Susan Blackmore: Memes and "temes"

158,017 views ใƒป 2008-06-04

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Hadi Faqihi ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Mahmoud Aghiorly
00:18
Cultural evolution is a dangerous child
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ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญุถุงุฑูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ุทูู„ ุฎุทุฑ
00:21
for any species to let loose on its planet.
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ู„ุฃูŠ ุฌู†ุณ ุจู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠุฎุณุฑ ู…ุญูŠุทู‡
00:24
By the time you realize what's happening, the child is a toddler,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุจุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซุŒ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุทูู„ุง ุตุบูŠุฑุง
00:28
up and causing havoc, and it's too late to put it back.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ูŠูƒุจุฑ ูˆูŠุณุจุจ ุฎุฑุงุจุงุŒ ูˆูŠุตุจุญ ู…ุชุฃุฎุฑุง ุฃู† ุชุนูŠุฏู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุถุนู‡ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠ
00:34
We humans are Earth's Pandoran species.
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ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ุฌู†ุณ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏูˆุฑูŠ - ุงู„ุจู†ุฏูˆุฑุง : ุตุฏูˆู‚ ุงู„ุดุฑูˆุฑ -
00:37
We're the ones who let the second replicator out of its box,
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ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุฎุฑุฌู†ุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุฑุฑ ุฃูˆ (ู…ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚) ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ู‡
00:42
and we can't push it back in.
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ูˆู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฅุนุงุฏุชู‡ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
00:44
We're seeing the consequences all around us.
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ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ุญูˆู„ู†ุง
00:48
Now that, I suggest, is the view that
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ูˆุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃู‚ุชุฑุญุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฑุฃูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู„
00:52
comes out of taking memetics seriously.
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ู†ุญู…ู„ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู…ูŠู… ู…ุญู…ู„ ุงู„ุฌุฏ (ุงู„ู…ูŠู…: ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชู‚ู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ู„ูุธ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุชูƒุฑุฑู‡)
00:54
And it gives us a new way of thinking about
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ูˆูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุญูˆู„ู‡
00:56
not only what's going on on our planet,
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ู…ุงูŠุฌุฑูŠ ููŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง
00:58
but what might be going on elsewhere in the cosmos.
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ุจู„ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ูŠุฌุฑูŠ ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
01:01
So first of all, I'd like to say something about memetics
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ุฃูˆู„ุง ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุนู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู…ูŠู…
01:04
and the theory of memes,
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ูˆู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…
01:06
and secondly, how this might answer questions about who's out there,
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ูˆุซุงู†ูŠุงู‹ุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุฌูŠุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
01:11
if indeed anyone is.
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠ ุฃุญุฏ
01:14
So, memetics:
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ุฃุฐู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู…ูŠู…
01:16
memetics is founded on the principle of Universal Darwinism.
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ุชุฃุณุณ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู…ูŠู… ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุฏุงุฑูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ
01:20
Darwin had this amazing idea.
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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู† ููƒุฑุฉ ู…ุฏู‡ุดุฉ
01:23
Indeed, some people say
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู†
01:25
it's the best idea anybody ever had.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃูุถู„ ููƒุฑุฉ ุญู…ู„ู‡ุง ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต
01:28
Isn't that a wonderful thought, that there could be such a thing
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ุฃู„ูŠุณุช ููƒุฑุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„
01:32
as a best idea anybody ever had?
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ูƒุฃูุถู„ ููƒุฑุฉ ุญู…ู„ู‡ุง ุดุฎุต ู…ุงุŸ
01:34
Do you think there could?
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ู‡ู„ ุชุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู†ุŸ
01:35
Audience: No.
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ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ: ู„ุง
01:36
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:37
Susan Blackmore: Someone says no, very loudly, from over there.
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ุณูˆุฒุงู† ุจู„ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑ: ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุง ู‚ุงู„ ู„ุงุŒ ุจูƒู„ ูˆุถูˆุญ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ
01:39
Well, I say yes, and if there is, I give the prize to Darwin.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนุทูŠ ุงู„ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ู„ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู†
01:43
Why?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ
01:45
Because the idea was so simple,
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฌุฏุง
01:48
and yet it explains all design in the universe.
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ูุณุฑ ูƒู„ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
01:54
I would say not just biological design,
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ู„ุง ุฃูˆุฏ ุงู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ูƒู„ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุญูŠูˆูŠ
01:56
but all of the design that we think of as human design.
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ุจู„ ูƒู„ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠู‡ ูƒุฌู†ุณ ุจุดุฑูŠ
01:58
It's all just the same thing happening.
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ูƒู„ ู…ุงููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ูŠุญุฏุซ
02:00
What did Darwin say?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ู‚ุงู„ ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู†ุŸ
02:02
I know you know the idea, natural selection,
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ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู†ูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุนู„ู… ุจุงู„ููƒุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฅุตุทูุงุก ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุŒ
02:04
but let me just paraphrase "The Origin of Species," 1859,
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ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุตูŠุงุบุฉ "ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุนุŒ" 1859ุŒ
02:09
in a few sentences.
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ููŠ ุจุถุน ุฌู…ู„
02:11
What Darwin said was something like this:
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ู…ุงู‚ุงู„ ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู† ูƒุงู† ุดูŠุฆุงูŽ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„ --
02:14
if you have creatures that vary, and that can't be doubted --
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุงูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุดูƒูƒ ููŠู‡ุง --
02:18
I've been to the Galapagos, and I've measured the size of the beaks
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุฌุฒุฑ ุบุงู„ุงุจุงุบูˆุณ ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุญุฌู… ู…ู†ุงู‚ูŠุฑ
02:21
and the size of the turtle shells and so on, and so on.
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ูˆุญุฌู… ุตุฏูุงุช ุงู„ุณู„ุงุญู ูˆู‡ู„ู… ุฌุฑุง
02:23
And 100 pages later.
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ูˆ ุจุนุฏ 100 ุตูุญุฉ
02:25
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:27
And if there is a struggle for life,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุตุฑุงุน ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
02:31
such that nearly all of these creatures die --
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ูŠุญุชู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ุงุช ุงู† ุชู…ูˆุช ุจุงุณุชุซู†ุงุก ุฃุญุฏู‡ุง
02:34
and this can't be doubted, I've read Malthus
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุดูƒูƒ ููŠู‡ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุฑุฃุช ู…ุงู„ุชูˆุณ
02:37
and I've calculated how long it would take for elephants
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุณุจุช ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ูƒู… ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุณูŠุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุงู„ููŠู„ู‡
02:39
to cover the whole world if they bred unrestricted, and so on and so on.
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ู„ุชุบุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุจุฃุณุฑุฉ ุงุฐุง ุชูƒุงุซุฑุช ุจุฏูˆู† ุนูˆุงุฆู‚ ุŒ ูˆู‡ู„ู… ุฌุฑุง
02:42
And another 100 pages later.
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ูˆุจุนุฏ 100 ุตูุญุฉ
02:46
And if the very few that survive pass onto their offspring
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุฌุฏุง ุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู…ุฑุฑูˆุง ุงู„ู‰ ุฐุฑูŠุงุชู‡ู…
02:51
whatever it was that helped them survive,
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ุฃูŠุงู‹ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุงุนุฏู‡ู… ู„ู„ุจู‚ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
02:54
then those offspring must be better adapted
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ุฅุฐู† ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฐุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุชูƒูŠูู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูุถู„
02:56
to the circumstances in which all this happened
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุธุฑูˆู ุงู„ุชูŠ ุญุฏุซ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ููŠู‡ุง
02:58
than their parents were.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขุจุงุก ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู…
03:01
You see the idea?
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ู‡ู„ ุชู„ุงุญุธูˆู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ
03:03
If, if, if, then.
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ุฃุฐุงุŒ ุงุฐุงุŒ ุฃุฐุงุŒ ุฅุฐู†
03:05
He had no concept of the idea of an algorithm,
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฃุฏู†ู‰ ููƒุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุฉ
03:07
but that's what he described in that book,
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุงุดุฑุญู‡ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ
03:10
and this is what we now know as the evolutionary algorithm.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุงู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุจุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑูŠุฉ
03:13
The principle is you just need those three things --
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ุงู„ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุงู†ูƒ ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซ ุฃุดูŠุงุก
03:17
variation, selection and heredity.
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ุงู„ุชู„ูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุฅุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซุฉ
03:20
And as Dan Dennett puts it, if you have those,
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ุฏุงู† ุฏูŠู†ูŠุชุŒ ุฃุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡
03:24
then you must get evolution.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุชุทูˆุฑ
03:26
Or design out of chaos, without the aid of mind.
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ุฃูˆ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ููˆุถู‰ ู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ู…ุนูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู‚ู„
03:31
There's one word I love on that slide.
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ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃุญุจุจุชู‡ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุฑูŠุญุฉ
03:33
What do you think my favorite word is?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุชุชูˆู‚ุนูˆู† ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ุฉุŸ
03:35
Audience: Chaos.
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ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ: ุงู„ููˆุถู‰
03:36
SB: Chaos? No. What? Mind? No.
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ุณูˆุฒุงู† ุจู„ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑ: ูƒู„ุง ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ุŒ ูƒู„ุง
03:39
Audience: Without.
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ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ: ุจุฏูˆู†
03:40
SB: No, not without.
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ุณูˆุฒุงู† ุจู„ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑ: ูƒู„ุงุŒ ู„ูŠุณุช ุจุฏูˆู†
03:41
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
03:42
You try them all in order: Mmm...?
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุงูˆู„ุชู… ุจุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ
03:44
Audience: Must.
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ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ: ูŠุฌุจ
03:45
SB: Must, at must. Must, must.
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ูŠุฌุจุŒ ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ุŒ ูŠุฌุจุŒ ูŠุฌุจ
03:49
This is what makes it so amazing.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุงูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
03:51
You don't need a designer,
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ู„ุง ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุตู…ู…
03:54
or a plan, or foresight, or anything else.
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ูˆู„ุง ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ
03:57
If there's something that is copied with variation
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ุฃุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ู†ุณุฎ ู…ุน ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ
04:00
and it's selected, then you must get design appearing out of nowhere.
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ูˆุชู… ุฃุฎุชูŠุงุฑู‡ุŒ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู…
04:04
You can't stop it.
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ูˆู„ุงูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฅูŠู‚ุงูู‡
04:06
Must is my favorite word there.
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ูŠุฌุจ ู‡ูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
04:11
Now, what's this to do with memes?
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู…ุงุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ู…ูŠู…
04:13
Well, the principle here applies to anything
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุจุฏุฃ ู‡ู†ุง ูŠู†ุทูŠู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก
04:18
that is copied with variation and selection.
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ุฃู† ูŠุชู… ุงู„ู†ุณุฎ ู…ุน ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ูˆุงู„ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ
04:19
We're so used to thinking in terms of biology,
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ู†ุญู† ู…ุนุชุงุฏูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก
04:22
we think about genes this way.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ
04:24
Darwin didn't, of course; he didn't know about genes.
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ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู† ู„ู… ูŠููƒุฑ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู„ู… ูŠุนู„ู… ุงู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช
04:27
He talked mostly about animals and plants,
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ุชูƒู„ู… ุจูƒุซุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ูˆุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช
04:29
but also about languages evolving and becoming extinct.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุง ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ุบุงุชุŒ ุชุชุทูˆุฑ ูˆุชุตุจุญ ู…ู†ู‚ุฑุถุฉ
04:32
But the principle of Universal Darwinism
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ
04:34
is that any information that is varied and selected
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ู‡ู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฎุชุงุฑู‡
04:38
will produce design.
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ุณุชู†ุชุฌ ุชุตูŠู…ูŠุงู‹
04:40
And this is what Richard Dawkins was on about
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุงูƒุงู† ุฑูŠุชุดุงุฑุฏ ุฏุงูˆูƒู†ุฒ ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡
04:42
in his 1976 bestseller, "The Selfish Gene."
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ููŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูƒุชุจู‡ ู…ุจูŠุนุงู‹ ุนุงู… 1976 "ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ"
04:45
The information that is copied, he called the replicator.
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ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณุฎุช .. ุณู…ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุฑุฑ
04:49
It selfishly copies.
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ู‡ูŠ ู†ุณุฎ ุฃู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ
04:51
Not meaning it kind of sits around inside cells going, "I want to get copied."
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ู„ุง ูŠู‚ุตุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‡ุง ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุญูˆู„ ูˆุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง "ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู†ุณุฎ"
04:55
But that it will get copied if it can,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุณุฎ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู…ูƒู†ุงู‹
04:57
regardless of the consequences.
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ุจุบุถ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ
05:00
It doesn't care about the consequences because it can't,
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠู‡ุชู… ุจุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน
05:03
because it's just information being copied.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ู†ุณูˆุฎุฉ
05:06
And he wanted to get away
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูู„ุช
05:07
from everybody thinking all the time about genes,
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ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ุฃุญุฏ ูŠููƒุฑ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุนู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช
05:10
and so he said, "Is there another replicator out there on the planet?"
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ูˆูู‚ุงู„ : "ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ูƒุฑุฑ (ู…ุนูŠุฏ ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚) ุขุฎุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจุŸ"
05:13
Ah, yes, there is.
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ุฃู‡ุŒ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
05:15
Look around you -- here will do, in this room.
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ุฃู†ุธุฑูˆุง ุญูˆู„ูƒู…ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ
05:18
All around us, still clumsily drifting about
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ุญูˆู„ู†ุงุŒ ูŠุธู„ ูŠู†ุฒู„ู‚ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุฎุฑู‚
05:21
in its primeval soup of culture, is another replicator.
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ููŠ ุฎู„ูŠุทู‡ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆูŠุŒ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุนูŠุฏ ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚
05:24
Information that we copy from person to person, by imitation,
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ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู†ุณุฎู‡ุง ู…ู† ุดุฎุต ู„ุขุฎุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒุงุฉ
05:29
by language, by talking, by telling stories,
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ุจุงู„ู„ุบุฉุŒ ุจุงู„ูƒู„ุงู…ุŒ ุจุฅุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุตุต
05:31
by wearing clothes, by doing things.
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ุจุฅุฑุชุฏุงุก ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุจุณุŒ ุจูุนู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
05:34
This is information copied with variation and selection.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุชู†ุณุฎ ุจุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ
05:39
This is design process going on.
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ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุชุฌุฑูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู…
05:42
He wanted a name for the new replicator.
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ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃุณู…ุงู‹ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุงู‹ ู„ู…ุนูŠุฏ ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ
05:45
So, he took the Greek word "mimeme," which means that which is imitated.
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ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุงุบุฑูŠู‚ูŠุฉ mimeme ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุดูŠุฆ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒู‰
05:49
Remember that, that's the core definition:
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ุชุฐูƒุฑุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ
05:52
that which is imitated.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุญุงูƒุงุชู‡ุง
05:53
And abbreviated it to meme, just because it sounds good
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ูˆุงุฎุชุตุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ ู…ูŠู… (meme) ูู‚ุท ู„ุชูƒูˆู† ุณู‡ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุทู‚
05:56
and made a good meme, an effective spreading meme.
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ูˆุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏ ู‡ูˆ ู…ูŠู… ุณุฑูŠุน ุงู„ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ
05:59
So that's how the idea came about.
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ุฃุฐู† ูƒูŠู ุฎุฑุฌุช ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ
06:03
It's important to stick with that definition.
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ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏุง ุงู„ุฅู„ุชุฒุงู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู
06:06
The whole science of memetics is much maligned,
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ูƒู„ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู…ูŠู… ู…ุทุนูˆู† ููŠู‡
06:10
much misunderstood, much feared.
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ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุŒ ูˆุนู„ู… ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ุชุฎูˆู ู…ู†ู‡
06:13
But a lot of these problems can be avoided
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุฌู†ุจู‡ุง
06:16
by remembering the definition.
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ุจุชุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู
06:18
A meme is not equivalent to an idea.
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ุงู„ู…ูŠู… ู„ุณูŠุช ู…ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ููƒุฑุฉ
06:20
It's not an idea. It's not equivalent to anything else, really.
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ู„ูŠุณุช ููƒุฑุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ู„ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ
06:22
Stick with the definition.
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ุฅู„ุชุฒู… ุจุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู
06:24
It's that which is imitated,
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒู‰
06:26
or information which is copied from person to person.
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ุงูˆ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุณูˆุฎุฉ ู…ู† ุดุฎุต ู„ุดุฎุต
06:30
So, let's see some memes.
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ุฃุฐู†ุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…
06:31
Well, you sir, you've got those glasses hung around your neck
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ุญุณู†ุง ุŒ ุฃู†ุช ูŠุง ุณูŠุฏูŠุŒ ูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ุธุงุฑุงุช ู…ุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุนู†ู‚ูƒ
06:34
in that particularly fetching way.
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ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฐุงุจุฉ
06:36
I wonder whether you invented that idea for yourself,
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ุฃุชุณุงุฆู„ ุงู† ูƒู†ุช ุฅุจุชูƒุฑุช ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุจู†ูุณูƒ
06:38
or copied it from someone else?
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ุฃูˆ ู†ุณุฎุช ุดุฎุตุง ู…ุง
06:40
If you copied it from someone else, it's a meme.
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ุฃุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู†ุณุฎุช ุดุฎุตุง ู…ุงุŒ ูู‡ูŠ ู…ูŠู…
06:43
And what about, oh, I can't see any interesting memes here.
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ูˆู…ุงุฐุง ุนู†...ุŒ ุฃูˆู‡ุŒ ู„ุง ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ุฃุฑู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ูŠู… ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู‡ุชู…ุงู… ู‡ู†ุง
06:46
All right everyone, who's got some interesting memes for me?
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ู…ู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ูŠู… ุชุซูŠุฑ ุงู†ุชุจุงู‡ูŠ
06:49
Oh, well, your earrings,
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ุฃูˆู‡ ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุฃู‚ุฑุงุทูƒ
06:51
I don't suppose you invented the idea of earrings.
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ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃูุชุฑุถ ุงู†ูƒ ุฃุจุชูƒุฑุช ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฑุงุท
06:53
You probably went out and bought them.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุฑุฌุญ ุฃู†ูƒ ุงุจุชุนุชูŠู‡ุง
06:55
There are plenty more in the shops.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุงู‚
06:57
That's something that's passed on from person to person.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ุฅู†ุชู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุดุฎุต ู„ุขุฎุฑ
06:59
All the stories that we're telling -- well, of course,
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ูƒู„ ุงู„ู‚ุตุต ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฎุจุฑู‡ุงุŒ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน
07:02
TED is a great meme-fest, masses of memes.
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ุชูŠุฏ ู‡ูˆ ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ู†ุดุฑ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุŒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠู…
07:06
The way to think about memes, though,
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ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช ูŠุฑุบู…ู†ุงุŒ
07:08
is to think, why do they spread?
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ุฃู† ู†ููƒุฑุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุชู†ุชุดุฑ
07:10
They're selfish information, they will get copied, if they can.
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู†ุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุณูŠุชู… ู†ุณุฎู‡ุง ุฃู† ุงุณุชุทุงุนูˆุง
07:14
But some of them will be copied because they're good,
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุถู‡ุง ูŠุชู… ู†ุณุฎู‡ุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฌูŠุฏุฉ
07:17
or true, or useful, or beautiful.
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ุฃูˆ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ
07:19
Some of them will be copied even though they're not.
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ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุณูŠุชู… ู†ุณุฎู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชู†ุณุฎ
07:21
Some, it's quite hard to tell why.
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ุงู„ุจุนุถุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุงู„ุฅุฎุจุงุฑ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง
07:24
There's one particular curious meme which I rather enjoy.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ูŠู… ุบุฑูŠุจ ุงุณุชู…ุชุน ุจู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน
07:27
And I'm glad to say, as I expected, I found it when I came here,
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ูˆุณุนูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุงู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ุฃู†ูŠ ุชูˆู‚ุนุช ุฃู†ูŠ ุฃุฌุฏู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุขุชูŠ ู‡ู†ุง
07:30
and I'm sure all of you found it, too.
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ูˆู…ุชุฃูƒุฏู‡ ุฃู†ูƒู… ูƒู„ูƒู… ูˆุฌุฏุชูˆู‡ ุงูŠุถุงู‹
07:32
You go to your nice, posh, international hotel somewhere,
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ุฅุฐู‡ุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ูู†ุฏู‚ูƒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ ุงู„ูุงุฎุฑ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง
07:36
and you come in and you put down your clothes
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ูˆุชุนุงู„ ูˆุถุน ู…ู„ุงุจุณูƒ
07:38
and you go to the bathroom, and what do you see?
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ูˆุงุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู…ุงู…ุŒ ูˆู…ุงุฐุง ุณุชุฑู‰ุŸ
07:41
Audience: Bathroom soap.
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ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ: ุตุงุจูˆู† ุงู„ุญู…ุงู…
07:42
SB: Pardon?
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ุณูˆุฒุงู† ุจู„ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑ: ุนููˆุงู‹
07:43
Audience: Soap.
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ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ: ุตุงุจูˆู†
07:44
SB: Soap, yeah. What else do you see?
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ุณูˆุฒุงู† ุจู„ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑ: ุตุงุจูˆู†ุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
07:46
Audience: (Inaudible)
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ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ: (ุบูŠุฑู…ุณู…ูˆุน)
07:47
SB: Mmm mmm.
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ุณูˆุฒุงู† ุจู„ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑ: ุงู…ู…ู…ู… ุงู…ู…ู…
07:48
Audience: Sink, toilet!
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ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ: ุญูˆุถุŒ ู…ุฑุญุงุถ
07:49
SB: Sink, toilet, yes, these are all memes, they're all memes,
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ุณูˆุฒุงู† ุจู„ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑ: ุญูˆุถุŒ ู…ุฑุญุงุถุŒ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ูŠู…. ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ูŠู…
07:51
but they're sort of useful ones, and then there's this one.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู†ูˆุน ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡
07:54
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
07:58
What is this one doing?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง
08:00
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:01
This has spread all over the world.
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ุงู†ุชุดุฑ ููŠ ุงู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
08:03
It's not surprising that you all found it
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ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูุงุฌุฆ ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏูˆู‡ ูƒู„ูƒู…
08:05
when you arrived in your bathrooms here.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฏุฎู„ุชู… ุญู…ุงู…ูƒู… ู‡ู†ุง
08:07
But I took this photograph in a toilet at the back of a tent
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุฎุฐุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุญู…ุงู… ุฎู„ู ุฎูŠู…ุฉ
08:12
in the eco-camp in the jungle in Assam.
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ููŠ ู…ุฎูŠู… ุตุฏูŠู‚ ู„ู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ููŠ ุฃุฏุบุงู„ ุฃุณุงู…
08:14
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:16
Who folded that thing up there, and why?
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ู…ู† ู„ู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุŸ ูˆู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ
08:19
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:20
Some people get carried away.
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠู†ุฌุฑููˆู†
08:22
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:26
Other people are just lazy and make mistakes.
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ุขุฎุฑูˆู† ูƒุณุงู„ู‰ ูˆูŠุฑุชูƒุจูˆู† ุงุฎุทุงุก
08:29
Some hotels exploit the opportunity to put even more memes
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูู†ุงุฏู‚ ุชุณุชุบู„ ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ ูˆุชุถุน ู…ูŠู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ
08:32
with a little sticker.
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ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุณุชูŠูƒุฑ ุตุบูŠุฑ
08:34
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:35
What is this all about?
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ู„ู… ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
08:37
I suppose it's there to tell you that somebody's
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ุฃูุชุฑุถ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุชุฎุจุฑ ุจุฃู† ุดุฎุตุงู‹
08:39
cleaned the place, and it's all lovely.
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ู†ุธู ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†ุŒ ูˆุงู†ู‡ ุฑุงุฆุน
08:41
And you know, actually, all it tells you is that another person
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุฎุจุฑูƒ ุงู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดุฎุต ู…ุง
08:44
has potentially spread germs from place to place.
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ู†ุดุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุซูŠู… ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุญุชู…ู„
08:47
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:48
So, think of it this way.
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ุฃุฐู† ู„ู†ููƒุฑ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ
08:50
Imagine a world full of brains
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ุชุฎูŠู„ ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู„ูŠุฆ ุจุงู„ุนู‚ูˆู„
08:52
and far more memes than can possibly find homes.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ู…ู†ุงุฒู„
08:55
The memes are all trying to get copied --
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ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠู… ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุชู†ุณุฎ
08:58
trying, in inverted commas -- i.e.,
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ุชุญุงูˆู„ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูุงุตู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ู„ูˆุจุฉ ูƒู…ุซุงู„
09:01
that's the shorthand for, if they can get copied, they will.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฎุชุตุงู„ ู„ู€ ุŒ ุฃุฐุง ุงุณุชุทุงุนุช ุฃู† ุชู†ุณุฎ ูุณุชูุนู„
09:04
They're using you and me as their propagating, copying machinery,
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ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู†ูŠ ุงู†ุง ูˆุฃู†ุชู… ูƒุขู„ุงุช ู†ุณุฎ ูˆู†ุดุฑ
09:10
and we are the meme machines.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ุขู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠู…
09:13
Now, why is this important?
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู‡ู…ุŸ
09:15
Why is this useful, or what does it tell us?
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ู„ู… ู‡ูˆ ู…ููŠุฏุŒ ุงูˆ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุงุŸ
09:17
It gives us a completely new view of human origins
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ุงู†ู‡ ุจุนุทูŠู†ุง ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ู„ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†
09:21
and what it means to be human,
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ูˆู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู†ุณุงู†ุงู‹
09:22
all conventional theories of cultural evolution,
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ูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠ
09:26
of the origin of humans,
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ู„ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ
09:28
and what makes us so different from other species.
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ูˆู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ููŠู† ุนู† ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰
09:32
All other theories explaining the big brain, and language, and tool use
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ูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุชุดุฑุญ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุฃุฏุงุฉ
09:34
and all these things that make us unique,
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ูˆูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุชุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ููŠู†
09:36
are based upon genes.
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ุชู‚ูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช
09:39
Language must have been useful for the genes.
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ุงู„ู„ุบุงุช ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู„ู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช
09:42
Tool use must have enhanced our survival, mating and so on.
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ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุงุฏุงุฉ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ูŠุนุฒุฒ ุจู‚ุงุฆู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ุชุฒุงูˆุฌ ูˆู‡ู„ู… ุฌุฑุง
09:45
It always comes back, as Richard Dawkins complained
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุก ูƒู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุฑูŠุชุดุงุฑุฏ ุฏุงูˆูƒู†ุฒ
09:48
all that long time ago, it always comes back to genes.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุŒ ูƒุงู† ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช
09:51
The point of memetics is to say, "Oh no, it doesn't."
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ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู…ูŠู… "ุฃูˆู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุงูŠูุนู„"
09:55
There are two replicators now on this planet.
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุงู„ุขู† ู†ูˆุนุงู† ู…ู† ู…ุนูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
09:58
From the moment that our ancestors,
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุธุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏุฃ ุฃุฌุฏุงุฏู†ุง -
10:01
perhaps two and a half million years ago or so,
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู‚ุฑุงุจุฉ ู…ู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู† ูˆ ู†ุตู ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช
10:03
began imitating, there was a new copying process.
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ุจุฏุฃูˆุง ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏ . ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู†ูˆุน ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ู†ุณุฎ.
10:07
Copying with variation and selection.
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ุงู„ู†ุณุฎ ุจุงุฎุชู„ุงู ูˆ ุงู†ุชู‚ุงุฆูŠุฉ.
10:09
A new replicator was let loose, and it could never be --
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ู…ุนูŠุฏ ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู‚ุฏ ุงุทู„ู‚ , ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู†
10:14
right from the start -- it could never be
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ , ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ..
10:15
that human beings who let loose this new creature,
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ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ ู„ูŠุทู„ู‚ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
10:20
could just copy the useful, beautiful, true things,
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ูƒุงู† ุจุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู† ู†ุณุฎ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ , ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ,
10:23
and not copy the other things.
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ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ู†ุณุฎ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
10:25
While their brains were having an advantage from being able to copy --
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู‚ูˆู„ู‡ู… ุชุณุชููŠุฏ ู…ู† ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุณุฎ--
10:28
lighting fires, keeping fires going, new techniques of hunting,
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ุงู„ู†ูŠุฑุงู† ุงู„ุตุงุนู‚ุฉ ,ุงุจู‚ุงุฆู‡ู… ู„ู„ู†ุงุฑ ู…ุดุชุนู„ุฉ , ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุตูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ,
10:33
these kinds of things --
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก--
10:35
inevitably they were also copying putting feathers in their hair,
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ุญุชู…ุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠู†ุณุฎูˆู† ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฑูŠุด ุนู„ู‰ ุดุนูˆุฑู‡ู…
10:38
or wearing strange clothes, or painting their faces,
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ุฃูˆ ู„ุจุณ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุจุณ ุงู„ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ , ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆู‡ู‡ู…,
10:40
or whatever.
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ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠุงู‹ ูƒุงู†.
10:41
So, you get an arms race between the genes
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ , ุณูˆู ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจุงู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช
10:45
which are trying to get the humans to have small economical brains
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ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุชุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุนู‚ูˆู„ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ, ูˆ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ
10:49
and not waste their time copying all this stuff,
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ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุชุถูŠูŠุน ุฃูˆู‚ุงุชู‡ู… ููŠ ู†ุณุฎ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก,
10:51
and the memes themselves, like the sounds that people made and copied --
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ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช ุจู†ูุณู‡ุง , ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุตู†ุนู‡ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ , ูˆ ูŠู†ุณุฎูˆู‡
10:56
in other words, what turned out to be language --
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ุจุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ , ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุชุถุญ ุฃู† ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ
10:58
competing to get the brains to get bigger and bigger.
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ุชุชู†ุงูุณ ู„ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆู„ ุฃูƒุจุฑ , ูˆ ุฃูƒุจุฑ .
11:01
So, the big brain, on this theory, is driven by the memes.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ , ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ูŠู‚ุงุฏ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช.
11:05
This is why, in "The Meme Machine," I called it memetic drive.
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ " ุขู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช" ,ุณู…ูŠุชู‡ุง ู…ุฏููˆุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ูŠุฉ
11:09
As the memes evolve, as they inevitably must,
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุทูˆุฑุช ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช , ูƒู…ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุทุจุนุงูŽ
11:12
they drive a bigger brain that is better at copying the memes
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ุงุตุจุญุช ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ุนู‚ูˆู„ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ูˆ ุฃูุถู„ ููŠ ู†ุณุฎ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช
11:16
that are doing the driving.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุชุญูƒู….
11:18
This is why we've ended up with such peculiar brains,
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ุญุตูˆู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุนู‚ู„ูˆู„ ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ
11:22
that we like religion, and music, and art.
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ุชุญุจ ุงู„ุฏูŠู† , ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰ , ูˆ ุงู„ูู†.
11:25
Language is a parasite that we've adapted to,
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ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุทููŠู„ูŠ ุงุนุชุฏู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡
11:28
not something that was there originally for our genes,
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ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุดูŠุฆุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุงุตู„ุง ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฌูŠู†ุงุชู†ุง
11:30
on this view.
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ุจูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡.
11:32
And like most parasites, it can begin dangerous,
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ูˆ ูƒู…ุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ุทููŠู„ูŠุงุช , ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฎุทุฑุฉ
11:35
but then it coevolves and adapts,
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ, ู‚ุฏ ุชุชุทูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ุชุนูˆุงู† ู…ุนู†ุง
11:38
and we end up with a symbiotic relationship
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ูˆ ูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจู†ุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ ู…ุนุงู‹ ููŠ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุชูƒุงูู„ูŠุฉ
11:40
with this new parasite.
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ู…ุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทููŠู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ .
11:41
And so, from our perspective,
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ูˆ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑู†ุง
11:43
we don't realize that that's how it began.
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ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุฏุฑูƒ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุจุฏุฃุช
11:46
So, this is a view of what humans are.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ.
11:49
All other species on this planet are gene machines only,
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ูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุขู„ุงุช, ุขู„ุงุช ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูู‚ุท,
11:52
they don't imitate at all well, hardly at all.
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ู„ุง ุชุญุงูƒูŠ ู‚ุทุนุงู‹.
11:55
We alone are gene machines and meme machines as well.
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ู†ุญู† ูˆุญุฏู†ุง ุขู„ุงุช ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุขู„ุงุช ู…ูŠู…ูŠุฉ ุงูŠุถุงู‹
12:00
The memes took a gene machine and turned it into a meme machine.
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ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช ุงุฎุฐุช ุขู„ุฉ ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุญูˆู„ุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุขู„ุฉ ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ
12:04
But that's not all.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุญูƒุงูŠุฉ
12:06
We have a new kind of memes now.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ู…ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุขู† ู†ูˆุนุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช
12:09
I've been wondering for a long time,
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ูƒู†ุช ุงุชุณุงุฆู„ ู„ูˆู‚ุช ุทูˆูŠู„
12:10
since I've been thinking about memes a lot,
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ุจู…ุง ุงู†ู†ูŠ ุงููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹
12:12
is there a difference between the memes that we copy --
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู†ุณุฎู‡ุง
12:14
the words we speak to each other,
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ูˆ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุง ู„ุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุนุจุถ.
12:16
the gestures we copy, the human things --
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ุงู„ูุชุงุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ู†ุณุฎ,ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ--
12:18
and all these technological things around us?
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ูˆ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุญูˆู„ู†ุงุŸ
12:20
I have always, until now, called them all memes,
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ูƒู†ุช ุฏูˆู…ุงู‹ , ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ุฃุฏุนูˆู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ูŠู…ุงุช
12:24
but I do honestly think now
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุจุตุฏู‚ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุขู†
12:27
we need a new word for technological memes.
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ุงู†ู†ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ูŠุฉ
12:30
Let's call them techno-memes or temes.
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ูู„ู†ุณู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆ-ู…ูŠู…ุงุช , ุงูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠู…ุงุช.
12:33
Because the processes are getting different.
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ู„ุงู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงุตุจุญุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
12:37
We began, perhaps 5,000 years ago, with writing.
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ุจุฏุฃู†ุง , ู‚ุจู„ ู‚ุฑุงุจุฉ 5000 ุณู†ุฉ ุจุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ
12:40
We put the storage of memes out there on a clay tablet,
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ูˆุถุนู†ุง ุญุงูุธุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู„ูˆุงุญ ุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ
12:48
but in order to get true temes and true teme machines,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุชูŠู…ุงุช ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุขู„ุงุช ุชูŠู…ูŠุฉ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ
12:50
you need to get the variation, the selection and the copying,
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ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุชูุฑู‚ุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชู‚ุงูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุณุฎ
12:53
all done outside of humans.
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ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุญุตู„ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ
12:55
And we're getting there.
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ูˆ ู†ุญู† ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
12:57
We're at this extraordinary point where we're nearly there,
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ู†ุญู† ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ ,ุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุดูƒ ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
12:59
that there are machines like that.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุขู„ุงุช ู…ุดุงุจู‡ู‡ุฉ.
13:01
And indeed, in the short time I've already been at TED,
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ูˆ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ,ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ู‚ุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒู†ุช ููŠู‡ ููŠ ุชูŠุฏ TED
13:03
I see we're even closer than I thought we were before.
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ุฃุฑู‰ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุงู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ
13:05
So actually, now the temes are forcing our brains
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ , ุงู„ุชูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุขู† ุชุฌุจุฑ ุนู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง
13:11
to become more like teme machines.
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ู„ูƒูŠ ุชุตุจุญ ูƒุงู„ุขู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠู…ูŠุฉ
13:13
Our children are growing up very quickly learning to read,
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ุฃุทูุงู„ู†ุง ูŠู†ู…ูˆู† ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูˆ ูŠุชุนู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ
13:16
learning to use machinery.
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ูˆ ูŠุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุขุช.
13:18
We're going to have all kinds of implants,
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ุณูˆู ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ุฒุฑูˆุนุงุช.
13:19
drugs that force us to stay awake all the time.
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ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุชุฌุจุฑู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก ู…ุณุชูŠู‚ุธูŠู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
13:22
We'll think we're choosing these things,
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ุณูˆู ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฎุชุงุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุจู…ุญุถ ุงุฑุงุฏุชู†ุง
13:24
but the temes are making us do it.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ , ุงู„ุชูŠู…ุงุช ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุฌุจุฑู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูุนู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
13:28
So, we're at this cusp now
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ , ู†ุญู† ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุดูƒ
13:29
of having a third replicator on our planet.
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ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนูŠุฏ ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚ ุซุงู„ุซ ููŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง
13:34
Now, what about what else is going on out there in the universe?
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ุงู„ุขู† , ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ุŸ
13:39
Is there anyone else out there?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุง ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจุŸ
13:41
People have been asking this question for a long time.
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุณุฃู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู…ู†ุฐ ุฒู…ู† ุจุนูŠุฏ
13:44
We've been asking it here at TED already.
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ู†ุญู† ุณุฃู„ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงูŠุถุง ููŠ ุชูŠุฏ TED
13:46
In 1961, Frank Drake made his famous equation,
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 1961 ูุฑุงู†ูƒ ุฏุฑุงูŠูƒ ูˆุถุน ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุชู‡ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑุฉ
13:50
but I think he concentrated on the wrong things.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‡ ุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฎุทุฃ
13:52
It's been very productive, that equation.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ูุงุนู„ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ , ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ,
13:54
He wanted to estimate N,
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ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุญุฏุฏ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจูŠุฉ ู„ู€ ุน
13:56
the number of communicative civilizations out there in our galaxy,
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ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจูŠ ู„ู„ุญุถุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ู†ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุนู‡ุง ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุฉ
14:00
and he included in there the rate of star formation,
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ูˆ ุชุถู…ู† ููŠ ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุชู‡ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู…
14:04
the rate of planets, but crucially, intelligence.
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ูˆ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ , ูˆ ุจุดูƒู„ ุญุงุณู… , ุงู„ุฐูƒุงุก.
14:08
I think that's the wrong way to think about it.
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฎุงุทุฆุฉ ู„ู„ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน
14:12
Intelligence appears all over the place, in all kinds of guises.
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ุงู„ุฐูƒุงุก ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† , ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช
14:15
Human intelligence is only one kind of a thing.
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ุฐูƒุงุก ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‚ุท.
14:17
But what's really important is the replicators you have
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ูŠู‡ู… ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู…ู„ูƒู‡ ุงู„ุขู†
14:20
and the levels of replicators, one feeding on the one before.
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ูˆ ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ ุจูŠู† ุงุดุจุงู‡ู‡ โ€™ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุชุบุฐู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ู‡
14:24
So, I would suggest that we don't think intelligence,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุญ ุฃู† ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฐูƒุงุก ,
14:29
we think replicators.
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ุจู„ ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ู…ุนูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚
14:31
And on that basis, I've suggested a different kind of equation.
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ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุณุงุณ , ุฃู†ุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุญ ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุน ุฌุฏูŠุฏ
14:34
A very simple equation.
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ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
14:36
N, the same thing,
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ุนู„ู‰ , ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู†ูุณู‡
14:38
the number of communicative civilizations out there
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ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจูŠ ู„ู„ุญุถุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ู†ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุนู‡ุง ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุฉ
14:41
[that] we might expect in our galaxy.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏ ู†ุชูˆู‚ุนู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ ู…ุฌุฑุชู†ุง
14:43
Just start with the number of planets there are in our galaxy.
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ูู‚ุท ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ููŠ ู…ุฌุฑุชู†ุง
14:47
The fraction of those which get a first replicator.
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ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ููƒุฑูุฑ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„
14:51
The fraction of those that get the second replicator.
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ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ููƒุฑูุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ
14:55
The fraction of those that get the third replicator.
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ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ููƒุฑุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ
14:58
Because it's only the third replicator that's going to reach out --
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ูˆู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูู‚ุท ุงู„ู…ููƒุฑุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูˆู ูŠุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰
15:01
sending information, sending probes, getting out there,
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ุฅุฑุณุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ุงุชุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
15:04
and communicating with anywhere else.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุน ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑ
15:06
OK, so if we take that equation,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹. ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ
15:09
why haven't we heard from anybody out there?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ู… ู†ุณู…ุน ุฃูŠ ุฃุญุฏ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุŸ
15:14
Because every step is dangerous.
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ู„ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉ
15:18
Getting a new replicator is dangerous.
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ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ููƒุฑูุฑ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ุฃู…ุฑ ุฎุทูŠุฑ
15:21
You can pull through, we have pulled through,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุณุญุจุŒ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ุณุญุจ
15:23
but it's dangerous.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฎุทูŠุฑ.
15:25
Take the first step, as soon as life appeared on this earth.
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ุงุชุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ุŒ ุญุงู„ู…ุง ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
15:28
We may take the Gaian view.
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ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุฌุงูŠุงู†
15:30
I loved Peter Ward's talk yesterday -- it's not Gaian all the time.
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนุฌุจุชูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุจูŠุชุฑ ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุณุŒ ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุฌุงูŠุงู†ูŠุฉ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
15:33
Actually, life forms produce things that kill themselves.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุชู†ุชุฌ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุชู‚ุชู„ ู†ูุณู‡ุง..
15:36
Well, we did pull through on this planet.
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุณุญุจู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
15:39
But then, a long time later, billions of years later,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฒู…ู† ุทูˆูŠู„ ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุจู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†
15:41
we got the second replicator, the memes.
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ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ููƒุฑูุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช
15:44
That was dangerous, all right.
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฎุทูŠุฑุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุŸ
15:46
Think of the big brain.
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ููƒุฑ ุจุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ
15:48
How many mothers do we have here?
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ูƒู… ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฃู…ู‡ุงุช ุงู„ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ู‡ู†ุง ุŸ
15:51
You know all about big brains.
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ุชุนุฑููˆู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุฏู…ุบุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ..
15:53
They are dangerous to give birth to,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ..
15:55
are agonizing to give birth to.
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ูˆู…ุคู„ู…ุฉ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ
15:57
(Laughter)
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ุถุญูƒ
15:59
My cat gave birth to four kittens, purring all the time.
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ู‚ุทุชูŠ ูˆู„ุฏุช ุฃุฑุจุน ู‚ุทุท.. ูŠุฎุฑุฎุฑูˆู† ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
16:01
Ah, mm -- slightly different.
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ุขู‡... ุŒ ูŠุฎุชู„ููˆู† ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง
16:03
(Laughter)
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ุถุญูƒ
16:05
But not only is it painful, it kills lots of babies,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ูู‚ุท ู…ุคู„ู…ุฉ .. ุจู„ ุชู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„
16:08
it kills lots of mothers,
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ูˆุชู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ู‡ุงุช
16:10
and it's very expensive to produce.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ูƒู„ูุฉ ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ุง
16:12
The genes are forced into producing all this myelin,
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ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ู…ุฌุจุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุชู†ุชุฌ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุงูŠู„ู†
16:14
all the fat to myelinate the brain.
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ูˆูƒู„ ุงู„ุฏู‡ูˆู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุฒู„ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ
16:16
Do you know, sitting here,
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ู‡ู„ ุชุนู„ู… ุŒ ุฃู†ูƒ ุจุฌู„ูˆุณูƒ ู‡ู†ุง
16:18
your brain is using about 20 percent of your body's energy output
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ูุฏู…ุงุบูƒ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุฌุณุฏูƒ ุงู„ู…ูู†ุชุฌุฉ
16:22
for two percent of your body weight?
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ู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ูˆุฒู† ุฌุณุฏูƒ.
16:24
It's a really expensive organ to run.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุนุถูˆูŠุงุช ู…ูƒู„ูุฉ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง
16:26
Why? Because it's producing the memes.
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ู…ูŠู…ุงุช.
16:28
Now, it could have killed us off. It could have killed us off,
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ุงู„ุขู†.. ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุชู„ุชู†ุง..
16:32
and maybe it nearly did, but you see, we don't know.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุดูƒ ุฐูƒ.. ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุงุŒ ู„ุง ู†ุนู„ู….
16:34
But maybe it nearly did.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ูุนู„ุช ุฐู„ูƒ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง..
16:36
Has it been tried before?
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ู‡ู„ ุญุงูˆู„ุช ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุŸ
16:37
What about all those other species?
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ูˆู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŸ
16:39
Louise Leakey talked yesterday
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ู„ูˆูŠุณ ู„ูŠูƒูŠ ุชุญุฏุซ ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุณ
16:41
about how we're the only one in this branch left.
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ุนู† ูƒูŠู ุฃู†ู†ุง ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏูŠู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุฑุน ุงู„ุฃูŠุณุฑ
16:44
What happened to the others?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุญู„ ุจุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ุŸ
16:46
Could it be that this experiment in imitation,
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒุงุฉ
16:48
this experiment in a second replicator,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ููƒุฑูุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ
16:50
is dangerous enough to kill people off?
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ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉ ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู„ุชู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุŸ
16:54
Well, we did pull through, and we adapted.
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุฌุชุฒู†ุง ูˆุชูˆุงุฆู…ู†ุง
16:56
But now, we're hitting, as I've just described,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุขู†.. ูู†ุญู† ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ - ูƒู…ุง ุฃูˆุถุญุช ู„ูƒู…
16:59
we're hitting the third replicator point.
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ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ููƒุฑูุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ
17:01
And this is even more dangerous --
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฎุทุฑุงู‹
17:04
well, it's dangerous again.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฎุทูŠุฑ..
17:06
Why? Because the temes are selfish replicators
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุŸ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุชูŠู…ุงุช ู…ูƒุฑุฑุงุช ุฃู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ
17:10
and they don't care about us, or our planet, or anything else.
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠู‡ุชู…ูˆู† ุจู†ุงุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุจูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุงุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุจุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ..
17:13
They're just information, why would they?
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ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูุญุณุจ! ูู„ู… ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
17:17
They are using us to suck up the planet's resources
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ู‡ู… ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู†ู†ุง ู„ูŠู…ุชุตูˆุง ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
17:19
to produce more computers,
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ู„ูŠุตู†ุนูˆุง ุญุงุณุจุงุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ
17:21
and more of all these amazing things we're hearing about here at TED.
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ูˆุงูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏู‡ุดุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณู…ุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุชูŠุฏ TED
17:24
Don't think, "Oh, we created the Internet for our own benefit."
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ู„ุง ุชุนุชู‚ุฏ "ุฃูˆู‡ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุตู†ุนู†ุง ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช ู„ูุงุฆุฏุชู†ุง"
17:28
That's how it seems to us.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุงูŠุจุฏูˆุง ู„ู†ุง
17:30
Think, temes spreading because they must.
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ููƒุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠู…ุงุช ุชู†ุชุดุฑ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุดุงุฑ
17:34
We are the old machines.
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ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู„ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ
17:36
Now, are we going to pull through?
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ุงู„ุงู† ู‡ู„ ุณูŠุชู… ุณุญุจู†ุงุŸ
17:38
What's going to happen?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุณูŠุญุฏุซ
17:40
What does it mean to pull through?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุชู… ุณุญุจู†ุง
17:42
Well, there are kind of two ways of pulling through.
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุชูŠู† ู„ุณุญุจู†ุง
17:45
One that is obviously happening all around us now,
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ุฃุญุฏู‡ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุจูˆุถูˆุญ ุญูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุขู†
17:47
is that the temes turn us into teme machines,
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ู‡ู„ ุงู„ุชูŠู…ุงุช ุชุญูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ู…ูƒุงุฆู† ู„ู‡ุง
17:51
with these implants, with the drugs,
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ู…ุน ุบุฑุณุงุชุŒ ูˆุนู‚ุงุฑุงุช
17:53
with us merging with the technology.
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ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃู†ุฏู…ุงุฌ ุจุงู„ุชูู†ูŠุฉ
17:56
And why would they do that?
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ูˆู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ
17:58
Because we are self-replicating.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู…ุนุงุฏูˆ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚ ุฐุงุชูŠุงู‹
18:00
We have babies.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃุทูุงู„
18:02
We make new ones, and so it's convenient to piggyback on us,
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ู†ุนู…ู„ ู…ู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ูˆู†ุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุญู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุธู‡ุฑ
18:05
because we're not yet at the stage on this planet
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุณู†ุง ุจุนุฏ ููŠ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
18:09
where the other option is viable.
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ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
18:11
Although it's closer, I heard this morning,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุŒ ุณู…ุนุช ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุตุจุงุญ
18:13
it's closer than I thought it was.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู…ุง ุชูˆู‚ุนุช
18:15
Where the teme machines themselves will replicate themselves.
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ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุชู…ูŠู…ุงุช ุฃู„ุงุช ุชุนูŠุฏ ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุจู†ูุณู‡ุง
18:18
That way, it wouldn't matter if the planet's climate
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ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู‡ู… ุฃุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
18:22
was utterly destabilized,
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ูƒุงู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹
18:24
and it was no longer possible for humans to live here.
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ูˆุฃุตุจุญ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุจุดุฑ ุงู„ุนูŠุด
18:26
Because those teme machines, they wouldn't need --
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ู„ุฃู† ุขู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠู…ุงุช ู„ู† ุชุญุชุงุฌ
18:28
they're not squishy, wet, oxygen-breathing,
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ู‡ู… ู„ูŠุณูˆ ุงุณูู†ุฌูŠูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุฑุทุจูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุชู†ูุณูˆู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุณูŠุฌูŠู†
18:30
warmth-requiring creatures.
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ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ุงุช ู…ุญุชุงุฌุฉ ู„ู„ุฏูุฆ
18:33
They could carry on without us.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒู…ู„ูˆุง ุจุฏูˆู†ู†ุง
18:35
So, those are the two possibilities.
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ุฃู‘ุฐู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅุญุชู…ุงู„ุงู†
18:38
The second, I don't think we're that close.
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ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ู„ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู†ุง ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุฑุจ
18:42
It's coming, but we're not there yet.
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ุณูŠุฃุชูŠุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู„ุณู†ุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุฏ
18:44
The first, it's coming too.
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ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ุขุชูŠ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
18:46
But the damage that is already being done
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุถุฑุฑ ูŠุญุฏุซ ุจุงู„ูุนู„
18:49
to the planet is showing us how dangerous the third point is,
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ู„ู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ูŠุฑูŠู†ุง ุฎุทูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ
18:54
that third danger point, getting a third replicator.
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ู†ูุทุฉ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุนูŠุฏ ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚ ุซุงู„ุซ
18:58
And will we get through this third danger point,
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ูˆู‡ู„ ู†ุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุฎุทุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ
19:00
like we got through the second and like we got through the first?
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุฌุงุฒูˆู†ุง ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
19:04
Maybe we will, maybe we won't.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู„ุง ู†ูุนู„
19:06
I have no idea.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠ ุฃูŠ ููƒุฑุฉ
19:13
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
19:24
Chris Anderson: That was an incredible talk.
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ูƒุฑูŠุณ ุฃู†ุฏูŠุฑุณูˆู†: ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ูƒู„ุงู…ุง ู…ุฏู‡ุดุงูŽ
19:26
SB: Thank you. I scared myself.
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ุณูˆุฒุงู† ุจู„ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑ: ุดูƒุฑุงุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฎูุช ู†ูุณูŠ
19:28
CA: (Laughter)
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ูƒุฑูŠุณ ุฃู†ุฏูŠุฑุณูˆู†: (ุถุญูƒ)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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