15
So she, being an imager and a physicist,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜์ƒ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ด์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ธ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š”
13:18
did this incredible thing.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
13:19
This is a single human breast cell in three dimensions.
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ์—์š”.
13:24
Look at it. It's constantly doing this.
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:26
Has a coherent movement.
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๊ทธ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
13:28
You put the cancer cells there, and they do go all over,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—, ์•” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
13:33
they do this. They don't do this.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
And when we revert the cancer cell, it again does this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ๋„, ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:39
Absolutely boggles my mind.
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์ •๋ง ์ €๋ฅผ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:41
So the cell acts like an embryo. What an exciting thing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์•„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
13:46
So I'd like to finish with a poem.
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ์‹œ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ง€์œผ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
Well I used to love English literature,
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์ €๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธํ•™์„ ์ข‹์•„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
13:52
and I debated in college, which one should I do?
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๋Œ€ํ•™์‹œ์ ˆ๋•Œ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ ์š”.
13:55
And unfortunately or fortunately, chemistry won.
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๋ถˆํ–‰์ธ์ง€ ๋‹คํ–‰์ธ์ง€, ํ™”ํ•™์ด ์ด๊ฒผ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
But here is a poem from Yeats. I'll just read you the last two lines.
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ์ด์ธ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‘ ์ค„์„ ์Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
It's called "Among the School Children."
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"ํ•™๊ต ์•„์ด๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ" ๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
"O body swayed to music / O brightening glance /
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"์Œ์•…์— ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชธ์ด์—ฌ/๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์„ ์ด์—ฌ/
14:12
How [can we know] the dancer from the dance?"
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์šฉ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ถค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋Š”๊ฐ€?"
14:15
And here is Merce Cunningham,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋จธ์Šค ์ปค๋‹ํ–„์ธ๋ฐ,
14:17
I was fortunate to dance with him when I was younger,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ์™€ ์ถค์„ ์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋˜์„œ ์šด์ด ์ฐธ ์ข‹์•˜์–ด์š”.
14:20
and here he is a dancer,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์šฉ์ˆ˜๊ณ ,
14:22
and while he is dancing, he is both the dancer and the dance.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ถค์„ ์ถ”๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์šฉ์ˆ˜์ด์ž ์ถค์ด์—์š”.
14:26
The minute he stops, we have neither.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถœ๋•Œ๋ฉด, ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
So it's like form and function.
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ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
14:33
Now, I'd like to show you a current picture of my group.
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์ œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
14:39
I have been fortunate to have had these magnificant
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์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ €๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€
14:42
students and post-docs who have taught me so much,
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๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‹ฅํ„ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
14:45
and I have had many of these groups come and go.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์šด์ด ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
They are the future and I try to make them not be afraid
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
14:53
of being the cat and being told,
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"๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋ง์•„๋ผ"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
14:57
don't think outside the box.
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๋‘๋ ค์›Œ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
And I'd like to leave you with this thought.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ๋งˆ์น ๊นŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
On the left is water coming through the shore,
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋‚˜์‚ฌ ์œ„์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐ์€ ๊ฑด๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์ด
15:06
taken from a NASA satellite.
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ํ•ด๋ณ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
On the right, there is a coral.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
Now if you take the mammary gland and spread it
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์œ ์„ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฐ ๋‹ค์Œ
15:15
and take the fat away, on a dish it looks like that.
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋นผ๋‚ด๋ฉด, ์ ‘์‹œ์œ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
Do they look the same? Do they have the same patterns?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‚˜์š”?
15:21
Why is it that nature keeps doing that over and over again?
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์™œ ์ž์—ฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ํ• ๊นŒ?
15:25
And I'd like to submit to you
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
15:28
that we have sequenced the human genome,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
15:30
we know everything about the sequence of the gene,
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์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์„œ์—ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ฒด์™€
15:33
the language of the gene, the alphabet of the gene,
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์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
But we know nothing, but nothing,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
15:39
about the language and alphabet of form.
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์•„๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
So, it's a wonderful new horizon,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด๊ณ ,
15:46
it's a wonderful thing to discover for the young
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ Š์€์ด์™€ ์ €๊ฐ™์ด
15:50
and the passionate old, and that's me.
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์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ๋…ธ์ธํ•œํ…Œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:52
So go to it!
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํž˜์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”!
15:55
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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