The secret to scientific discoveries? Making mistakes | Phil Plait

115,450 views

2019-04-11 ใƒป TED


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The secret to scientific discoveries? Making mistakes | Phil Plait

115,450 views ใƒป 2019-04-11

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: EUNBYUL SONG ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hyeonjin Park
00:12
Now, people have a lot of misconceptions about science --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
about how it works and what it is.
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:17
A big one is that science is just a big old pile of facts.
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๊ณผํ•™์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง„์‹ค์ด ๋ˆ„์ ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
But that's not true -- that's not even the goal of science.
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์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
00:25
Science is a process.
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๊ณผํ•™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
It's a way of thinking.
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์ฃ .
00:29
Gathering facts is just a piece of it, but it's not the goal.
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์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์€ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ผ ๋ฟ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
The ultimate goal of science is to understand objective reality
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š”
๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
the best way we know how,
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00:38
and that's based on evidence.
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๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:41
The problem here is that people are flawed.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฒฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
We can be fooled --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†์ž„์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:45
we're really good at fooling ourselves.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณง์ž˜ ์†์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:47
And so baked into this process is a way of minimizing our own bias.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
So sort of boiled down more than is probably useful,
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋จผ์ € ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
00:56
here's how this works.
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
If you want to do some science,
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๊ณผํ•™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:00
what you want to do is you want to observe something ...
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์•„๋งˆ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
say, "The sky is blue. Hey, I wonder why?"
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, "ํ•˜๋Š˜์ด ํŒŒ๋ž—๋‹ค. ์™œ์ผ๊นŒ?"
01:06
You question it.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:07
The next thing you do is you come up with an idea that may explain it:
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
a hypothesis.
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๊ฐ€์„ค์ด์ฃ .
01:12
Well, you know what? Oceans are blue.
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"์Œ. ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๋ž—์ž–์•„."
01:13
Maybe the sky is reflecting the colors from the ocean.
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"ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š˜์ด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋‚˜๋ด."
01:17
Great, but now you have to test it
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:19
so you predict what that might mean.
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๊ฐ€์„ค๋Œ€๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
Your prediction would be,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•ด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
"Well, if the sky is reflecting the ocean color,
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โ€œํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š˜์— ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:26
it will be bluer on the coasts
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๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ด๊ณ 
01:28
than it will be in the middle of the country."
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์ค‘์•™์€ ์ข€ ๋” ์—ฐํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ด."
01:30
OK, that's fair enough,
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
01:32
but you've got to test that prediction
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์ด์ œ ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ์ฐจ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
so you get on a plane, you leave Denver on a nice gray day,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ํ๋ฆฐ ๋‚ ์”จ์˜ ๋ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
you fly to LA, you look up and the sky is gloriously blue.
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LA์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹œ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๋ž—์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
Hooray, your thesis is proven.
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์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋„ค์š”.
01:44
But is it really? No.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฐ€์š”? ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
You've made one observation.
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์ด์ œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
You need to think about your hypothesis, think about how to test it
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์„ธ์›Œ๋†“์€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ• ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
and do more than just one.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ์€ ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:53
Maybe you could go to a different part of the country
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฐ€๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ณ 
01:55
or a different part of the year
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚ ์— ๊ฐ€๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
01:57
and see what the weather's like then.
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๋‚ ์”จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ค์ง€๋„ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
Another good idea is to talk to other people.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
They have different ideas, different perspectives,
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๋‚˜์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:04
and they can help you.
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02:05
This is what we call peer review.
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์ด๋ฅผ '๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
And in fact that will probably also save you a lot of money and a lot of time,
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๋ˆ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ ˆ์•ฝ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‚ ์”จ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง€์ฃ .
02:12
flying coast-to-coast just to check the weather.
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02:15
Now, what happens if your hypothesis does a decent job but not a perfect job?
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์ž, ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜์ง„ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ ?
02:21
Well, that's OK,
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์Œ, ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
because what you can do is you can modify it a little bit
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๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:25
and then go through this whole process again --
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
make predictions, test them --
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์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:30
and as you do that over and over again, you will hone this idea.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ด์ง€๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:33
And if it gets good enough,
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๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
it may be accepted by the scientific community,
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02:37
at least provisionally,
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ž ์‹œ ๋™์•ˆ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์„ค๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
02:38
as a good explanation of what's going on,
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02:41
at least until a better idea
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
or some contradictory evidence comes along.
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02:47
Now, part of this process is admitting when you're wrong.
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ํ‹€๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
And that can be really, really hard.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Science has its strengths and weaknesses
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๊ณผํ•™์€ ๊ฐ•์ ๊ณผ ์•ฝ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:56
and they depend on this.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
One of the strengths of science is that it's done by people,
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ•์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
and it's proven itself to do a really good job.
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๋˜ ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ •๋ง ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:04
We understand the universe pretty well because of science.
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๊ณผํ•™ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
One of science's weaknesses is that it's done by people,
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์•ฝ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ญ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
and we bring a lot of baggage along with us when we investigate things.
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๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌป์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
We are egotistical,
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ด๊ณ 
03:17
we are stubborn, we're superstitious,
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์™„๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์‹ ์„ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
we're tribal, we're humans --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์ข…์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
these are all human traits and scientists are humans.
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์ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
And so we have to be aware of that when we're studying science
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ณผํ•™์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
and when we're trying to develop our theses.
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๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์šธ ๋•Œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
03:33
But part of this whole thing,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ผ์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„
03:35
part of this scientific process,
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์ด ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ผ์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„
03:37
part of the scientific method,
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๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ผ์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
03:39
is admitting when you're wrong.
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ํ‹€๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
I know, I've been there.
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์ €๋„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Many years ago I was working on Hubble Space Telescope,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „, ํ—ˆ๋ธ” ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
03:47
and a scientist I worked with came to me with some data,
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๊ฐ™์ด ์ผํ•˜๋˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ค๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
03:51
and he said, "I think there may be a picture
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
"๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ–‰์„ฑ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ์–ด."
03:54
of a planet orbiting another star in this data."
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03:58
We had not had any pictures taken of planets orbiting other stars yet,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
so if this were true,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ฉด
04:04
then this would be the first one
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์ตœ์ดˆ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
04:06
and we would be the ones who found it.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:08
That's a big deal.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
04:10
I was very excited,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์‹ ๋‚ฌ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
so I just dug right into this data.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:14
I spent a long time trying to figure out if this thing were a planet or not.
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์‚ฌ์ง„ ์† ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
The problem is planets are faint and stars are bright,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ญ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
so trying to get the signal out of this data
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์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋ž€
04:24
was like trying to hear a whisper in a heavy metal concert --
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ํ—ค๋น„๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์†์‚ญ์ž„์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:28
it was really hard.
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๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
I tried everything I could,
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
but after a month of working on this,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ ํ›„์— ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
I came to a realization ... couldn't do it.
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
04:37
I had to give up.
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ํฌ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:39
And I had to tell this other scientist,
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๋™๋ฃŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
"The data's too messy.
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"์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋ณต์žกํ–ˆ์–ด. ํ–‰์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด."
04:42
We can't say whether this is a planet or not."
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04:45
And that was hard.
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ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
Then later on we got follow-up observations with Hubble,
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ—ˆ๋ธ”์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ›„์† ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
04:50
and it showed that it wasn't a planet.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
It was a background star or galaxy, something like that.
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๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
Well, not to get too technical, but that sucked.
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๊ณผํ•™ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ •๋ง ์—ฟ ๊ฐ™์•˜์–ด์š”.
04:59
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:00
I was really unhappy about this.
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์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ๋‚˜๋นด์–ด์š”.
05:03
But that's part of it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
You have to say, "Look, you know, we can't do this with the data we have."
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์žˆ์ž–์•„, ์ด ์ •๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด."
05:09
And then I had to face up to the fact
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ง์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:11
that even the follow-up data showed we were wrong.
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ํ›„์† ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„์š”.
05:15
Emotionally I was pretty unhappy.
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๊ฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฝค ์šฐ์šธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
But if a scientist is doing their job correctly,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ผ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:21
being wrong is not so bad
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ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
because that means there's still more stuff out there --
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:26
more things to figure out.
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๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
05:28
Scientists don't love being wrong but we love puzzles,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š” ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์›์น˜ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
and the universe is the biggest puzzle of them all.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ์ฃ .
05:36
Now having said that,
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์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
05:37
if you have a piece and it doesn't fit no matter how you move it,
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์ด๋ฆฌ์ €๋ฆฌ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ด๋„ ํผ์ฆ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ 
05:41
jamming it in harder isn't going to help.
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์–ต์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๊ฒจ ๋„ฃ์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
There's going to be a time when you have to let go of your idea
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์ฏค์€ ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
if you want to understand the bigger picture.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ๋” ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:50
The price of doing science is admitting when you're wrong,
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
but the payoff is the best there is:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ๋Œ์•„์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
knowledge and understanding.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
And I can give you a thousand examples of this in science,
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
06:01
but there's one I really like.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
06:03
It has to do with astronomy,
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์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
06:04
and it was a question that had been plaguing astronomers
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์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ดด๋กญํ˜”๋˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
literally for centuries.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:08
When you look at the Sun, it seems special.
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ํƒœ์–‘์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
It is the brightest object in the sky,
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ํ•˜๋Š˜ ์œ„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด์ฃ .
06:13
but having studied astronomy, physics, chemistry, thermodynamics for centuries,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™, ํ™”ํ•™, ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
06:19
we learned something very important about it.
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ํƒœ์–‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
It's not that special.
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ํƒœ์–‘์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
It's a star just like millions of other stars.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:25
But that raises an interesting question.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
If the Sun is a star
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ํƒœ์–‘์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณ„, ์ฆ‰ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด๊ณ 
06:29
and the Sun has planets,
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ํƒœ์–‘์— ๋”ธ๋ฆฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:32
do these other stars have planets?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ญ์„ฑ๋„ ํƒœ์–‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:34
Well, like I said with my own failure in the "planet" I was looking for,
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์•ž์„œ 'ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ' ์‹คํŒจ๋‹ด์—์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ
06:38
finding them is super hard,
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
but scientists tend to be pretty clever people
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š” ๊ฝค ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
and they used a lot of different techniques
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๋˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
and started observing stars.
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06:46
And over the decades
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
06:47
they started finding some things that were pretty interesting,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž
06:50
right on the thin, hairy edge of what they were able to detect.
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๋‹ฟ์„ ๋“ฏ ๋ง๋“ฏํ•œ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ, ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
But time and again, it was shown to be wrong.
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06:56
That all changed in 1991.
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1991๋…„, ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
A couple of astronomers --
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๋“ค..
07:01
Alexander Lyne -- Andrew Lyne, pardon me --
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์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ๋ฆฐ, ์•„๋‹ˆ ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ค๋“œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฆฐ
07:03
and Matthew Bailes,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งคํŠœ ๋ฐฐ์ผ์Šค๊ฐ€
07:04
had a huge announcement.
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๋†€๋ž„ ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
They had found a planet orbiting another star.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
And not just any star, but a pulsar,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํŽ„์„œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
and this is the remnant of a star that has previously exploded.
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์ด๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ํญ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž”์žฌ๋กœ์„œ
07:16
It's blasting out radiation.
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜์ฃ .
07:18
This is the last place in the universe you would expect to find a planet,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ํŽ„์„œ์—์„œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:23
but they had very methodically looked at this pulsar,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ํŽ„์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
and they detected the gravitational tug of this planet as it orbited the pulsar.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŽ„์„œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋‹น๊น€์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
It looked really good.
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
The first planet orbiting another star had been found ...
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
except not so much.
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๋ณ„๊ฑฐ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ ๋นผ๋ฉด์š”.
07:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:39
After they made the announcement,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ๋‚˜๋‹ˆ
07:40
a bunch of other astronomers commented on it,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
and so they went back and looked at their data
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์กด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
๋ฏผ๋งํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:45
and realized they had made a very embarrassing mistake.
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07:47
They had not accounted for some very subtle characteristics
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
of the Earth's motion around the Sun,
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ํƒœ์–‘ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:53
which affected how they measured this planet going around the pulsar.
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์ด๋Š” ํŽ„์„œ๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
And it turns out that when they did account for it correctly,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋’ค์— ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ดค๋”๋‹ˆ
08:00
poof -- their planet disappeared.
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์›ฌ๊ฑธ, ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
It wasn't real.
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์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
So Andrew Lyne had a very formidable task.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ์•ค๋“œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฆฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š”
08:07
He had to admit this.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
So in 1992 at the American Astronomical Society meeting,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, 1992๋…„์— ๋ฏธ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™ํšŒ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ
08:13
which is one of the largest gatherings of astronomers on the planet,
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์ฆ‰, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™ํšŒ ๋ชจ์ž„์—์„œ
08:16
he stood up and announced that he had made a mistake
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์•ž์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:20
and that the planet did not exist.
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๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
And what happened next --
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:25
oh, I love this --
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์•„, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ชฉ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
08:27
what happened next was wonderful.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์ด ๋ฉ‹์กŒ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
08:29
He got an ovation.
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๋ฆฐ์€ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
The astronomers weren't angry at him;
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ํ•™ํšŒ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž ์ค‘ ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ํ™”๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
they didn't want to chastise him.
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์งˆ์ฑ…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
08:35
They praised him for his honesty and his integrity.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์†”์งํ•จ๊ณผ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์— ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
I love that!
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ๋ช…๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”.
08:40
Scientists are people.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
08:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:42
And it gets better!
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:45
Lyne steps off the podium.
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๋ฆฐ์ด ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ณ 
08:46
The next guy to come up is a man named Aleksander Wolszczan
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๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์•ž์— ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ๋ถˆ์…ด์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
He takes the microphone and says,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ
08:51
"Yeah, so Lyne's team didn't find a pulsar planet,
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"๋ฆฐ ํŒ€์ด ํŽ„์„œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ชป ์ฐพ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:55
but my team found not just one
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์ด ์ฐพ์•˜์–ด์š”.
ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ, ๋‘ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŽ„์„œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
but two planets orbiting a different pulsar.
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09:00
We knew about the problem that Lyne had,
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๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
we checked for it, and yeah, ours are real."
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฑด ์‹ค์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:06
And it turns out he was right.
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๊ทธ ๋ง์ด ๋งž์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
And in fact, a few months later,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์›” ๋’ค์—
09:10
they found a third planet orbiting this pulsar
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์ด ํŽ„์„œ๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋์ฃ .
09:12
and it was the first exoplanet system ever found --
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์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ– ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
what we call alien worlds -- exoplanets.
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์™ธ๊ณ„ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์™ธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:20
That to me is just wonderful.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์‹ค๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
At that point the floodgates were opened.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ผญ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์–ด์š”.
09:26
In 1995 a planet was found around a star more like the Sun,
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1995๋…„์—๋Š”
ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋„๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:31
and then we found another and another.
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๊ทธ ํ›„๋กœ๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:34
This is an image of an actual planet orbiting an actual star.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์‹ค์ œ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
We kept getting better at it.
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๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
We started finding them by the bucketload.
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๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๊ณ 
09:42
We started finding thousands of them.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
We built observatories specifically designed to look for them.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์šฉ ๊ด€์ธก์†Œ๋„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
And now we know of thousands of them.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์ฃ .
09:50
We even know of planetary systems.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณ„๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
That is actual data, animated, showing four planets orbiting another star.
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์ด๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ ๊ด€์ธก ์ž๋ฃŒ์ธ๋ฐ
ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
This is incredible. Think about that.
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๋†€๋ž์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”? ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:00
For all of human history,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ
10:02
you could count all the known planets in the universe on two hands --
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ–‰์„ฑ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ด ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์•ˆ์— ๊ผฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
nine -- eight?
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์•„ํ™‰ ๊ฐœ.. ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
10:08
Nine? Eight -- eight.
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์•„ํ™‰? ์—ฌ๋Ÿ. ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:13
Eh.
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์•„์ด๊ณ ..
10:14
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:15
But now we know they're everywhere.
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์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์ œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
Every star --
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๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ญ์„ฑ, ์ฆ‰ ํ•˜๋Š˜์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ณ„๋งˆ๋‹ค
10:19
for every star you see in the sky there could be three, five, ten planets.
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์„ธ ๊ฐœ, ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ, ์—ด ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
The sky is filled with them.
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
We think that planets may outnumber stars in the galaxy.
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์€ํ•˜์ˆ˜์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋ณ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
This is a profound statement,
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์ด๋Š” ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ด๊ณ 
10:31
and it was made because of science.
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๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
And it wasn't made just because of science and the observatories and the data;
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™, ๊ด€์ธก์†Œ, ์ž๋ฃŒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
๊ด€์ธก์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
it was made because of the scientists who built the observatories,
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10:40
who took the data,
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์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
์‹ค์ˆ˜๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
10:42
who made the mistakes and admitted them
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10:43
and then let other scientists build on their mistakes
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
10:47
so that they could do what they do
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์–ด
10:49
and figure out where our place is in the universe.
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์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์ฏค ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
That is how you find the truth.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
Science is at its best when it dares to be human.
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๊ณผํ•™์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†์— ๋งก๊ฒจ์งˆ ๋•Œ ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
(Applause and cheers)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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