The secret to scientific discoveries? Making mistakes | Phil Plait

120,991 views ใƒป 2019-04-11

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Nawal Sharabati ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Marwa Saeed
00:12
Now, people have a lot of misconceptions about science --
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ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุญุงู„ูŠู‹ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ุฎุงุทุฆุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนูู„ู…...
00:15
about how it works and what it is.
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ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ู‡ ูˆู…ุงู‡ูŠุชู‡.
00:17
A big one is that science is just a big old pile of facts.
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ุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุฎุงุทู‰ุก ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุถุฎู…ุฉ ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚.
00:21
But that's not true -- that's not even the goal of science.
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญู‹ุง... ุญุชู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ู‡ุฏู ุงู„ุนู„ู….
00:25
Science is a process.
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ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุนูู„ู… ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌูŠุฉ.
00:27
It's a way of thinking.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ.
00:29
Gathering facts is just a piece of it, but it's not the goal.
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ูˆูŠุนุฏู ุฌู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุฌุฒุกู‹ุง ู…ู†ู‡ ูู‚ุทุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู.
00:32
The ultimate goal of science is to understand objective reality
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ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู‡ูˆ ูู‡ู… ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ
00:37
the best way we know how,
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ุจุฃูุถู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุชู†ุงุŒ
00:38
and that's based on evidence.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุชู…ุฏู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฏู„ุฉ.
00:41
The problem here is that people are flawed.
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุฑุชูƒุจู ุงู„ุฃุฎุทุงุก.
00:44
We can be fooled --
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู ุฃู† ู†ู†ุฎุฏุน...
00:45
we're really good at fooling ourselves.
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ู†ุญู† ุฌูŠุฏูˆู† ููŠ ุฎุฏุงุน ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง.
00:47
And so baked into this process is a way of minimizing our own bias.
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ูˆุงู†ุบู…ุงุณู†ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุชุญูŠุฒู†ุง.
00:52
So sort of boiled down more than is probably useful,
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ูู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุงูŠุฌุงุฒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ููŠุฏู‹ุงุŒ
00:56
here's how this works.
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ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ูƒูŠู ูŠุนู…ู„ู ู‡ุฐุง.
00:58
If you want to do some science,
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุชู… ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ุนูู„ู…ุŒ
01:00
what you want to do is you want to observe something ...
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ู…ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง...
01:02
say, "The sky is blue. Hey, I wonder why?"
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ู„ู†ู‚ู„: "ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ุฒุฑู‚ุงุกุŒ ู…ู‡ู„ู‹ุง! ูˆู†ุชุณุงุกู„ ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ"
01:06
You question it.
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ุฃู†ุชู… ุชุดูƒูˆู† ุจู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง.
01:07
The next thing you do is you come up with an idea that may explain it:
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ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ููƒุฑุฉ ู…ุง ุฑุจู…ุง ุชูุณุฑ ุณุคุงู„ูƒู…:
01:10
a hypothesis.
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ุงู„ูุฑุถูŠุฉ.
ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ุฃุชุฏุฑูˆู†ุŒ ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ุฃุฒุฑู‚.
01:12
Well, you know what? Oceans are blue.
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01:13
Maybe the sky is reflecting the colors from the ocean.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุชุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท.
01:17
Great, but now you have to test it
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ุนุธูŠู…! ู„ูƒู† ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุขู† ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ
01:19
so you predict what that might mean.
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ูˆุจุฐู„ูƒ ุชุชู†ุจุฃูˆู† ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ.
01:22
Your prediction would be,
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุชู†ุจุคูƒู… ูƒุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ:
01:23
"Well, if the sky is reflecting the ocean color,
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"ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุŒ
01:26
it will be bluer on the coasts
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ุณุชูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฒุฑู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆุงุญู„
01:28
than it will be in the middle of the country."
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ู…ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุฃูˆุงุณุท ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ".
01:30
OK, that's fair enough,
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุง! ู‡ุฐุง ุนุงุฏู„ูŒ ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒูุงูŠุฉุŒ
01:32
but you've got to test that prediction
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ู„ูƒู† ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูุญุต ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชู†ุจุค
01:34
so you get on a plane, you leave Denver on a nice gray day,
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ุชุฑูƒุจูˆู† ุทุงุฆุฑุฉุŒ ูˆุชุบุงุฏุฑูˆู† ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุฏู†ูุฑ ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ู‚ุงุชู…ุŒ
01:38
you fly to LA, you look up and the sky is gloriously blue.
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ุชุญู„ู‚ูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู„ูˆุณ ุฃู†ุฌู„ูˆุณุŒ ุชู†ุธุฑูˆู† ุนุงู„ูŠู‹ุง ูˆุฅุฐุง ุจุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ุฒุฑู‚ุงุก ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ.
01:41
Hooray, your thesis is proven.
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ู…ุฑุญู‰! ุฃุซุจุชู… ูุฑุถูŠุชูƒู….
01:44
But is it really? No.
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ ุฒุฑู‚ุงุก ูุนู„ู‹ุงุŸ ู„ุง.
01:46
You've made one observation.
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ู‚ู…ุชู… ุจู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉ ุดูŠุก ูˆุงุญุฏ.
01:48
You need to think about your hypothesis, think about how to test it
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ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุญูˆู„ ูุฑุถูŠุชูƒู…ุŒ ููƒุฑูˆุง ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑู‡ุง
01:51
and do more than just one.
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ูˆู‚ูˆู…ูˆุง ุจุนู…ู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ูุฑุถูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
01:53
Maybe you could go to a different part of the country
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ
01:55
or a different part of the year
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ููŠ ูุตู„ู ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ
01:57
and see what the weather's like then.
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ูˆุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃุญูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุทู‚ุณ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง.
01:59
Another good idea is to talk to other people.
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ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†.
02:02
They have different ideas, different perspectives,
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฃููƒุงุฑ ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุขุฑุงุก ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ
02:04
and they can help you.
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ูˆุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ู… ู…ุณุงุนุฏุชูƒู….
02:05
This is what we call peer review.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุงุก.
02:08
And in fact that will probably also save you a lot of money and a lot of time,
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ูˆุณูŠูˆูุฑู ู„ูƒู… ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฑุจู…ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ูˆุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูุฑ ู…ู† ุณุงุญู„ู ุฅู„ู‰ ุณุงุญู„ ู„ู„ุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู† ุฃุญูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุทู‚ุณ ูู‚ุท.
02:12
flying coast-to-coast just to check the weather.
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02:15
Now, what happens if your hypothesis does a decent job but not a perfect job?
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุญุฏุซู ู„ูˆ ุญู‚ู‚ุช ูุฑุถูŠุงุชูƒู… ุนู…ู„ู‹ุง ู†ุฒูŠู‡ู‹ุง ู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ุนู…ู„ู‹ุง ู…ุซุงู„ูŠู‹ุงุŸ
02:21
Well, that's OK,
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุฌูŠุฏุŒ
02:23
because what you can do is you can modify it a little bit
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ู„ุฃู† ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุชุนุฏูŠู„ู‡ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ู‹ุง
02:25
and then go through this whole process again --
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฏุฏู‹ุง...
02:28
make predictions, test them --
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ุงู„ุชูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู†ุจุคุงุช ูˆุงุฎุชุจุงุฑู‡ุง...
02:30
and as you do that over and over again, you will hone this idea.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุฑุงุฑู‹ุง ูˆุชูƒุฑุงุฑู‹ุงุŒ ูˆุจุฐู„ูƒ ุณุชุตู‚ู„ู ูˆุณุชู†ุทู„ู‚ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ.
02:33
And if it gets good enough,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุตุจุญุช ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒูุงูŠุฉุŒ
02:34
it may be accepted by the scientific community,
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุชู‚ุจู„ู ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุงุท ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉุŒ
02:37
at least provisionally,
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ุจุดูƒู„ู ู…ุคู‚ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ุŒ
02:38
as a good explanation of what's going on,
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ูƒุชูุณูŠุฑ ุฌูŠุฏ ู„ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซุŒ
02:41
at least until a better idea
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ุญุชู‰ ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃูุถู„
02:43
or some contradictory evidence comes along.
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ุฃูˆ ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุฏู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชู†ุงู‚ุถุฉ.
02:47
Now, part of this process is admitting when you're wrong.
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ูŠุณู…ุญู ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู„ูƒู… ุจุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ู…ุฎุทุฆูŠู†
02:51
And that can be really, really hard.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุตุนุจู‹ุง ุญู‚ู‹ุง.
02:54
Science has its strengths and weaknesses
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ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู…ูˆุงุทู† ู‚ูˆุชู‡ ูˆุถุนูู‡
02:56
and they depend on this.
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ูˆุชุนุชู…ุฏู ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง.
02:59
One of the strengths of science is that it's done by people,
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ุฅุญุฏู‰ ู†ู‚ุงุท ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู‡ู… ู…ูŽู† ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฅู†ุฌุงุฑู‡
03:02
and it's proven itself to do a really good job.
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ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุซุจุชู ู†ูุณู‡ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุนู…ู„ ุฌูŠุฏ.
03:04
We understand the universe pretty well because of science.
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ู†ูู‡ู…ู ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุจุดูƒู„ู ุฌูŠุฏ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุนู„ู….
03:07
One of science's weaknesses is that it's done by people,
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ูˆุฅุญุฏู‰ ู†ู‚ุงุท ุถุนู ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู‡ู… ู…ูŽู† ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฅู†ุฌุงุฒู‡ุŒ
03:10
and we bring a lot of baggage along with us when we investigate things.
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ูˆู†ุญุถุฑู ู…ุนู†ุง ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงุฆู‚ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุชูุญุต ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
03:15
We are egotistical,
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ู†ุญู†ู ุฃู†ุงู†ูŠูˆู†ุŒ
03:17
we are stubborn, we're superstitious,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ุนู†ูŠุฏูˆู†ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู…ุคู…ู†ูˆู† ุจุงู„ุฎุฑุงูุงุช...
03:19
we're tribal, we're humans --
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ู†ุญู†ู ู‚ุจู„ูŠูˆู†ุŒ ู†ุญู† ุจุดุฑ...
03:22
these are all human traits and scientists are humans.
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ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุตูุงุช ุจุดุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุจุดุฑ.
03:25
And so we have to be aware of that when we're studying science
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ูˆุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุฏุฑุณู ุงู„ุนู„ู…
03:30
and when we're trying to develop our theses.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุฃุทุฑูˆุญุงุชู†ุง.
03:33
But part of this whole thing,
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ู„ูƒู† ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ุŒ
03:35
part of this scientific process,
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ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนูู„ู…ูŠุฉุŒ
03:37
part of the scientific method,
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ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู†ู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุŒ
03:39
is admitting when you're wrong.
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ูŠุณู…ุญู ู„ูƒู… ุจุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฎุทุฆูˆู†.
03:42
I know, I've been there.
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ุฃุนู„ู… ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู…ุฑุฑุชู ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„.
03:44
Many years ago I was working on Hubble Space Telescope,
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ู‚ุจู„ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ูƒู†ุชู ุฃุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจ ู‡ุงุจู„ ุงู„ูุถุงุฆูŠ
03:47
and a scientist I worked with came to me with some data,
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ูˆุฌุงุกู†ูŠ ุนุงู„ู…ู ูŠุนู…ู„ู ู…ุนูŠ ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชุŒ
03:51
and he said, "I think there may be a picture
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ูˆู‚ุงู„: "ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏู ู‚ุฏ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุตูˆุฑุฉ
03:54
of a planet orbiting another star in this data."
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ู„ูƒูˆูƒุจู ููŠ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ู†ุฌู…ู ุขุฎุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช".
03:58
We had not had any pictures taken of planets orbiting other stars yet,
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ู„ู… ูŠุณุจู‚ ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุชู‚ุทู†ุง ุฃูŠุฉ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ููŠ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ู†ุฌูˆู…ู ุจุนุฏุŒ
04:02
so if this were true,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญู‹ุงุŒ
04:04
then this would be the first one
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ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุณุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
04:06
and we would be the ones who found it.
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ูˆุณู†ูƒูˆู† ุฃูˆุงุฆู„ ู…ูŽู† ูˆุฌุฏูˆู‡ุง.
04:08
That's a big deal.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑูŒ ุจุงู„ุบ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ.
04:10
I was very excited,
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ูƒู†ุชู ู…ุชุญู…ุณู‹ุง ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ
04:12
so I just dug right into this data.
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ูุชุนู…ู‚ุชู ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช.
04:14
I spent a long time trying to figure out if this thing were a planet or not.
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ู‚ุถูŠุชู ูˆู‚ุชู‹ุง ุทูˆูŠู„ู‹ุง ู…ุญุงูˆู„ู‹ุง ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ููŠู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ูƒูˆูƒุจู‹ุง ุฃูˆ ู„ุง.
04:19
The problem is planets are faint and stars are bright,
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุจุงู‡ุชุฉ ูˆุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ู…ุดุฑู‚ุฉุŒ
04:22
so trying to get the signal out of this data
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ูˆู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ู…ูŠุญ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช
04:24
was like trying to hear a whisper in a heavy metal concert --
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ูƒุงู† ู…ุซู„ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุณู…ุงุน ู‡ู…ุณุฉ ููŠ ุญูู„ ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุฑูˆูƒ ุงู„ุซู‚ูŠู„ุฉ...
04:28
it was really hard.
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุตุนุจู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
04:29
I tried everything I could,
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ุญุงูˆู„ุชู ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฃุณุชุทูŠุนุŒ
04:32
but after a month of working on this,
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุฏ ุดู‡ุฑู ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ
04:34
I came to a realization ... couldn't do it.
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ุฃุฏุฑูƒุชู ุจุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู„ู… ุฃุณุชุทุน ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุง.
04:37
I had to give up.
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ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‘ ุงู„ุงุณุชุณู„ุงู….
04:39
And I had to tell this other scientist,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‘ ุฅุจู„ุงุบ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุนุงู„ูู… ุขุฎุฑ:
04:41
"The data's too messy.
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"ุฅู† ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ููˆุถูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ
04:42
We can't say whether this is a planet or not."
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ูˆู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ููŠู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ูƒูˆูƒุจู‹ุง ุฃูˆ ู„ุง".
04:45
And that was hard.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุตุนุจู‹ุง.
04:47
Then later on we got follow-up observations with Hubble,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ูˆุตู„ุชู†ุง ู…ู„ุงุญุธุงุช ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู…ู† ุชูู„ุณูƒูˆุจ ู‡ุงุจู„ุŒ
04:50
and it showed that it wasn't a planet.
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ูˆุฃุธู‡ุฑุช ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ูƒูˆูƒุจู‹ุง.
04:52
It was a background star or galaxy, something like that.
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ูƒุงู† ุฎู„ููŠุฉ ู„ู†ุฌู… ุฃูˆ ู…ุฌุฑุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„.
04:56
Well, not to get too technical, but that sucked.
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ู„ุง ุฃุฑุบุจู ููŠ ุฅู‚ุญุงู…ูƒู… ููŠ ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุดูŠุก ุณูŠุฆ.
04:59
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
05:00
I was really unhappy about this.
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ู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ู…ุณุฑูˆุฑู‹ุง ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ.
05:03
But that's part of it.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
05:05
You have to say, "Look, you know, we can't do this with the data we have."
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ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„: "ุงู†ุธุฑูˆุงุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง".
05:09
And then I had to face up to the fact
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‘ ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
05:11
that even the follow-up data showed we were wrong.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ุญุชู‰ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุฃุธู‡ุฑุช ุฃู†ู†ุง ูƒู†ุง ู…ุฎุทุฆูˆู†.
05:15
Emotionally I was pretty unhappy.
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ุดุนุฑุชู ุจุงู„ุงุณุชูŠุงุก ุงู„ุดุฏูŠุฏ.
05:18
But if a scientist is doing their job correctly,
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ู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ู… ุจุดูƒู„ ุตุญูŠุญุŒ
05:21
being wrong is not so bad
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ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุฎุทุฆู‹ุง ู„ูŠุณ ุณูŠุฆู‹ุง ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
05:24
because that means there's still more stuff out there --
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ู„ุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ...
05:26
more things to figure out.
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ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ู„ู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง.
05:28
Scientists don't love being wrong but we love puzzles,
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ู„ุง ูŠุญุจู ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ุฎุทุฆูŠู† ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ุญุจู ุงู„ุฃู„ุบุงุฒุŒ
05:32
and the universe is the biggest puzzle of them all.
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ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู„ุบุฒ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ู….
05:36
Now having said that,
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ูˆููŠ ุถูˆุก ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
05:37
if you have a piece and it doesn't fit no matter how you move it,
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ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู„ุง ุชู†ุงุณุจ ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุจุบุถ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุนู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชุญุฑูŠูƒูƒู… ู„ู‡ุงุŒ
05:41
jamming it in harder isn't going to help.
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ู„ู† ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ุฅู‚ุญุงู…ู‡ุง ุจู‚ูˆุฉ.
05:44
There's going to be a time when you have to let go of your idea
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ุณูŠุญูŠู†ู ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชูˆุฌุจู ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุชุดุจุซ ุจุฃููƒุงุฑูƒู…
05:47
if you want to understand the bigger picture.
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุชู… ูู‡ู… ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ.
05:50
The price of doing science is admitting when you're wrong,
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ุซู…ู†ู ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุนู„ู… ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ุฎุทุฆูŠู†ุŒ
05:53
but the payoff is the best there is:
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ูˆุฃูุถู„ ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู‡ูŠ:
05:56
knowledge and understanding.
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ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูˆุงู„ูู‡ู….
05:59
And I can give you a thousand examples of this in science,
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ูˆุฃุณุชุทูŠุนู ุฅุนุทุงุกูƒู… ุฃู„ู ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุŒ
06:01
but there's one I really like.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุซุงู„ูŒ ุฃุญุจู‡ ุญู‚ู‹ุง.
06:03
It has to do with astronomy,
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ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ู ุจุนูู„ู… ุงู„ูู„ูƒุŒ
06:04
and it was a question that had been plaguing astronomers
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฒุนุฌู ุงู„ูู„ูƒูŠูŠู†
06:07
literally for centuries.
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ู„ู‚ุฑูˆู†ู ุฏูˆู† ู…ู†ุงุฒุน.
06:08
When you look at the Sun, it seems special.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู†ุธุฑูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุณุŒ ุชุจุฏูˆ ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ.
06:11
It is the brightest object in the sky,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃู„ู…ุน ูƒุงุฆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุกุŒ
06:13
but having studied astronomy, physics, chemistry, thermodynamics for centuries,
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ู„ูƒู† ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ูˆุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ูˆุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ูˆุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠ ู„ู‚ุฑูˆู†
06:19
we learned something very important about it.
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ุชุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ู‡ู…ู‹ุง ุฌุฏู‹ุง ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ.
06:21
It's not that special.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ.
06:22
It's a star just like millions of other stars.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู†ุฌู… ู…ุซู„ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
06:25
But that raises an interesting question.
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠุซูŠุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู….
06:27
If the Sun is a star
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ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ู†ุฌู…ู‹ุงุŒ
06:29
and the Sun has planets,
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ูˆู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจุŒ
06:32
do these other stars have planets?
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ู‡ู„ ู„ุฏู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจุŸ
06:34
Well, like I said with my own failure in the "planet" I was looking for,
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุฎูุงู‚ูŠ ุจุดุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒู†ุชู ุฃุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ุŒ
06:38
finding them is super hard,
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ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุฃู…ุฑูŒ ุตุนุจู ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ
06:40
but scientists tend to be pretty clever people
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ู„ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฃุฐูƒูŠุงุก ุฌุฏู‹ุง
06:43
and they used a lot of different techniques
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ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆุง ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
06:45
and started observing stars.
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ูˆุจุฏุฃูˆุง ููŠ ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู….
06:46
And over the decades
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ
06:47
they started finding some things that were pretty interesting,
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ุจุฏุฃูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…
06:50
right on the thin, hairy edge of what they were able to detect.
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุญุงูุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ู‡ูŠุงุฑ ุจู…ุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡.
06:53
But time and again, it was shown to be wrong.
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุฑุงุฑู‹ุง ูˆุชูƒุฑุงุฑู‹ุงุŒ ุฃุธู‡ุฑุช ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู…ุฎุทุฆูŠู†.
06:56
That all changed in 1991.
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ูˆุชุบูŠุฑ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุนุงู… 1991.
06:59
A couple of astronomers --
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ุงุซู†ุงู† ู…ู† ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ูู„ูƒ...
07:01
Alexander Lyne -- Andrew Lyne, pardon me --
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ุงู„ูƒุณู†ุฏุฑ ู„ูŠู†... ุงู„ู…ุนุฐุฑุฉุŒ ุงู†ุฏุฑูˆุง ู„ูŠู†...
07:03
and Matthew Bailes,
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ูˆู…ุงุซูŠูˆ ุจุงูŠู„ุฒุŒ
07:04
had a huge announcement.
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ุฃุนู„ู†ุง ุชุตุฑูŠุญู‹ุง ุถุฎู…ู‹ุง.
07:06
They had found a planet orbiting another star.
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ูˆุฌุฏุง ูƒูˆูƒุจู‹ุง ููŠ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ู†ุฌู…ู ุขุฎุฑ.
07:09
And not just any star, but a pulsar,
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃูŠ ู†ุฌู…ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู†ุฌู… ู†ุงุจุถ ู…ุชุบูŠุฑ ู„ู…ุนุงู†ู‡ุŒ
07:12
and this is the remnant of a star that has previously exploded.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุฌู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงู†ูุฌุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚.
07:16
It's blasting out radiation.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠู†ูุฌุฑู ุฅุดุนุงุนู‹ุง.
07:18
This is the last place in the universe you would expect to find a planet,
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุชูˆู‚ุนูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจุŒ
07:23
but they had very methodically looked at this pulsar,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ู†ุธุฑูˆุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุฌู… ุงู„ู†ุงุจุถ ุงู„ู„ุงู…ุน ู†ุธุฑุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุฌูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ
07:25
and they detected the gravitational tug of this planet as it orbited the pulsar.
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ูˆุงูƒุชุดููˆุง ู‚ูˆุฉ ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุฌู… ุงู„ู†ุงุจุถ ุงู„ู„ุงู…ุน.
07:30
It looked really good.
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ุจุฏุง ุฑุงุฆุนู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน.
07:32
The first planet orbiting another star had been found ...
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ุชู… ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูˆู„ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู†ุฌู… ุขุฎุฑ...
07:35
except not so much.
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ู„ุง ุชุชูˆู‚ุนูˆุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ.
07:38
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
07:39
After they made the announcement,
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ููŠ ุฃุนู‚ุงุจ ุฅุนู„ุงู†ู‡ู…ุงุŒ
07:40
a bunch of other astronomers commented on it,
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ุนู„ู‘ู‚ ุนุฏุฉ ูู„ูƒูŠูŠู† ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุนู„ุงู†ุŒ
07:42
and so they went back and looked at their data
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ูˆุนุงุฏูˆุง ูˆู†ุธุฑูˆุง ููŠ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชู‡ู…
07:45
and realized they had made a very embarrassing mistake.
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ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒูˆุง ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุงู‚ุชุฑููˆุง ุฎุทุฃ ู…ุญุฑุฌู‹ุง ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
07:47
They had not accounted for some very subtle characteristics
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ู„ู… ูŠุฃุฎุฐูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
07:51
of the Earth's motion around the Sun,
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ู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุดู…ุณุŒ
07:53
which affected how they measured this planet going around the pulsar.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุซุฑุซ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ู‚ูŠุงุณู‡ู… ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุฌู… ุงู„ู†ุงุจุถ.
07:57
And it turns out that when they did account for it correctly,
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ูˆุชุจูŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ุงุณูˆู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุตุญูŠุญุŒ
08:00
poof -- their planet disappeared.
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ูุฌุฃุฉ... ุงุฎุชูู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจู‡ู….
08:02
It wasn't real.
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‹ุง.
08:04
So Andrew Lyne had a very formidable task.
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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุฃู†ุฏุฑูˆ ู„ูŠู† ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ู„ุง ูŠูุณุชู‡ุงู† ุจู‡ุง.
08:07
He had to admit this.
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ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
08:09
So in 1992 at the American Astronomical Society meeting,
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ูููŠ ุนุงู… 1992ุŒ ููŠ ู„ู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุฌู…ุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ูู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ
08:13
which is one of the largest gatherings of astronomers on the planet,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุฌู…ุน ู„ู„ูู„ูƒูŠูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุงุฑุถุŒ
08:16
he stood up and announced that he had made a mistake
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ูˆู‚ู ูˆุฃุนู„ู† ุจุฃู†ู‡ ุงุฑุชูƒุจ ุฎุทุฃ
08:20
and that the planet did not exist.
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ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
08:23
And what happened next --
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ูˆู…ุงุฐุง ุญุฏุซ ู„ุงุญู‚ู‹ุง...
08:25
oh, I love this --
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ุฃูˆู‡! ุฃุญุจ ุฐู„ูƒ...
08:27
what happened next was wonderful.
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ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ู„ุงุญู‚ู‹ุง ุฑุงุฆุนู‹ุง!
08:29
He got an ovation.
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ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุตููŠู‚ ุญุงุฑ.
08:31
The astronomers weren't angry at him;
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ู„ู… ูŠุบุถุจ ุฑูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ู…ู†ู‡ุŒ
08:34
they didn't want to chastise him.
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠุฑุบุจูˆุง ููŠ ู…ุนุงู‚ุจุชู‡.
08:35
They praised him for his honesty and his integrity.
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ูˆุฃุซู†ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุตุฏู‚ู‡ ูˆู†ุฒุงู‡ุชู‡.
08:38
I love that!
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ุฃุญุจ ุฐู„ูƒ!
08:40
Scientists are people.
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุฅู„ุง ุจุดุฑ.
08:41
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:42
And it gets better!
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ูˆูŠุชู‚ุฏู… ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูุถู„!
08:43
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:45
Lyne steps off the podium.
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ู†ุฒู„ ู„ูŠู† ุนู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุตุฉ.
08:46
The next guy to come up is a man named Aleksander Wolszczan
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ูˆุงุนุชู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุตุฉ ุดุฎุต ุขุฎุฑ ูŠุฏุนู‰ ุงู„ูƒุณุงู†ุฏุฑ ูˆู„ุดุงู†
08:49
He takes the microphone and says,
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ูŠุญู…ู„ู ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑููˆู† ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„:
08:51
"Yeah, so Lyne's team didn't find a pulsar planet,
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"ุฃุฌู„ุŒ ู„ู… ูŠุฌุฏ ูุฑูŠู‚ ู„ูŠู† ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู†ุฌู… ุงู„ู†ุงุจุถุŒ
08:55
but my team found not just one
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู… ูŠุฌุฏ ูุฑูŠู‚ูŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจู‹ุง ูˆุงุญุฏู‹ุง ูู‚ุท
08:57
but two planets orbiting a different pulsar.
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ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ูƒูˆูƒุจูŠู† ูŠุฏูˆุฑุงู† ุญูˆู„ ู†ุฌู… ู†ุงุจุถ ู…ุฎุชู„ู.
09:00
We knew about the problem that Lyne had,
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ุนุฑูู†ุง ุจุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏู‰ ู„ูŠู†ุŒ
09:02
we checked for it, and yeah, ours are real."
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ูุญุตู†ุงู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู†ุนู…ุŒ ุงูƒุชุดุงูุงุชู†ุง ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ".
09:06
And it turns out he was right.
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ูˆุงุชุถุญ ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ุตุงุฆุจู‹ุง.
09:08
And in fact, a few months later,
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุจุนุฏ ุจุถุน ุฃุดู‡ุฑุŒ
09:10
they found a third planet orbiting this pulsar
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ูˆุฌุฏูˆุง ูƒูˆูƒุจู‹ุง ุซุงู„ุซู‹ุง ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุฌู… ุงู„ู†ุงุจุถ
09:12
and it was the first exoplanet system ever found --
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุฃูˆู„ ู†ุธุงู… ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุฉ ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง...
09:16
what we call alien worlds -- exoplanets.
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ู†ุณู…ูŠ ุนูˆุงู„ู… ุงู„ูุถุงุก... ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุฉ.
09:20
That to me is just wonderful.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฑุงุฆุน ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ.
09:23
At that point the floodgates were opened.
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ุนู†ุฏ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉุŒ ูุชุญุช ุงู„ุจูˆุงุจุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุตุฑุงุนูŠู‡ุง.
09:26
In 1995 a planet was found around a star more like the Sun,
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 1995ุŒ ุชู… ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจู ุญูˆู„ ู†ุฌู… ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏู ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ
09:31
and then we found another and another.
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ูˆูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ูƒูˆูƒุจู‹ุง ุชู„ูˆ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ.
09:34
This is an image of an actual planet orbiting an actual star.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ูƒูˆูƒุจู ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู†ุฌู…ู ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ.
ูˆู†ูˆุงุตู„ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
09:39
We kept getting better at it.
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09:40
We started finding them by the bucketload.
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ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ู†ุฌุฏู‡ู… ููŠ ุฏู„ูˆู ู…ู…ุชู„ู‰ุก ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
09:42
We started finding thousands of them.
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ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ู†ุฌุฏ ุงู„ุขู„ุงู ู…ู†ู‡ู….
09:44
We built observatories specifically designed to look for them.
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ุจู†ูŠู†ุง ู…ุฑุงุตุฏ ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉ ุตู…ู…ุช ุฎุตูŠุตู‹ุง ู„ู„ุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ู….
09:48
And now we know of thousands of them.
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ู†ุนุฑูู ุงู„ุขู„ุงู ู…ู†ู‡ู….
09:50
We even know of planetary systems.
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ู†ุนุฑูู ุญุชู‰ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ.
09:52
That is actual data, animated, showing four planets orbiting another star.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ู…ุชุญุฑูƒุฉ ุชุธู‡ุฑู ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู†ุฌู… ุขุฎุฑ.
09:58
This is incredible. Think about that.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฑุงุฆุน! ููƒุฑูˆุง ุญูˆู„ู‡.
10:00
For all of human history,
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ ุฌู…ุนุงุกุŒ
10:02
you could count all the known planets in the universe on two hands --
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุนูŽุฏ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุฃุตุงุจุน ุฃูŠุงุฏูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุงุซู†ุชูŠู†...
10:07
nine -- eight?
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ุชุณุนุฉ... ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ!
10:08
Nine? Eight -- eight.
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ุชุณุนุฉ! ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ... ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ.
10:09
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
10:13
Eh.
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ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ!
10:14
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
10:15
But now we know they're everywhere.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ุนุฑูู ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†.
10:17
Every star --
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ูƒู„ ู†ุฌู…...
10:19
for every star you see in the sky there could be three, five, ten planets.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู ุฃู† ุชุฑูˆู† ู„ูƒู„ ู†ุฌู… ููŠ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃูˆ ุนุดุฑุฉ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ.
10:22
The sky is filled with them.
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ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ู…ู„ูŠุฆุฉ ุจู‡ู….
10:26
We think that planets may outnumber stars in the galaxy.
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ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ู‚ุฏ ุชููˆู‚ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุฉ ุงู„ูุถุงุฆูŠุฉ.
10:29
This is a profound statement,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุงู† ุนู…ูŠู‚ุŒ
10:31
and it was made because of science.
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ูˆุชู… ุตูŠุงุบุชู‡ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุนูู„ู….
10:33
And it wasn't made just because of science and the observatories and the data;
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠุชู… ุตูŠุงุบุชู‡ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูˆู…ุฑุงุตุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ูู‚ุทุŒ
10:37
it was made because of the scientists who built the observatories,
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ุชู… ุตูŠุงุบุชู‡ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุจู†ูˆุง ู…ุฑุงุตุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉุŒ
10:40
who took the data,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุฎุฐูˆุง ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชุŒ
10:42
who made the mistakes and admitted them
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุงุฑุชูƒุจูˆุง ุงู„ุงุฎุทุงุก ูˆุงุนุชุฑููˆุง ุจู‡ุง
10:43
and then let other scientists build on their mistakes
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ูˆุณู…ุญูˆุง ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ูˆุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฎุทุงุฆู‡ู…
10:47
so that they could do what they do
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ูˆุงุณุชุทุงุนูˆุง ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ููŠู‡
10:49
and figure out where our place is in the universe.
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ูˆุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
10:53
That is how you find the truth.
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ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุชุชูˆุตู„ูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
10:56
Science is at its best when it dares to be human.
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ูŠูƒูˆู†ู ุงู„ุนูู„ู… ููŠ ุฃูุถู„ ุญุงู„ุงุชู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุญุฏู‰ ู„ูŠุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ.
11:01
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑู‹ุง ู„ูƒู…!
11:02
(Applause and cheers)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚ ูˆู‡ุชุงูุงุช)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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