Why Public Beheadings Get Millions of Views | Frances Larson | TED Talks

Prevoditelj: Maja Covic Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

For the last year,

Tijekom prethodne godine,

everyone's been watching the same show,

svi su gledali isti šou,

and I'm not talking about "Game of Thrones,"

i pod time ne mislim na "Igru prijestolja"

but a horrifying, real-life drama

već na užasnu, stvarnu dramu

that's proved too fascinating to turn off.

koja je postala previše fascinantna da je se ne gleda.

It's a show produced by murderers

To je šou koji stvaraju ubojice,

and shared around the world via the Internet.

i koji se dijeli diljem svijeta putem interneta.

Their names have become familiar:

Njihova imena postala su poznata:

James Foley, Steven Sotloff, David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig,

James Foley, Steven Sotloff, David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig,

Haruna Yukawa, Kenji Goto Jogo.

Haruna Yukawa, Kenji Goto Jogo.

Their beheadings by the Islamic State

Odrubljivanje njihovih glava u Islamskoj državi

were barbaric,

bilo je barbarsko,

but if we think they were archaic,

no ako to smatramo arhaizmom,

from a remote, obscure age,

iz dalekog, neshvatljivog vremena,

then we're wrong.

u krivu smo.

They were uniquely modern,

Ta su ubojstva bila iznimno moderna,

because the murderers acted knowing well

jer su ubojice vrlo dobro znale

that millions of people would tune in to watch.

da će milijuni ljudi to gledati.

The headlines called them savages and barbarians,

Novinski naslovi nazivali su ih divljacima i barbarima,

because the image of one man overpowering another,

jer slika jednog čovjeka koji svladava drugoga,

killing him with a knife to the throat,

ubijajući ga nožem na grlu,

conforms to our idea of ancient, primitive practices,

slaže se s našim poimanjem drevnih, primitivnih običaja,

the polar opposite of our urban, civilized ways.

sušta suprotnost našim urbanim, civiliziranim običajima.

We don't do things like that.

Mi ne radimo takve stvari.

But that's the irony.

No u tome je ironija.

We think a beheading has nothing to do with us,

Smatramo da odrubljivanje glave nema nikakve veze s nama,

even as we click on the screen to watch.

čak i onda kada klikamo na zaslonu da pogledamo snimku.

But it is to do with us.

No to ima veze s nama.

The Islamic State beheadings

Odrubljivanje glava u Islamskoj državi

are not ancient or remote.

nije niti drevno niti daleko.

They're a global, 21st century event,

To je globalni događaj 21. stoljeća,

a 21st century event that takes place in our living rooms, at our desks,

događaj koji se odvija u našim dnevnim sobama, za našim radnim stolom,

on our computer screens.

na zaslonima naših računala.

They're entirely dependent on the power of technology to connect us.

On potpuno ovisi o sposobnosti tehnologije da nas poveže.

And whether we like it or not,

I bilo da nam je to drago ili ne,

everyone who watches is a part of the show.

svatko tko gleda dio je toga.

And lots of people watch.

A mnogo ljudi gleda.

We don't know exactly how many.

Ne znamo točno koliko.

Obviously, it's difficult to calculate.

Jasno je da je to teško izračunati.

But a poll taken in the UK, for example, in August 2014,

No, npr. anketa u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu iz kolovoza 2014. godine,

estimated that 1.2 million people

procjenila je da je 1.2 milijuna ljudi

had watched the beheading of James Foley

gledalo odrubljivanje glave Jamesa Foleyja

in the few days after it was released.

tijekom nekoliko dana od kada je bilo objavljeno.

And that's just the first few days,

To je samo prvih nekoliko dana,

and just Britain.

i samo u Britaniji.

A similar poll taken in the United States

Slična anketa provedena u SAD-u

in November 2014

u studenom 2014. godine

found that nine percent of those surveyed

otkrila je da je devet posto ispitanika

had watched beheading videos,

gledalo snimke obezglavljivanja,

and a further 23 percent

a daljnjih 23 posto

had watched the videos but had stopped just before the death was shown.

gledalo je snimke, ali su stali neposredno prije nego je prikazana smrt.

Nine percent may be a small minority of all the people who could watch,

Devet posto je možda maleni broj svih ljudi koji bi mogli gledati,

but it's still a very large crowd.

no to je još uvijek jako velika skupina.

And of course that crowd is growing all the time,

I naravno, ta se skupina stalno povećava,

because every week, every month,

jer svaki tjedan, svaki mjesec,

more people will keep downloading and keep watching.

sve više ljudi nastavit će downloadirati i gledati snimke.

If we go back 11 years,

Ako se vratimo 11 godina unazad,

before sites like YouTube and Facebook were born,

prije no što su postojale stranice poput YouTubea ili Facebooka,

it was a similar story.

situacija je bila slična.

When innocent civilians like Daniel Pearl,

Kada su nevini civili poput Daniela Pearla

Nick Berg, Paul Johnson, were beheaded,

Nicka Berga, Paula Johnsona, bili obezglavljeni,

those videos were shown during the Iraq War.

te su snimke bile prikazane tijekom rata u Iraku.

Nick Berg's beheading

Obezglavljivanje Nicka Berga

quickly became one of the most searched for items on the Internet.

ubrzo je postalo jedno od najtraženijih stvari na internetu.

Within a day, it was the top search term

U jednom danu postalo je natraženiji pojam

across search engines like Google, Lycos, Yahoo.

na tražilicama kao Google, Lycos, Yahoo.

In the week after Nick Berg's beheading,

U tjednu nakon Nickovog obezglavljivanja,

these were the top 10 search terms in the United States.

ovo su bili top deset najtraženijih pojmova u SAD-u.

The Berg beheading video remained the most popular search term for a week,

Ta je snimka još tjedan dana bila najtraženiji pojam,

and it was the second most popular search term for the whole month of May,

a u cijelom mjesecu svibnju bila je drugi najtraženiji pojam,

runner-up only to "American Idol."

odmah nakon "Američkog idola."

The al-Qaeda-linked website that first showed Nick Berg's beheading

Web stranica povezana Al-Kaidom koja je prva prikazala Nickovo obezglavljivanje

had to close down within a couple of days due to overwhelming traffic to the site.

morala se nakon par dana ugasiti zbog prevelikog prometa na njoj.

One Dutch website owner said that his daily viewing figures

Jedan vlasnik nizozemske web stranice otkrio je da je broj dnevnih pregleda

rose from 300,000 to 750,000

porastao od 300.000 na 750.000

every time a beheading in Iraq was shown.

svaki puta kada je u Iraku bilo prikazano neko obezglavljivanje.

He told reporters 18 months later

Nakon 18 mjeseci rekao je novinarima

that it had been downloaded many millions of times,

da je snimka downloadirana više milijuna puta,

and that's just one website.

a to je samo na jednoj web stranci.

A similar pattern was seen again and again

Sličan obrazac opetovano je bio viđen

when videos of beheadings were released during the Iraq War.

kada su snimke odrubljivanja glava bile prikazane tijekom rata u Iraku.

Social media sites have made these images more accessible than ever before,

Društvene mreže učinile su ove snimke dostupnijima no ikad prije,

but if we take another step back in history,

ali ako se vratimo još dalje u prošlost,

we'll see that it was the camera that first created a new kind of crowd

vidjet ćemo da je upravo kamera stvorila novu vrstu gomile

in our history of beheadings as public spectacle.

u našoj povijesti obezglavljivanja kao javne predstave.

As soon as the camera appeared on the scene,

Čim se pojavila kamera,

a full lifetime ago on June 17, 1939,

davnog 17. lipnja 1939. godine,

it had an immediate and unequivocal effect.

imala je trenutan i nedvosmislen efekt.

That day, the first film of a public beheading was created in France.

Tog dana, prva snimka javnog odrubljivanja glave snimljena je u Francuskoj.

It was the execution, the guillotining, of a German serial killer, Eugen Weidmann,

Bilo je to giljotiniranje njemačkog serijskoj ubojice, Eugena Weidmanna,

outside the prison Saint-Pierre in Versailles.

izvan zatvora Saint-Pierre u Versaillesu.

Weidmann was due to be executed at the crack of dawn,

Weidmann je trebao biti smaknut u cik zore

as was customary at the time,

kao što je to tada bio običaj,

but his executioner was new to the job,

no njegov krvnik bio je nov u tom poslu,

and he'd underestimated how long it would take him to prepare.

i krivo je procijenio koliko mu treba vremena da se pripremi.

So Weidmann was executed at 4:30 in the morning,

Stoga je Weidmann smaknut u 4 sata i 30 minuta ujutro,

by which time on a June morning,

u vrijeme kada u lipanjsko ujutro

there was enough light to take photographs,

već ima dovoljno svijetla da se može snimati,

and a spectator in the crowd filmed the event,

a gledatelj u gomili snimio je događaj,

unbeknownst to the authorities.

bez znanja nadležnih vlasti.

Several still photographs were taken as well,

Također je snimljeno i nekoliko fotografija,

and you can still watch the film online today

a snimka se još uvijek može pogledati na internetu

and look at the photographs.

kao i fotografije.

The crowd on the day of Weidmann's execution

Rulja na dan Weidmannova smaknuća

was called "unruly" and "disgusting" by the press,

u tisku je opisana kao "razuzdana" i "gnjusna",

but that was nothing compared to the untold thousands of people

no to nije bilo ništa naspram nespomenutih tisuća ljudi

who could now study the action

koji sada mogu proučavati događaj

over and over again,

opet i opet,

freeze-framed in every detail.

zamrznut u svakome detalju.

The camera may have made these scenes more accessible than ever before,

Kamera je možda učinila te scene dostupnijima no ikad ranije,

but it's not just about the camera.

no ne radi se samo o kameri.

If we take a bigger leap back in history,

Ako se vratimo još dalje u prošlost,

we'll see that for as long as there have been

vidjet ćemo da otkad postoje

public judicial executions and beheadings,

javna smaknuća i odrubljivanja glava,

there have been the crowds to see them.

postoji i rulja koja ih je gledala.

In London, as late as the early 19th century,

U Londonu, početkom 19. stoljeća,

there might be four or five thousand people to see a standard hanging.

bilo je oko četiri ili pet tisuća ljudi koji su gledali standardno vješanje.

There could be 40,000 or 50,000 to see a famous criminal killed.

Znalo je biti 40 ili 50 tisuća koji bi gledali smaknuće poznatog kriminalca.

And a beheading, which was a rare event in England at the time,

Odrubljivanje glave, što je bila rijetka pojava u to vrijeme u Engleskoj,

attracted even more.

privlačilo je još više ljudi.

In May 1820,

U svibnju 1820. godine,

five men known as the Cato Street Conspirators

petorica muškaraca poznati kao Urotnici iz Cato ulice

were executed in London for plotting

smaknuti su u Londonu zbog planiranja

to assassinate members of the British government.

ubojstva članova britanske vlade.

They were hung and then decapitated.

Bili su obješeni, a potom i obezglavljeni.

It was a gruesome scene.

To je bio odvratan prizor.

Each man's head was hacked off in turn and held up to the crowd.

Svakom su muškarcu naizmjence odsjekli glavu i podigli prema publici.

And 100,000 people,

A sto tisuća ljudi,

that's 10,000 more than can fit into Wembley Stadium,

što je 10 tisuća ljudi više no što stane na Wembley stadion,

had turned out to watch.

došlo je kako bi to gledali.

The streets were packed.

Ulice su bile prepune.

People had rented out windows and rooftops.

Ljudi su iznajmili prozore i krovove.

People had climbed onto carts and wagons in the street.

Ljudi su se popeli na kola i kočije na ulici.

People climbed lamp posts.

Penjali su se na uličnu rasvjetu.

People had been known to have died in the crush on popular execution days.

Poznato je da su ljudi čak i ginuli u sudarima tijekom popularnih smaknuća.

Evidence suggests that throughout our history

Dokazi upućuju na to da tijekom naše povijesti

of public beheadings and public executions,

javnih odrubljivanja glave i javnih smaknuća,

the vast majority of the people who come to see

velika većina ljudi koji su došli gledati

are either enthusiastic or, at best, unmoved.

ili su entuzijastični ili, u najboljem slučaju, neganuti.

Disgust has been comparatively rare,

Gnušanje je bilo relativno rijetko,

and even when people are disgusted and are horrified,

a čak i kada su ljudi zgroženi i užasnuti,

it doesn't always stop them from coming out all the same to watch.

to ih ipak ne zaustavlja uvijek da se svejedno pojave i gledaju.

Perhaps the most striking example

Možda je najšokantniji primjer

of the human ability to watch a beheading and remain unmoved

sposobnosti ljudi da promatraju obezglavljivanje i ostanu neganuti

and even be disappointed

a možda čak i budu razočarani

was the introduction in France in 1792 of the guillotine,

kada je u Francuskoj 1792. bila predstavljena giljotina,

that famous decapitation machine.

poznata sprava za odrubljivanje glava.

To us in the 21st century,

Nama u 21. stoljeću,

the guillotine may seem like a monstrous contraption,

giljotina nam se možda čini kao čudovišan izum,

but to the first crowds who saw it, it was actually a disappointment.

no prvoj publici koja ju je vidjela, zapravo je bila razočaravajuća.

They were used to seeing long, drawn-out, torturous executions on the scaffold,

Bili su naviknuti gledati razvučena, mučna smaknuća na skeli,

where people were mutilated and burned and pulled apart slowly.

gdje su ljudi bili osakaćeni, spaljivani i polako rastrgani.

To them, watching the guillotine in action,

Za njih je promatranje giljotiniranja

it was so quick, there was nothing to see.

bilo toliko brzo, da se ništa nije niti imalo vidjeti.

The blade fell, the head fell into a basket, out of sight immediately,

Oštrica je pala, glava je pala u košaru, u trenutku je nestala,

and they called out,

a oni su počeli vikati,

"Give me back my gallows, give me back my wooden gallows."

"Vratite mi moja vješala, vratite mi moja drvena vješala."

The end of torturous public judicial executions in Europe and America

Mučna javna smaknuća u Europi i Americi zaustavljena su

was partly to do with being more humane towards the criminal,

djelomice zbog humanijeg pristupa kriminalcima,

but it was also partly because the crowd obstinately refused to behave

no djelomice i zbog toga što se rulja tvrdoglavo odbijala ponašati

in the way that they should.

kako je trebala.

All too often, execution day

Dan smaknuća je prečesto

was more like a carnival than a solemn ceremony.

nalikovao karnevalu nego dostojanstvenoj ceremoniji.

Today, a public judicial execution in Europe or America is unthinkable,

Danas je javno smaknuće nezamislivo u Europi ili Americi,

but there are other scenarios that should make us cautious

no postoje druge situacije zbog kojih bismo trebali biti oprezni

about thinking that things are different now

kada mislimo da su sada stvari drukčije

and we don't behave like that anymore.

i da se više ne ponašamo tako.

Take, for example, the incidents of suicide baiting.

Uzmite kao primjer incidente nagovaranje na samoubojstvo.

This is when a crowd gathers

To se događa kada se skupina ljudi okupi

to watch a person who has climbed to the top of a public building

da promatra osobu koja se popela na vrh javne zgrade

in order to kill themselves,

kako bi se ubila,

and people in the crowd shout and jeer,

a ljudi iz skupine viču i zadirkuju,

"Get on with it! Go on and jump!"

"Hajde više! Skoči!"

This is a well-recognized phenomenon.

To je dobro poznati fenomen.

One paper in 1981 found that in 10 out of 21 threatened suicide attempts,

Jedna studija iz 1981. otkrila je da su u 10 od 21 slučaja prijetnje samoubojstvom,

there was incidents of suicide baiting and jeering from a crowd.

postojali incidenti nagovaranja na samoubojstvo i zadirkivanje rulje.

And there have been incidents reported in the press this year.

Ove godine su u medijima zabilježeni takvi incidenti.

This was a very widely reported incident

To je bio naširoko objavljivan incident

in Telford and Shropshire in March this year.

u Telfordu i Shropshireu u ožujku ove godine.

And when it happens today,

Kada se tako nešto danas dogodi,

people take photographs and they take videos on their phones

ljudi fotografiraju i snimaju svojim mobitelima

and they post those videos online.

i objavljuju te snimke na internetu.

When it comes to brutal murderers who post their beheading videos,

Kada se radi o brutalnim ubojicama koje objavljuju svoje snimke obezglavljivanja,

the Internet has created a new kind of crowd.

internet je stvorio novu vrstu rulje.

Today, the action takes place in a distant time and place,

Danas se radnja odvija u udaljenom vremenu i prostoru,

which gives the viewer a sense of detachment from what's happening,

što gledatelju stvara osjećaj odvojenosti od onoga što se događa,

a sense of separation.

osjećaj otcjepljenosti.

It's nothing to do with me.

To nema nikakve veze sa mnom.

It's already happened.

To se već dogodilo.

We are also offered an unprecedented sense of intimacy.

Također nam se nudi jedinstven osjećaj intimnosti.

Today, we are all offered front row seats.

Danas se svima nama nude sjedala u prvom redu.

We can all watch in private, in our own time and space,

Svi možemo gledati u privatnosti, u našem vlastitom vremenu i prostoru,

and no one need ever know that we've clicked on the screen to watch.

i nitko ne mora nikada saznati da smo kliknuli na video.

This sense of separation --

Taj osjećaj odvojenosti,

from other people, from the event itself --

od drugih ljudi, od samoga događaja,

seems to be key to understanding our ability to watch,

čini se kao ključ za razumijevanje naše sposobnosti da gledamo.

and there are several ways

Postoji nekoliko načina

in which the Internet creates a sense of detachment

na koje internet stvara osjećaj odvojenosti

that seems to erode individual moral responsibility.

koji nagriza individualnu moralnu odgovornost.

Our activities online are often contrasted with real life,

Naše aktivnosti na internetu često su u suprotnosti s našim pravim životom,

as though the things we do online are somehow less real.

kao da su stvari koje činimo na internetu nestvarne.

We feel less accountable for our actions

Osjećamo manju odgovornost za naše postupke

when we interact online.

kada komuniciramo na internetu.

There's a sense of anonymity, a sense of invisibility,

Postoji osjećaj anonimnosti, nevidljivosti

so we feel less accountable for our behavior.

pa se ne osjećamo toliko odgovornima za svoje ponašanje.

The Internet also makes it far easier to stumble upon things inadvertently,

Internet također omogućuje da nehotice nabasamo na neki sadržaj,

things that we would usually avoid in everyday life.

sadržaj koji bismo uglavnom izbjegavali u svakodnevnom životu.

Today, a video can start playing before you even know what you're watching.

Danas se video može pokrenuti prije nego znate što točno gledate.

Or you may be tempted to look at material that you wouldn't look at in everyday life

Ili možete pasti u iskušenje da gledate materijal koji inače ne biste gledali,

or you wouldn't look at if you were with other people at the time.

ili ga ne biste gledali da ste u društvu.

And when the action is pre-recorded

Kada je radnja unaprijed snimljena

and takes place in a distant time and space,

i odvija se u udaljenom vremenu i prostoru,

watching seems like a passive activity.

gledanje nam se čini kao pasivna radnja.

There's nothing I can do about it now.

Ne mogu ništa sada poduzeti oko toga.

It's already happened.

To se već dogodilo.

All these things make it easier as an Internet user

Sve to olakšava nama kao korisnicima interneta

for us to give in to our sense of curiosity about death,

da popustimo našoj znatiželji o smrti,

to push our personal boundaries,

da prelazimo svoje osobne granice,

to test our sense of shock, to explore our sense of shock.

da testiramo naš osjećaj šokiranosti, da ga istražimo.

But we're not passive when we watch.

No, nismo pasivni dok promatramo.

On the contrary, we're fulfilling the murderer's desire to be seen.

Baš suprotno, ispunjavamo želju ubojice da bude viđen.

When the victim of a decapitation is bound and defenseless,

Kada je žrtva dekapitacije vezana i bespomoćna,

he or she essentially becomes a pawn in their killer's show.

on ili ona zapravo postaje pijun u predstavi svojeg ubojice.

Unlike a trophy head that's taken in battle,

Za razliku od trofejne glave osvojene u bitci,

that represents the luck and skill it takes to win a fight,

koja predstavlja sreću i vještinu potrebnu da se pobijedi u borbi,

when a beheading is staged,

kada je odrubljivanje glave priređeno,

when it's essentially a piece of theater,

kada je u suštini dio kazališne predstave,

the power comes from the reception the killer receives as he performs.

moć dolazi od recepcije koju ubojica dobiva dok izvodi predstavu.

In other words, watching is very much part of the event.

Drugim riječima, gledanje je velikim dijelom dio tog događaja.

The event no longer takes place in a single location

Događaj se više ne odvija na jedinstvenoj lokaciji

at a certain point in time as it used to and as it may still appear to.

u određenom trenutku, kao što je to bilo prije i još uvijek se čini da jest.

Now the event is stretched out in time and place,

Sada se događaj proteže u vremenu i prostoru,

and everyone who watches plays their part.

i svatko tko gleda igra svoju ulogu.

We should stop watching,

Trebali bismo prestati gledati,

but we know we won't.

ali znamo da nećemo.

History tells us we won't,

Povijest nam govori da nećemo,

and the killers know it too.

a ubojice to znaju isto.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Bruno Giussani: Thank you. Let me get this back. Thank you.

Bruno Giussani: Hvala. Dajte da ovo vratim. Hvala.

Let's move here. While they install for the next performance,

Pomaknimo se ovdje. Dok pripremaju za iduću izvedbu,

I want to ask you the question that probably many here have,

želio bih Vam postaviti pitanje koje vjerojatno mnogi ovdje imaju,

which is how did you get interested in this topic?

a to je - kako ste se zainteresirali za ovu temu?

Frances Larson: I used to work at a museum

Frances Larson: Radila sam u muzeju

called the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford,

koji se zove Muej Pitt Rivers u Oxfordu,

which was famous for its display of shrunken heads from South America.

i poznat je po svojoj izložbi smanjenih glava iz Južne Amerike.

People used to say, "Oh, the shrunken head museum, the shrunken head museum!"

Ljudi su znali reći, "O, muzej smanjenih glava, muzej smanjenih glava!"

And at the time, I was working on the history

U to vrijeme, radila sam na povijesti

of scientific collections of skulls.

znanstvenih zbirki lubanja.

I was working on the cranial collections,

Radila sam na zbirkama lubanja,

and it just struck me as ironic

i pogodila me ironija

that here were people coming to see this gory, primitive, savage culture

ljudi dolaze vidjeti tu krvavu, primitivnu, divljačku kulturu

that they were almost fantasizing about and creating

da gotovo maštaju o njoj i stvaraju je

without really understanding what they were seeing,

bez da zaista razumiju što su to vidjeli,

and all the while these vast -- I mean hundreds of thousands

i svo to vrijeme ta količina -- stotine tisuća

of skulls in our museums, all across Europe and the States --

lubanja u našemu muzeju, diljem Europe i SAD-a --

were kind of upholding this Enlightenment pursuit of scientific rationality.

podržavale su prosvjetiteljsku potragu za znanstvenom racionalnošću.

So I wanted to kind of twist it round and say, "Let's look at us."

Zato sam htjela to preokrenuti i reći, "Pogledajmo sami sebe."

We're looking through the glass case at these shrunken heads.

Promatramo te smanjene glave u staklenim vitrinama.

Let's look at our own history and our own cultural fascination with these things.

Pogledajmo onda našu vlastitu povijest i kulturnu fascinaciju tim stvarima.

BG: Thank you for sharing that.

BG: Hvala Vam što ste to podijelili s nama.

FL: Thank you.

FL: Hvala Vama.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)